Search

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men, and transurethral laser prostatectomy (TULP) has been widely used in the clinic to remove bladder outlet obstruction caused by BPH. Previous animal models for wound repair after prostatectomy have many limitations, and there have been no previous reports of a mouse model of TULP. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a novel mouse model of TULP. Twelve healthy adult Kunming (KM) mice received transurethral laser vaporization prostatectomy with a 200-μm thulium laser. The mice were sacrificed, and wound specimens from the prostatic urethra and bladder neck were harvested at 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after surgery. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry were applied to confirm the establishment of the mouse TULP model. One day after the surgery, urothelium expressing uroplakin (UPK) was absent in the urethral wound site, and a large number of necrotic tissues were found in the wound site. There was no UPK-positive urothelium in the wound 3 days after surgery. At 5 days after surgery, monolayer urothelium expressing UPK was found in the wound site, indicating that the re-epithelization of the wound had been completed. On the 7th day after surgery, there were multiple layers of urothelium with UPK expression, indicating that the repair was completed. It is feasible to establish a mouse TULP model by using a microcystoscope system and a 200-μm thulium laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete various cytokines with angiogenic and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (hWJ-MSCs) on diabetes-related intracavernosal pressure (ICP) impairment in rats. hWJ-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly and transplanted into the corpus cavernosum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by unilateral injection. The erectile function was evaluated at 4 weeks, as well as the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). STZ-induced diabetic rats showed impaired ICP, which was significantly improved by hWJ-MSC treatment. VEGF, eNOS, IGF1, and bFGF expression levels were higher in hWJ-MSC injection sites than those in control ones in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that hWJ-MSC transplantation might improve diabetic erectile dysfunction through increased production of paracrine growth factors, highlighting a novel potential therapeutic option for erectile dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration; inhibition of inflammation and pain relief; and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro; promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration; maintain stem cell activity; alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation; and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the diagnostic efficiency of prostate cancer (PCa) and reduce unnecessary biopsies, we defined and analyzed the diagnostic efficiency of peripheral zone prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density (PZ-PSAD). Patients who underwent systematic 12-core prostate biopsies in Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai, China) between January 2012 and January 2018 were retrospectively identified (n = 529). Another group of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 100) were randomly preselected to obtain the PSA density of the non-PCa cohort (N-PSAD). Prostate volumes and transition zone volumes were measured using multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and were combined with PSA and N-PSAD to obtain the PZ-PSAD from a specific algorithm. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the PCa detection efficiency in patients stratified by PSA level, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PZ-PSAD was higher than that of PSA, PSA density (PSAD), and transition zone PSA density (TZ-PSAD). PZ-PSAD could amend the diagnosis for more than half of the patients with inaccurate transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and mpMRI results. When TRUS and mpMRI findings were ambiguous to predict PCa (PIRADS score ≤3), PZ-PSAD could increase the positive rate of biopsy from 21.7% to 54.7%, and help 63.8% (150/235) of patients avoid unnecessary prostate biopsy. In patients whose PSA was 4.0–10.0 ng ml−1, 10.1–20.0 ng ml−1, and >20.0 ng ml−1, the ideal PZ-PSAD cut-off value for predicting clinically significant PCa was 0.019 ng ml−2, 0.297 ng ml−2, and 1.180 ng ml−2, respectively (sensitivity >90%). Compared with PSA, PSAD, and TZ-PSAD, the efficiency of PZ-PSAD for predicting PCa is the highest, leading to fewer missed diagnoses and unnecessary biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted the present study to assess the correlation of the prostatic anatomical parameters, especially the ratio of peripheral zone thickness and transitional zone thickness, with clinical and uroflowmetry characteristics suggestive of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). A total of 468 consecutive patients with a detailed medical history were identified. All patients were evaluated by scoring subjective symptoms with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL). The prostatic anatomical parameters were measured using transrectal ultrasonography, and postvoid residual urine and maximum flow rate (Qmax) values were also determined. