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Introduction: Hydatidosis/cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered a neglected disease due to its preventive nature and impact on low-income populations. In Latin America, there is a high incidence, and in the high Andean regions, it is considered an endemic disease. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze the scientific production of hydatidosis/echinococcosis through a bibliometric analysis in Latin America up to 2022. Methods: A bibliometric analysis study was conducted based on the scientific production of CE in the SCOPUS database until 2022 in Latin American countries. Information was collected through a systematic search. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the variables captured in the final database. Results: Scientific production showed growth over the years, with Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile having the highest production. In addition, there has been a trending use of the term "neglected disease" since 2018. The most cited articles were primarily narrative reviews, book chapters, and original articles in that order. Only 27% of the studies were funded by an institution in Latin America. Conclusion: Scientific production in Latin America regarding CE is on the rise, especially in countries with high incidence rates. Furthermore, these countries demonstrate a significant network of international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Literature regarding hydatid disease in children is sparse. Aims: To highlight the peculiarities in the clinical pattern of pediatric hydatid disease (PHD). Settings and Design/Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from all children aged <18 years who presented to our tertiary care institute from July 2021 to June 2023 with hydatid disease involving any organ. Statistical Analysis Used: Simple statistical analysis involving sums, means, averages, and percentages. Results: Four of the 10 cases (40%) involved the lung, while only 2 (20%) involved the liver. There were five females and four males with an age range of 2--17 years. Four of the cases had primary extrahepatic extrapulmonary hydatid disease (40%), two involving the pancreas, one in the rectouterine pouch, and one intracranial. Conclusions: The clinical pattern of PHD is different from that of adults. Pulmonary echinococcosis is more common than hepatic involvement. Primary extrahepatic extrapulmonary hydatid disease is also more common in children than previously thought. A cystic lesion anywhere in a child warrants a differential of hydatid disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus have been studied in high-disease-risk areas and identified as causative agents of cystic echinococcosis (CE). This study was performed to examine and identify the molecular hydatid cyst in the dissected human specimens in paraffin tissue, and the dissected animal cyst was characterized using the DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Materials and Methods: To determine the molecular properties of E. granulosus, 20 hydatid cyst samples (including 6 sheep samples, 9 camel samples, and 10 human paraffin samples) were collected from Zahedan and Zabol cities. After DNA extraction, molecular PCR was performed, and RFLP was evaluated. In this study, the Taq1 endonuclease cleavage enzyme was used. Results: The patterns of DNA bands found in the isolates from human CE and animal bladder cysts were the same, as indicated by the results of ribosomal DNA-ITS1 amplification from E. granulosus. Two nested primer pairs were used. The rough size of the enhanced ITS1 piece was 444 and 391 base pairs (bp), individually. After cutting the PCR product with the Taq1 enzyme, the patterns of the fragments revealed that the samples had two identical RFLP patterns. The aftereffects of this study showed that the parasite genotypes confined to sheep, camels, and people had hereditary changes. Conclusion: The transcendent type of E. granulosus sensu lato in the area is E. granulosus sensu stricto, which featured the meaning of the sheep/canine cycle in human transmission. Albeit the band profile in the camel is now and again like the sheep strain, RLFP can be recognized utilizing the PCR strategy, and two differentiating band profiles using the chemical were found in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasite disease that affects people globally and causes cysts to develop in internal organs. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of E. granulosus infection on the level of some immunological cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 and the level of IgM and IgG antibodies as well as to investigate the effects of hydatid cysts disease on complement proteins. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was carried out on 46 individuals whose ages ranged between 20 and 70. The study extended from September 2021 to May 2022. Forty-six blood samples were collected from patients infected with hydatidosis and 10 blood samples from non-infected as a control group. The blood samples were used to obtain the desired sera for immunological detection: immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG); interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6) by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement proteins (by using radial immnodiffusion plate). Results: The level of anti-echinococcosis IgM (304.7 ± 73.4 mg/dL) was higher in infected than uninfected persons (161.8 ± 14.2 mg/dL). Anti-echinococcosis IgG level in an infected individual (1587.3 ± 449.4 mg/dL) was higher when compared with control (1136 ± 25.4 mg/dL). The highest number of cases (19, 41.30%) was observed in age 41–50 years, followed by the age 31–40 years (11, 17.18%). The results showed a high increase in the incidence of infection with hydatid cyst among men (58.69%) in comparison to women (41.30%). The patients most at risk are those living in intimate association with animals' environments. Three cytokines including (IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2) were significantly elevated (474.8 ± 116, 6.86 ± 0.6, and 7.01 ± 2.89 pg/mL) in patients with hydatidosis disease in comparison with the normal controls (118.4 ± 14.3, 6.11 ± 0.3, and 4.54 ± 0.4 pg/mL). Examining the complement protein production, we found that C3 and C4 were significantly higher (159.5 ± 51.6 and 36.15 ± 6.13 mg/dL) in patients with hydatidosis than those of controls (117.7 ± 8.1 and 26.4 ± 3.1). Conclusions: Our findings provide information on the effects of E. granulosis parasite on the profile of serum antibodies, multiplex cytokines, and complement proteins in cystic echinococcosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hydatid cyst is known to occur, but incidental detection of Aspergillus colonisation in an unruptured cyst wall, especially in immunocompetent patients, is very rare. Presentation can be hemoptysis or asymptomatic, depending upon immune status. Colonisation of the cyst wall may be due to immune dysregulation, structural abnormalities, invasion of fungal organisms through channels between airways and cyst and other mechanisms. Here, we report a rare case of Aspergillus colonisation in the hydatid cyst wall in a young immunocompetent patient and also try to describe the pathogenetic mechanism for the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid disease is an immense health problem in developing countries. The most frequently involved organ is the liver. Hereby we present an interesting case of 47-year-old man with recurrent and disseminated abdominal Echinococcosis in unusual locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a widely accepted investigative tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. This study was done to find out the usefulness of BAL in diagnosis of pulmonary lesions from central Indian patient population. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was performed over a period of three years. All the BAL specimens of patients presenting to Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis during a period of January 2017 to December 2019 were included in the study. Cyto-histopathologic correlation was done, wherever available. Results: Of total 277 cases, there were 178 (64.5%) males and 99 (35.5%) females. The age of patients ranged from 4 years to 82 years. In 92 (33%) cases, specific infective etiology could be identified on BAL cytology, the most common being tuberculosis (26%) followed by fungal infections (2%). Rarely, infections like nocardia, actinomycosis, and hydatidosis were also identified. Eight cases (3%) of malignancy were identified which included two cases of adenocarcinoma, one case of small cell carcinoma, three cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma, and two cases suspicious for malignancy. Some rare diagnoses like diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis could be identified on BAL. Conclusion: BAL is useful in primary diagnosis of infections and malignancies of lower respiratory tract. BAL may aid in diagnostic workup of diffuse lung diseases. A combination of clinical information, high-resolution computed tomography, and BAL analysis may furnish an assured diagnosis to the clinician and obviate need for invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary hydatid disease is extremely rare, accounting for 0.27% of all cases. The presentation of a palpable painless breast lump mimics several other benign breast lesions. The condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of breast lumps in cases from endemic areas. This is a case report of a young lady from an endemic area, with a preoperative cytology diagnosis of breast hydatid disease. The lack of specific clinical signs poses a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. Classical ultrasound findings and a carefully done fine needle aspiration cytology procedure can aid in establishing a preoperative diagnosis. Definitive treatment includes surgical excision along with antihelminthics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The liver is the most common organ of the body that is at risk of getting affected by hydatid cyst (75%). All lobes of the liver can be involved with the formation of hydatid cyst, but the right lobe is more involved than the left lobe. The rate of involvement of liver dome and segments 7 and 8 of the right lobe has not been reported so far, but the best treatment for liver hydatid cyst has been found to be surgery. Materials and Methods: In this study, 240 patients with liver hydatid cyst underwent surgery from 2005 to 2017. In this retrospective study, the variables of gender, age, number of liver cysts, involvement of lobe and segments, simultaneous involvement of liver and lung, laparotomy, thoracotomy, the number of patients referred due to the lack of finding cysts in laparotomy, and surgical complications were analyzed. Results: The results showed that the majority of patients were males with age ranging from 8 to 68 years. Right lobe involvement was observed in most of the patients. About 62 patients showed involvement of liver dome and segments 7 and 8. Therefore, 62 patients underwent thoracotomy according to the criteria introduced and the rest of the patients (n = 178) underwent laparotomy. The results showed that there was a potential for capitonnage in 46 patients in thoracotomy. The pain score was 4–5 according to the VAS criterion. The rate of using analgesic drug did not show significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion: During the manipulation, cysts might be ruptured and give rise to complications such as spread of the disease, shock, and anaphylaxis, which may be followed by legal complaints. Therefore, in order to perform the surgery successfully, a new method along with computed tomography (CT) scan has been introduced in this study, which can be very helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle hydatidosis is rare accounting only for 3%-5% of cases. Until now, only one case of muscular hydatidosis involving the infraspinatus muscle has been recorded. Hereby, we present a case report of primary hydatidosis of infraspinatus muscle in a 32-year-old woman from Central India who presented with painful soft-tissue swelling. Ultrasonography appearance was consistent with that of hydatid cyst; while serology was negative, pericystectomy was performed, and the diagnosis was confirmed. The patient was followed up for a period of 6 months, and no recurrence was noted. Hydatid cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue swellings, particularly in endemic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgery continues to be the mainstay of treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver. Laparoscopy provides a lesser invasive tool for achieving results same as with the established open surgical techniques. