Search

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects a substantial proportion of the world’s population and is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to cardiac arrhythmias, specifically prolonged QT intervals. This study investigates the correlation between glycemic control and cardiac health in 77 diabetic patients. Methods: Patients with both type 1 and type 2 DM aged 14 to 82 years were included. Various clinical and metabolic parameters were evaluated, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). QT intervals were measured using electrocardiograms (ECGs), and patients were categorized based on their QTc intervals. SPSS was used for statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA tests. Results: The study revealed diverse age and gender representation among diabetic patients. Most patients had type 2 diabetes (87%) with varying illness durations. Patients ranged in age from 14 to 82 years, with a mean of 48.14 16.58 years. The gender distribution was even (49% male and 51% female). Most participants had diabetes for less than five years (57%) and varied treatment histories (71% managed with oral hypoglycemic agents, 17% with insulin, and 12% with a combination). The ECG revealed ST-T alterations (4%) as well as sinus tachycardia (13%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (19%). Conclusion: This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between diabetes, glycemic control, and cardiac health. QTc interval variations were observed even though the clinical and metabolic profiles of the patients varied. The influence of glycemic control on QT intervals and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients requires additional study.

Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) severe complication of liver cirrhosis with high mortality. Few studies have found zinc deficiency in liver cirrhosis and HE patients and found it as a precipitating factor for the development of HE. This study was done to measure the serum zinc level in patients with liver cirrhosis with HE and a correlation was obtained between serum zinc level with grades of HE. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was done on 150 patients with liver cirrhosis with HE at a tertiary care center in Jharkhand. All cases were evaluated by history taking, clinical examination, and a questionnaire and classified into different WHC grades of HE and CPC classes of cirrhosis. Routine blood investigations, imaging studies, and morning serum zinc levels were done for all patients. Results: Majority of patients with liver cirrhosis with HE had zinc deficiency. There was a statistically highly significant (P < .00001) association between low serum zinc levels and WHC grades of HE. The serum zinc levels in different classes of cirrhosis showed highly significant differences (P < .00001). The mean serum zinc level was significantly low in patients who died (35.56 ± 11.65 vs 48.36 ± 10.91, P < .0001). The study revealed a strong positive correlation (r = .88, P = .048) between serum zinc and serum albumin levels. Conclusion: Serum zinc is deficient in patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. Zinc deficiency is significantly associated with higher severity of cirrhosis and higher grades of HE. All patients with liver cirrhosis with HE and hypoalbuminemia should be evaluated for zinc deficiency.