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that both total prostate volume (TPV; r = 0.160, P < 0.001) and transitional zone volume (TZV; r = 0.104, P = 0.016) increased with patients' age; however, no correlations were observed of TPV, TZV, transitional zone index (TZI), and transitional zone thickness (TZT) with IPSS or QoL (all P >0.05). Peripheral to transitional zone index (PTI) was found negatively correlated with total IPSS (r = −0.113, P = 0.024), storage IPSS (r = −0.103, P = 0.041), and voiding IPSS (r = −0.123, P = 0.014). As regards the uroflowmetry characteristics, PTI (r = 0.157, P = 0.007) was indicated to be positively correlated with Qmaxand negatively correlated with TZI (r = −0.119, P = 0.042) and TZT (r = −0.118, P = 0.045), but not correlated with TPV, TZV, or peripheral zone thickness (PZT) (all P > 0.05). Postvoid residual urine (PVR) had not correlated with all the prostatic anatomical variables (all P > 0.05). This is the first study that formally proposed the concept of PTI, which is an easy-to-measure prostate anatomical parameter which significantly correlates with total IPSS, storage IPSS, voiding IPSS, and Qmax, suggesting that PTI would be useful in evaluating and managing men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/BPH. However, well-designed studies are mandatory to verify the clinical utility of PTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erectile dysfunction attributable to testosterone deficiency is less common in young males, and the effect of estradiol on erectile function in eugonadal young males is unclear. We analyzed data from 195 male participants, including 143 eugonadal patients with erectile dysfunction and 52 healthy men. To distinguish psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction, penile rigidity was measured using the nocturnal penile tumescence rigidity test. Serum levels of sexual hormones were quantified by electrochemiluminescence, and penile vascular status was assessed by penile color Doppler ultrasound. Both serum estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone were higher in patients with organic erectile dysfunction than in patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction or healthy controls. Organic erectile dysfunction was negatively associated with estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone, and estradiol was the only significant risk factor for organic erectile dysfunction (odds ratio: 1.094; 95% confidence interval: 1.042–1.149, P = 0.000). Moreover, serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with penile rigidity. Serum estradiol levels were higher and penile rigidity was lower in patients with venous erectile dysfunction than in patients with nonvascular erectile dysfunction. We conclude that elevated serum estradiol levels may impair erectile function and may be involved in the pathogenesis of organic erectile dysfunction in eugonadal young men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the diagnostic efficacy of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy (TRBx) and transperineal prostate biopsy (TPBx) in patients with suspected prostate cancer (PCa). We enrolled 2962 men who underwent transrectal (n = 1216) or transperineal (n = 1746) systematic 12-core prostate biopsy. Clinical data including age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and prostate volume (PV) were recorded. To minimize confounding, we performed propensity score-matching analysis. We measured and compared PCa detection rates between TRBx and TPBx, which were stratified by clinical characteristics and Gleason scores. The effects of clinical characteristics on PCa detection rate were assessed by logistic regression. For all patients, TPBx detected a higher proportion of clinically significant PCa (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analyses illustrated that PV had a smaller impact on PCa detection rate of TPBx compared with TRBx. Propensity score-matching analysis showed that the detection rates in TRBx were higher than those in TPBx for patients aged >– 80 years (80.4% vs 56.5%, P = 0.004) and with PSA level 20.1–100.0 ng ml−1 (80.8% vs 69.1%, P = 0.040). In conclusion, TPBx was associated with a higher detection rate of clinically significant PCa than TRBx was; however, because of the high detection rate at certain ages and PSA levels, biopsy approaches should be optimized according to patents' clinical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a major risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa), and prostatic stromal cells may also promote PCa progression. Accordingly, stromal cells do not equally promote PCa in older males and younger males. Therefore, it is also possible that the expression of androgen receptors (ARs) by prostatic stromal cells in older versus younger males plays different roles in PCa progression. Using a gene knockdown technique and coculture system, we found that the knockdown of the AR in prostatic stromal cells obtained from younger males could promote the invasiveness and metastasis of cocultured PC3/LNCaP cells in vitro. By contrast, the invasiveness and metastasis of LNCaP cells was inhibited when cocultured with prostatic stromal cells from older males that when AR expression was knocked down. Moreover, after targeting AR expression with small hairpin RNA (shRNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in stromal cells was observed to increase in the younger group, but decreased or remained unchanged in the older group. One exception, however, was observed with MMP9. In vivo, after knocking down AR expression in prostatic stromal cells, the incidence of metastatic lymph nodes was observed to increase in the younger age group, but decreased in the older age group. Together, these data suggest that the AR in prostatic stromal cells played opposite roles in PCa metastasis for older versus younger males. Therefore, collectively, the function of the AR in prostatic stromal cells appears to change with age, and this may account for the increased incidence of PCa in older males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reviewed the features of common prostate diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa) and chronic prostatitis (CP) that are specific to Asian men. Compared to the Westerners, Asians exhibit particular characteristics of prostate diseases. Through summarizing the epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnostics and therapeutics of these diseases, we find that Asians have a lower incidence of PCa than whites, but the incidences of BPH and CP are similar. Asian men with CP often suffer from fewer disease sites, but have a higher frequency of pain during urination rather than after sexual climax. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used marker for the diagnosis of PCa in both Asian and Western countries. Although the PSA level may be lower in Asians, the threshold used is based on whites. After reviewing the treatments available for these diseases, we did not find a fundamental difference between Asians and whites. Furthermore, the selection for the most appropriate treatment based on the individual needs of patients remains a challenge to urologists in Asia. After considering the traits of prostate diseases that are specific to Asian men, we hope to pave the way for the development of specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeted specifically to Asian men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the association between immune inflammation and androgen receptor (AR) expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We retrospectively analyzed 105 prostatectomy specimens. An immune inflammation score for each specimen was defined by combining three immunohistochemical markers (CD4, CD8 and CD20). The immunohistochemical markers were CD4 and CD8 for T lymphocytes, CD20 for B lymphocytes and AR antibody for the AR in BPH samples. Rates of CD4, CD8, CD20 and AR expression in BPH were 20 (19.0%), 21 (20.0%), 101 (96.2%) and 48 (45.7%), respectively. Total prostate volume (TPV) was higher in the immune inflammation group than in the non-immune inflammation group (62.7 ml vs. 49.2 ml, t=2.482, P<0.05). Patients in the immune inflammation group had a higher serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) than those in the non-inflammation group (7.5 ng ml−1 vs. 5.4 ng ml−1, t=2.771, P<0.05). Specifically, the immune inflammation group showed a higher rate of AR expression than the non-inflammation group (56.1% vs. 28.2%, χ2=7.665, P<0.05). Our study revealed a strong association between immune inflammation and TPV, serum PSA and AR expression in BPH tissue. Prostate hyperplasia caused by an immune inflammatory process may contribute to BPH progression over time. Therefore, the inflammatory response involved in BPH may be a prime therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that prostate cancer (PCa) occurs predominantly in the peripheral zone (PZ), whereas benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) typically develops in the transition zone. To identify possible mechanisms underlying zonal differences, we compared the effects of prostate stromal cells derived from the peripheral zone (PZsc) and the transition zone (TZsc) on a PCa epithelial cell line (PC3) in the presence of sex hormones. First, we observed that androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was more highly expressed in PZsc than TZsc when the cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and β-oestradiol (E2) (P<0.05). By ELISA, we looked for differences in the secretion of peptide growth factors from PZsc and TZsc. We found that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) secretion increased with increasing concentrations of DHT (P<0.01) and was higher in PZsc than TZsc. Under treatment with DHT plus E2, PZsc secreted more transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) than TZsc, but this pattern was reversed when the cells were treated with E2 only. With increasing concentrations of DHT, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) secretion increased in PZsc but decreased in TZsc. To further characterize the effects of PZsc and TZsc on PC3 cells, we developed a coculture model and performed MTT assays, Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. We found that PZsc promoted PC3 cell proliferation and progression better than TZsc, particularly when treated with 10 nmol l−1 DHT plus 10 nmol l−1 E2. In conclusion, our data suggest that PZsc may have a greater capacity to induce PCa development and progression than TZsc via growth factors regulated by sex hormones. These findings provide possible mechanisms underlying zonal differences in prostate diseases, which may aid the search for novel therapeutic targets for PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is an age-related disease, and the stromal microenvironment plays an important role in prostatic malignant progression. However, the differences in prostate stromal cells present in young and old tissue are still obscure. We established primary cultured stromal cells from normal prostatic peripheral zone (PZ) of donors of varying ages and found that cultured stromal cells from old donors (PZ-old) were more enlarged and polygonal than those from young donors (PZ-young). Furthermore, based on immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis, the components of stromal cells changed from a majority of fibroblasts to a mixture of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with increasing donor age. Using a three-dimensional in vitro culture system, we found that PZ-old stromal cells could enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of cocultured benign BPH-1 and PC-3 cells. Using an in vivo tissue recombination system, we also found that PZ-old stromal cells are more effective than PZ-young cells in promoting tumour formation by BPH-1 cells of high passage(>100) and PC-3 cells. To probe the possible mechanism of these effects, we performed cDNA microarray analysis and profiled 509 upregulated genes and 188 downregulated genes in PZ-old cells. Among the changed genes, we found genes coding for a subset of paracrine factors that are capable of influencing adjacent epithelial cells; these include hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), IGFBP5 and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Changes in the expression of these genes were further confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Overall, our findings indicate that stromal cells from prostate PZ of old donors are more active than similar cells from young donors in promoting the malignant process of adjacent epithelial cells. This finding hints at a new potential strategy for the prevention of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current ex vivo study was to compare the speed of vaporesection of human prostatic tissue with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the depth of tissue damage using 70- and 120-W 2-µm laser devices. Fresh prostatic tissue specimens were obtained from five patients by open prostatectomy, and were divided into separate groups (70 and 120 W) based on the energy of the laser output (70 and 120 W, respectively). The vaporesection speed, coagulation zone depth and the necrotic tissue layer in the prostatic tissue were evaluated. The current result showed that the