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic management of hepatic hydatid disease in children. Patients and Methods: It was a prospective randomised study conducted over a period of 7 years. Children with Gharbi Type I, II, III cysts, ≤3 cysts and superficial accessible cysts were treated laparoscopically and their outcomes were compared with matched controls treated by open approach. Results: Sixty patients were included in the study with thirty patients in each matched group. Thirty paediatric patients (male 12:female 18) with 35 liver hydatid cysts underwent laparoscopic surgery. The mean cyst size was 8.8 ± 2.39 cm. Two patients needed conversion to open. No significant spillage of cyst contents was observed in any of the patients. Duration of hospital stay, time to removal of drains, duration of parenteral analgesia, severity of pain in postoperative period, time to ambulation and time to return to full orals were significantly lower in laparoscopic group compared to open group. Complication rates in both the groups were similar. Conclusion: With proper patient selection, laparoscopic management of hydatid cysts of the liver in children is feasible and safe option with low morbidity, low rates of conversion and minimal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease affecting primarily the liver or the lungs. Though the growth is slow, the disease is clinically evident by its mass effect or accidental rupture that releases antigenic contents resulting in anaphylaxis. Our discussion of such a patient with lung hydatid cyst will entail its varied symptomatology, problems envisaged, events that occurred intra-operatively, and their subsequent management. Our discussion is supported by a relevant literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic lymphangioma of the mesentery and retroperitoneum is a rare, slow-growing lesion. It produces a variety of symptoms, from an asymptomatic abdominal mass to an acute abdomen. In cases when it is possible, complete surgical excision is the optimum method of treatment. We describe a 5-year-old boy who had a brief history of abdominal pain and distension. Imaging analysis revealed an intraabdominal multiloculated cyst lesion that was likely an omental or hydatid cyst. The patient underwent surgery, and the cyst could be completely excised without any gut resection. The tumor biopsy revealed a cystic lymphangioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The liver is the most frequent organ to be affected by hydatidosis. Chemotherapy, percutaneous interventions, and surgery are the treatment options. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy. Whether open or laparoscopic surgery, should offer the lowest morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates. Patients and methods Retrospective evaluation of 138 patients with liver hydatid cyst in the period between March 2014 and October 2020. They were divided into two groups, group A (n=102), open surgery; group B (n=36), laparoscopic surgery. Patients with recurrent cysts or with previous hepatic surgeries were excluded. Results In group A, the mean cyst size was 11.960 ± 4.002 versus 9.444 ± 3.442 cm in group B (P=0.156). The mean operative time was 49.009 ± 6.587 and 60.138 ± 9.963 min in groups A and B, respectively (P=0.0007). The mean hospital stay was 4.676 ± 1.857 days in group A versus 3.805 ± 1.037 days in group B (P=0.0001). Four (11.11%) patients were shifted from laparoscopic to open surgery. Spillage of cyst content (clear fluid) occurred in three (8.33%) patients in group B. Persistent biliary fistula was seen in three (2.94%) patients in group A and one (2.78%) patient in group B (P=0.464), all four patients in both groups needed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy for fistula closure and all resolved within 1 week. In group A, five (4.9%) patients had incisional hernia, while in group B, one (2.78%) patient had port-site hernia (P=0.038). Four (3.92%) patients in group A versus one (2.78%) patient in group B had recurrence of the liver hydatid cyst (P=0.145). Conclusion Both laparoscopic and open approaches are safe and effective. The results are similar and comparable, and many of the open-surgery cases could be done laparoscopically if patients are properly selected. Recurrent, multiorgan hydatid cysts, multiple liver cysts, huge cysts with suspected major biliary communication, deep intraparenchymal located cysts, and those present in the blind area for laparoscopy in segments 1 and 7, are better to be managed by open surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary pelvic hydatid cyst occurs through hematogenous or lymphatic route. Adolescent female presented with complaints of suprapubic discomfort and constipation. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion in pouch of Douglas and removed surgically. This case emphasizes considering hydatid disease as a differential diagnosis of cystic pelvic mass, especially in the endemic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although laparoscopy has become popular in the management of liver hydatid cysts, some surgeons still debate about the increased risk of complications with it. Herein, we report our experience with the laparoscopic management of this disease. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 25 consecutive cases diagnosed with liver hydatid disease by examination and laboratory and radiological investigations. The collected data included cyst size, site, number, operative time, blood loss, postoperative complications, hospital stay, and recurrence rates. Results The included patients aged between 25 and 50 years (mean=37.28). We included 15 men and 10 women. The performed procedures included deroofing and endocystectomy (48%), pericystectomy (24%), left lateral sectionectomy (16%), wedge resection (8%), and deroofing with endocystectomy and pericystectomy (4%). The mean operative time was 78.2 min, whereas intraoperative blood loss had a mean value of 53.6 ml. The duration of hospitalization had a median value of 3 days, and bile leakage was encountered only in three (12%) cases. All cases were resolved spontaneously. Conclusion Laparoscopy appears to be safe and efficacious approach for the surgical management of liver hydatid cyst disease. In experienced surgical hands, it is associated with low conversion rates, low incidence of postoperative complications, and low short-term recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Hydatidosis is an important zoonotic disease that is caused by a tiny tapeworm, namely Echinococcus granulosus. In this study, three polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, including, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, DNA sequencing, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) have been used for genotype the identification of E. granulosus isolates from dogs and camels in Zarinshahr and Najafabad, Isfahan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 adult worms of 40 dogs and 51 samples of camel hydatid cysts were examined. Molecular characterization of isolates was performed using HRM assay, sequencing of DNA, and digestion Rsa1 pattern coding for the mitochondrial cox1 gene. For analysis of the HRM melting curve, we used the Tm within the range of 77.50°C–79.23°C. Results: HRM analysis revealed that 72.5%, 15%, and 12.5% dog's genotypes and 41.17%, 21.56%, and 35.29% camel genotypes were G1, G3, and G6, respectively. PCR-RFLP analysis, spare parts 310 bp and 138 bp of cox1 that shows the G1 genotype in all of the isolates. Sequence analysis as well as HRM assay was confirmed genotypes of G1, G3, and G6 in camels and dogs. Based on three methods of the cox1 gene the dominant genotype was G1. Conclusion: The PCR-RFLP only identified the G1 genotype, whereas the HRM analysis, as well as DNA sequencing, were detected three genotypes G1, G3, G6, therefore, these two methods have enough accuracy for the determination of genotypes of E. granulosus. This information leads to a better understanding of the biological characteristics of E. granulosus genotypes in Iran and shows the camel as a source of human hydatidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albendazole is a benzimidazole group drug used alone or in combination with surgery in the treatment of many helminthiasis, especially hydatid cysts. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction has been reported rarely. Treatment with desensitization has been successfully applied in a few adult patients, however literature information on pediatric patients was not available. Here, we present a pediatric case in which Type 1 reaction occurred due to the use of albendazole during hydatid cyst treatment and undergone desensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of subcutaneous emphysema in a 59-year-old female patient who underwent surgery for a hydatid cyst. The emphysema developed after the insertion of a double-lumen tube (DLT) during anesthesia. Computed tomography revealed the presence of tracheal diverticula, which were not present before the surgery. The authors suggest that the use of an inappropriate size DLT during intubation may have caused the diverticula. The treatment for this condition is usually conservative, unless the patient is symptomatic. The article emphasizes the importance of considering iatrogenic tracheal diverticula as a potential cause of subcutaneous emphysema in postoperative patients. [Extracted from the article]

Background Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus remains an important and challenging medical problem. The most common location of the hydatid cysts is the liver. In this study, we present the experience in the management of hepatic hydatid cyst residual cavities, and we designed a management algorithm depending on the size and location of the cyst. Patients and methods This study was conducted in Cairo University Hospital, Egypt, and Al-Thawrah and Al-Kuwait Teaching Hospitals, Sana'a, Yemen, between March 2006 and February 2017. Only patients with single hydatid cyst in the liver were included in this study. Results All patients had endocystectomy and then were managed according to the size of the cyst as the proposed algorithm. Complicated cysts required external drainage, whereas uncomplicated cysts were classified into three groups according to their size (<7, 7–15, and >15 cm). Conclusion The surgical strategy for managing hepatic hydatid cysts is not yet standardized. The surgical procedure selected must be made according to the complications of the cyst and its size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is caused by larva of Echinococcus granulosus. Liver being most commonly involved, other organs/body parts such as bone involvement is not so uncommon, especially in cattle-raising countries such as India. Primary osseous echinococcosis remains undiagnosed until complications have developed. We report a case of complicated pelvic echinococcosis presented with left gluteal mass, acetabulum and femoral head destruction, and reduced hip mobility. Pre- and postoperative chemotherapy with albendazole and en bloc surgical removal of the cyst were advocated as the preferred option of treatment. Primary osseous echinococcosis must be kept in mind when encountering a case of chronic bony mass not responding to antitubercular therapy, and hydatid serology should be performed along with other imaging and histopathological examinations to support or confirm the diagnosis to prevent long-term complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterilisation of the liver hydatid cyst cavities is a significant step in the surgical treatment of these cysts. We previously performed a study addressing the Foley catheter method in sterilisation of the cyst cavities with open surgery. Recently, we have been laparoscopically using Foley catheters for sterilisation of the cyst cavities. We tried laparoscopically in five cases with six cysts. A Foley catheter can be used in the sterilisation of hydatid cysts cavity both in laparoscopic and open interventions. We think that this procedure can reach cysts at all locations of liver and be applied to multiple liver cysts, too. From laparoscopic point of view, the method we presented is innovative procedure. To date, we have not seen any morbidity including recurrence and mortality in cases we applied this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatid cysts are the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, which lead to humoral and cellular immune responses in hosts. Such immune responses play a key role in the inhibition of tumor growth and cancers. To test this hypothesis, it was attempted not only to examine the changes in serum level of some Th1 and Th2 cytokines but also to find relationships between the cytokines and cancer in 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice immunized with hydatid cyst wall (HCW) antigens. Methods: Six to eight-week-old Balb/c female mice were immunized with alum, PBS and HCW antigens, including crude extract of HCW (laminated layer) 28 and 27 kDa protein bands (upper and lower bands) and then challenged with 4T1 breast cancer cells. The amounts of IL2, TNF-α, IFN-γ (Th1 cytokines), and IL4 (Th2 cytokine) were estimated using ELISA. Correlations between these cytokines and cancer parameters (tumor growth, metastasis, and survival) were determined by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: Overall, HCW antigens increased the amounts of IL2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL4. Pearson's correlation coefficients indicated reverse relationships between changes in amounts of these cytokines and tumor growth/metastasis. However, except for IL-4, all cytokines had a direct relationship with mouse survival. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the inhibition of breast tumor growth and metastasis and improvement of survival in 4T1 mice immunized with HCW antigens, especially laminated layer and 27 kDa protein band can occur through a rise in the levels of cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The asymptomatic clinical presentation of hydatid cysts is the usual picture of presentations, and the cysts are incidentally discovered during radiological examination for other reasons. However, some patients develop symptoms and complications depending on cyst size, location, and the relationships between the cysts and the neighboring structures. Most dangerous complications consist of perforation of the cysts into the adjacent structures like a biliary tree, major vessels, hollow viscera, and peritoneal cavity. Herein, we aimed in this case report to describe the laparoscopic assessment and treatment of a case with an unusual presentation of intraperitoneal rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst after weight loss (post-sleeve gastrectomy) accompanied with review article. Case summary A female patient aged 44 was presented to our hospital with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hypotension. The perforated cyst was located in the liver. Cyst rupture developed spontaneously. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG result was negative. The patient received urgent resuscitation immediately and albendazole treatment was started 2 days before laparoscopic surgical intervention. No recurrence during postoperative follow-up (4 months). Conclusion Intraperitoneal perforation is a rare and severe life-threatening complication of hydatid cysts that can happen after significant weight loss. It is very crucial to treat the patients with appropriate emergent surgical management (including laparoscopy) as rapidly as possible after judicious medical treatment for allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-abdominal bronchogenic cysts are rare entities and only a handful of cases occurring within the lesser sac have been described. Further, the development of malignancy in a bronchogenic cyst is exceptional and one arising in a lesser sac has so far not been reported. We present herein an account of a 44-year-old man who presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain. Investigations revealed a mass in the lesser sac and a hydatid cyst in the liver. The histopathological examination of the excised mass showed bronchogenic cyst, with a neuroendocrine tumor of intermediate grade arising in its wall. Concomitant presence of hydatid cyst in the liver made this case even more unusual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Portal vein embolisation (PVE) represents the standard procedure for augmentation of the contralateral lobe before extended right hepatectomy. However, possible limitations for the percutaneous transhepatic approach exist, for example, large tumours of the right lobe. Here, we present our experiences with single‑incision laparoscopic surgery‑PVE (SILS‑PVE) as an alternative approach for settings where percutaneous routes are technically not feasible. Methods: A small umbilical incision is performed, and a GelPOINT Mini Advanced Access Platform (Santa Margarida, CA, USA) is placed. Staging laparoscopy is performed routinely followed by identification of an appropriate ileal segment, which is subsequently exteriorized through the small umbilical incision. A peripheral mesenteric vein is encircled and cannulated to access right portal vein branches. After sufficient embolisation of the right lobe, the peripheral vein is ligated, the single port is extracted and the umbilical wound is closed. Results: SILS‑PVE was successfully applied in 10 patients (median age 60.5 years) between 12/2015 and 03/2018. The technique was indicated due to extensive tumours in the right lobe (n = 8), extensive hydatid cyst (n = 1) and during SILS right hemicolectomy in Stage IV colon cancer (n = 1). Mean operative time was 184 min (range 116–315). Patients were discharged on post‑operative day 4 (range 2–9). Augmentation of the future liver remnant volume was assessed by computed tomography‑volumetry 3–4 weeks after SILS‑PVE and showed a mean relative increase of 64.95%, future remnant liver function showed a mean increase of 120.77%. Conclusion: The proposed SILS‑PVE represents a technically simple and safe alternative to standard percutaneous transhepatic approaches. Perioperative risks can be minimised by minimally‑invasive surgery, which is of explicit importance in multimodal approaches before major hepatectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid infection of the heart is rare and there is always the lethal hazard of cyst perforation. We present an 18-year-old male from Kashmir valley who was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital with fever and chest pain for the last 4 days. Using echocardiography and cardiac tomography (CT), cardiac Echinococcosis was diagnosed. The results of surgical treatment of cardiac Echinococcosis were better than the conservative strategy. Surgical excision was performed. The patient had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a case study of a primary hydatid cyst located in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, which is an unusual location for hydatid disease. Topics include the patient's medical history and symptoms, along with the diagnostic imaging techniques used to confirm the presence of the cyst; and the importance of considering hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis and the role of imaging modalities.

Echinococcosis is a rare infectious disease in human being that occurs by the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. Human cystic echinococcosis is the most common presentation. The liver is the most common site of echinococcal cyst, followed by the lungs. The symptoms of lung infestation lead to sudden onset of chest pain, cough, fever, and hemoptysis after a cyst rupture. The diagnosis is confirmed by radiology supplemented with serology. Chest X-ray and computer tomography of chest is the principal investigation for pulmonary hydatid cyst (PHC). The treatment of PHCs is either pharmacotherapy and/or surgery. Surgical intervention is the most preferred treatment of choice; pharmacotherapy is useful in selected patients. Pharmacotherapy includes oral administration of benzimidazoles group of drugs like mebendazole or albendazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infestation by tapeworm Echinococcus. This endemic disease is prevalent in the Middle East and Southeast Asian populations. This zoonotic disease is mainly transmitted by cattle and dogs. Few studies have been reported in the head-and-neck region. There are very few isolated cases have been reported within the oral cavity region. No case until now has been isolated from the labial mucosa. We now present one such case here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE and CE) are caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, respectively. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of human AE and CE diseases among the tribes, livestock breeders, and farmers in Moghan plain, northwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: Screening of hydatid cystic fluid antigen (HCF-Ag) was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kit. Briefly, HCF-Ag was collected, and the prevalence of the disease was evaluated using specific antigens for AE and CE (Ag-5, Ag-B, and Em2+) and questionnaires. A total of 2453 serum samples were randomly collected from normal populations of five different areas of Moghan plain. The serology was evaluated using ELISA kit and specific antigens for AE and CE. Results: Of the 2453 serum samples, 36 were positive for AE (1.46%). The infection rate was higher in males than females (1.94% vs. 0.94%). The age group of 4–19 years had the lowest and 40–59 years had the highest infection rate (0.2% vs. 2.5%). Among CE-positive serum samples, 178 samples were positive to Ag-5 (7.3%) and 167 samples were positive to Ag-B (6.8%). Conclusion: Our findings showed that the highest infection rates were in the Borran and Eivazlou regions, and the lowest level of infection was for Parsabad area of Moghan plain. In areas with higher contamination, the risk factors associated with CE and AE were the water quality, the method of washing vegetables, and occupational and hydatid disease knowledge of the inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac echinococcosis is a rare disease. Depending on the location of hydatid cyst in the heart, clinical presentation can be an asymptomatic case or lethal stroke, arrhythmias, valvular dysfunction, cardiac tamponade, cardiac failure, shock, and even death. Treatment of choice for cardiac hydatid cysts is surgical excision, even in an asymptomatic patient. We present a case report of an asymptomatic case of off-pump removal of intramyocardial hydatid cyst. A 21-year-old male presented asymptomatically and was diagnosed with a hydatid cyst incidentally during a regular checkup. Echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography angiography images demonstrated an intramyocardial hydatid cyst on the lateral aspect of the left ventricle with slight extension over the anterior and posterior regions. Important aspects of diagnosis and management specific to cardiac hydatid cyst along with the review of literature have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst or echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by dog tapeworm and occurs in humans only when they are accidental intermediate hosts for dog tapeworms. The liver is the most common organ affected (60%), followed by the lung (20%), kidneys (3%), brain (1%) and bone (1%). Previous literature recorded its occurrence in a very few cases involving head and neck region with only three cases involving cheek so far. The present case report demonstrates extreme rare occurrence of hydatid cyst in orofacial region. It is a rarity and potential risk of anaphylactic shock in susceptible individuals poses diagnostic and surgical challenge. Surgical management demands to be prepared with appropriate precautions to be taken perioperatively. Rationale for perioperative management of anaphylactic shock from cystic echinococcus is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst (HC) is a serious health problem in endemic areas. Liver and lung are the most common involved organs while the involvement of muscles, heart, kidney, brain, and spleen is rare. The involvement of these rare locations for HC is mostly in association with infestation of common sites. We report a case of 43-year-old man with a history of surgery of HC in brain and heart who complained from chest pain. In imaging modalities, three cystic lesions were seen in heart and kidney which were confirmed to be recurrence of HC by serologic tests. However, no evidence of involvement of liver and lungs as the most common infected organs of HC was seen in recent and previous imaging mo®dalities. The patient refused another surgery and just accepted anthelmintic drugs. The practical point of this case report is that when we see any cystic lesion in imaging modalities in uncommon sites for HC, while common sites are spare, we should still consider the possibility of HC and not rule out it just because of lack of simultaneous infestation of its common involved organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 37-year-old male presented with left-sided hydropneumothorax. After drainage of fluid and air from the pleural cavity, chest radiograph and computed tomography of chest showed characteristic radiological image of ruptured hydatid cyst. The diagnosis was supported by positive echinococcal serology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary hydatid disease in musculoskeletal position is not common, but maybe present in endemic areas. The human being is always an accidental host. We reported a 30 years adult male patient with trapezius muscle primary hydatidosis. He admitted with a complaint of large swelling right upper back for 2 years. The clinical diagnosis was a lipoma, but ultrasound suggested cystic changes in soft tissue tumor or lipoma and FNAC was inconclusive. Finally, the MRI report revealed hydatid cyst disease and diagnosis become clear with intraoperative findings as well as histopathology reports. We are reporting this case to show the very rare location of primary echinococcal cyst in trapezius muscle and challenging approach to diagnose this case with basic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine. While the liver is a common site of metastases. Case Presentation: We describe a 73-year-old female who reported to our center with complains of swelling and pain in the right upper quadrant of stomach. CECT revealed large well-localized multicystic mass in the right lobe of the liver. A suspicion of hydatid cyst was given. However, immunogenic tests results were negative for hydatid cyst. The AFP level was also unremarkable. Conclusion: Histopathological examination with immunohistochemical panel along with other serological and radiological investigations made the diagnosis possible due to its vague clinical presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are the most common pancreatic cystic neoplasms. A 54-year-old female presented with an abdominal mass and was diagnosed to have a multilocular hydatid cyst from the left kidney by imaging. During surgery, a large thick-walled cyst with multiple loculi was seen arising from the upper pole of the left kidney and adherent to the distal pancreas and splenic vessels. The cyst was completely excised without hilar clamping. Histopathological examination confirmed mucinous cystadenoma arising from the pancreas. In conclusion, imaging can be unreliable in differentiating benign renal cysts from tumors of adjacent organs, raising a diagnostic dilemma. Surgical excision only would be able to differentiate the conditions as in our case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most centres offer laparoscopic treatment for liver hydatid cyst (LHC). There have been concerns about the management of intra-peritoneal spillage, bleeding, and cystobiliary communication (CBC) during laparoscopic surgery for LHC. CBC can exist in 13%-37% of cases of LHC. No randomised studies have compared open versus laparoscopic approach for the treatment of LHC. We specifically analysed the outcomes of laparoscopic treatment of LHC with special reference to associated biliary complications. Patients and Methods: We analysed our prospectively collected data of patients undergoing laparoscopic treatment of LHC from 2009 to 2016. Patients undergoing open surgery or interventional radiology procedures were not included. Data analysed included demographic profile, investigational parameters, intra-operative findings and postoperative results with special reference to biliary complications and presence/management of CBC. Results: A total of 41 patients underwent laparoscopic treatment of LHC. History of jaundice was present in 5 (12.2%) patients. CBC was documented in 16 (39.02%) patients. In 11 patients, CBC was detected intra-operatively as visible communication, which was suture ligated or clipped. Five patients had occult CBC, detected as bile leak in the post-operative period. The leak resolved spontaneously in 7 patients and with biliary stenting in 2 patients. Only one patient had a persistent biliary leak. Postoperative bile leak was more common in patients with raised alkaline phosphatase. No statistically significant association was seen with size or location of the cyst, number of cysts and World Health Organisation classification. Conclusion: Laparoscopic treatment of LHC with associated CBC provides acceptable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid disease commonly affects liver and treatment of choice is surgery. Ultrasound examination is helpful to diagnose, classify and plan management of the cyst. Surgical treatment is done using a conventional open technique or minimal access technique. We report our experience of using ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephroscopic approach to treat liver hydatid cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human echinococcus is caused by tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus, which forms larval cysts in the human tissue. Incidence in the cerebral form is only 1–2%. This localization can be associated with the involvement of other organs such as liver or lung or may be an isolated infestation of the brain or spinal column. Surgical removal of the intact and unruptured cyst is advised to prevent local recurrence that may require further surgery and long-term treatment with parasiticidal agents. We report three cases who presented with headache, vomiting, hemiparesis with decreased visual acuity, and convulsions. MRI showed a giant hydatid cyst in all three cases which was removed surgically and the patient was successfully discharged. Successful treatment of hydatid cyst requires preoperative diagnosis and meticulous surgical technique for complete excision of cyst without rupture under perioperative coverage of albendazole to avoid recurrence and anaphylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pulmonary involvement of hydatid cyst disease (HCD) may cause rupture, anaphylaxis, pneumothorax, and pulmonary hypertension. Our aim was to analyze demographical and clinical characteristics of pulmonary HCD. Methods: Demographical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and clinical features of 171 children and adult patients with pulmonary HCD were analyzed. Age, gender, ELISA test results, duration of hospitalization, surgical method of cyst excision and number, diameter, localization, and perforation status of cysts were recorded. Physical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and serologic tests were used to confirm diagnosis of hydatid cysts. Results: Perforated cysts were observed in 26 children and 22 adults. Twenty-three children and 12 adults had a giant cyst. Extrapulmonary hydatid cysts were observed in 10 children and 21 adults. ELISA IgG positivity was determined in 30 children and 34 adults. Twelve children experienced long-lasting air leakage and responded to drainage. In the adult group, 14 patients had long-lasting air leakage and 3 had empyema and expansion defect. The mean duration of hospitalization for children and adults was 8.9 and 10.45 days, respectively. Conclusion: A better understanding of demographic features, clinical characteristics, complications of disease, and surgical procedures helps to determine optimal follow-up and the therapeutic choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the mid-term outcomes of open and laparoscopic partial cystectomy (LPC). Methods: The medical records of patients who underwent conventional partial cystectomy (CPC) and LPC for liver hydatid cyst from May 2010 to February 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, post-operative morbidity, mortality and mid-term follow-up outcomes were evaluated. Results: Amongst 130 patients, 38 patients were underwent LPC and 92 underwent CPC. Blood loss and post-operative complications were similar in both groups. The mean operative time in the LPC and the CPC groups was, respectively, 95.4 ± 13.1 and 63.5 ± 15.6 min, which showed a significant difference between the both groups. The mean length of hospital stay in CPC group was significantly longer when compared the LPC group. The mean diameter of cyst in LPC group was 6.1 ± 1.1 cm and 7.8 ± 2.1 cm in CPC group with a significant difference. The overall complication rates were 13.1% in LPC group and 17.3% in CPC group without significant difference. The most common complication was biliary leakage and surgical site infection. Conclusion: LPC for the surgical treatment of liver hydatid cyst appears to be safe and effective method with low morbidity rates in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To detail the pattern of postoperative morbidity in patients with acute complications of liver hydatidosis. Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients with liver hydatidosis, managed in a tertiary university centre between January 2011 and December 2016. Results: Fifty-three patients with cystic liver echinococcosis and a mean age of (43.64±17.54) years were selected. The mean diameter of the cyst was (8.11± 4.84) cm. Thirty-five (66%), 12 (22.6%), 4 (7.5%), and 2 (3.8%) patients had one, two, three, or four cysts, respectively. Nine (17%) patients were admitted in an emergency setting. The surgical approach was by laparotomy in 43 (81.1%) and by laparoscopy in 10 (18.9%) patients. Eleven (20.8%) patients developed postoperative complications: Class I - 3 (5.7%), Class II - 7 (13.3%), Class III - 1 (1.9%), Class IV - 1 (1.9%) patient according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Four (7.5%) patients developed long-term complications. 18 (34%) patients had more than one hospital admissions. Conclusions: Acute complications of the liver hydatid disease are associated with significant post-therapeutic morbidity, which correlates with the cyst's type according to Gharbi classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of dog tape worm Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices are parasite larvae that develop into adult worms in the final host intestine. During surgical treatment of human hydatidsosis spillage of live protoscolices is the major cause of hydatidosis recurrence. To prevent this problem scolicidal agent such as hypertonic salt are used to kill the protoscolices that may disseminate into the patient's tissues during surgery. However, they may have some unacceptable side effects. To find scolicidal agents with high efficacy, the effect of different compounds on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro has been reviewed. Using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and SID databases articles about scolicidal effects of different agents on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro were collected. Foeniculum vulgare after 5 min, metalonic extracts of Allium sativum and hypertonic saline after 10 min, and warm water after 2 min kill all alive protoscolices. The above agents that in minimum time and minimum concentration have 100% scolicidal activity, could be good candidates for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney is one of the most common sites for the cyst formation in the body, and the management of simple cysts is required entirely for its symptoms and complications. Surgical decortication is an established treatment for a large and symptomatic simple renal cyst. On the other hand, hydatid cysts of the kidney are usually multiloculated complex or calcified cysts and are quite rare. Their surgical treatment also differs and requires complete excision with pericystectomy or partial/complete nephrectomy depending upon residual functional parenchyma, using extreme caution to avoid spillage, recurrence or development of severe anaphylactic shock. A simple cyst harboring a hydatid cyst is highly uncommon and quite dangerous; as if not diagnosed preoperatively, it can create huge trouble for both the patient and the operating surgeon which happened in the present case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]