speeds (mean±s.d.) of vaporesection were 5.21±0.66 and 10.39±1.15 g/5 min for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively (P=0.000). There was no difference in the depth of necrosis/coagulation (0.98±0.13/0.30±0.09 and 0.99±0.12/0.31±0.08 mm) for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively. In conclusion, both 70- and 120-W 2-µm laser devices had superficial tissue damage during the vaporesection of human prostate tissue; moreover, the 120-W laser offers a higher vaporesection speed than the 70-W laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the different involvements of prostatic stromal cells from the normal transitional zone (TZ) or peripheral zone (PZ) in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa) epithelial cells (PC-3) in vitro and in vivo co-culture models. Ultra-structures and gene expression profiles of primary cultures of human prostatic stromal cells from the normal TZ or PZ were analyzed by electron microscopy and microarray analysis. In vitro and in vivo co-culture models composed of normal TZ or PZ stromal cells and human PCa PC-3 cells were established. We assessed tumor growth and weight in the in vivo nude mice model. There are morphological and ultra-structural differences in stromal cells from TZ and PZ of the normal prostate. In all, 514 differentially expressed genes were selected by microarray analysis; 483 genes were more highly expressed in stromal cells from TZ and 31 were more highly expressed in those from PZ. Co-culture with PZ stromal cells and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) increased the tumor growth of PC-3 cells in vitro and in vivo, as well as Bcl-2 expression. On the other hand, stromal cells of TZ suppressed PC-3 cell tumor growth in the mouse model. We conclude that ultra-structures and gene expression differ between the stromal cells from TZ or PZ of the normal prostate, and stroma–epithelium interactions from TZ or PZ might be responsible for the distinct zonal localization of prostate tumor formation.Asian Journal of Andrology (2009) 11: 176–182. doi: 10.1038/aja.2008.33; published online 5 January 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-translational degradation of protein plays an important role in cell life. We employed chimeric molecules (dihydrotestosterone-based proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecule [DHT-PROTAC]) to facilitate androgen receptor (AR) degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) and to investigate the role of AR in cell proliferation and viability in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were applied to analyse AR levels in LNCaP cells after DHT-PROTAC treatment. Cell counting and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay were used to evaluate cell proliferation and viability after AR elimination in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. AR was tagged for elimination via the UPP by DHT-PROTAC, and this could be blocked by proteasome inhibitors. Degradation of AR depended on DHT-PROTAC concentration, and either DHT or an ALAPYIP-(arg)8 peptide could compete with DHT-PROTAC. Inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased viability were observed in LNCaP cells, but not in PC-3 or 786-O cells after DHT-PROTAC treatment. These data indicate that AR elimination is facilitated via the UPP by DHT-PROTAC, and that the growth of LNCaP cells is repressed after AR degradation.Asian Journal of Andrology (2009) 11: 119–126. doi: 10.1038/aja.2008.26; published online 15 December 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical role played by stroma–epithelium crosstalk in carcinogenesis and progression of prostate cancer has been increasingly recognized. These interactions are mediated by a variety of paracrine factors secreted by cancer cells and/or stromal cells. In human prostate cancer, reactive stroma is characterized by an increase in myofibroblasts and a corresponding amplification of extracellular matrix production and angiogenesis. Permanent genetic mutations have been reported in stromal cells as well as in tumour cells. Transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor signalling pathways are involved in the process of angiogenesis, whereas hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, epidermal growth factor, CXC12 and Interleukin-6 play active roles in the progression, androgen-independent conversion and distal metastasis of prostate cancer. Some soluble factors have reciprocal interactions with androgens and the androgen receptor (AR), and can even activate AR in the absence of the androgen ligand. In this article, we review the complex interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment, and discuss the potential therapeutic targets in the stromal compartment of prostate cancer.Asian Journal of Andrology (2009) 11: 28–35. doi: 10.1038/aja.2008.39; published online 22 December 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen deprivation therapy is initially effective in blocking tumor growth, but it eventually leads to the hormone-refractory state. The detailed mechanisms of the conversion from androgen dependence to androgen independence remain unclear. Several PCa cell lines were established to study the role of AR in PCa, but the results were often inconsistent or contrasting in different cell lines, or in the same cell line grown under different conditions. The cellular and molecular alteration of epithelial cells and their microenvironments are complicated, and it is difficult to use a single cell line to address this important issue and also to study the pathophysiological effects of AR. In this paper, we summarize the different effects of AR on multiple cell lines and show the disadvantages of using a single human PCa cell line to study AR effects on PCa. We also discuss the advantages of widely used epithelium–stroma co-culture systems, xenograft mouse models, and genetically engineered PCa mouse models. The combination of in vitro cell line studies and in vivo mouse models might lead to more credible results and better strategies for the study of AR roles in PCa.Asian Journal of Andrology (2009) 11: 39–48. doi: 10.1038/aja.2008.44; published online 22 December 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the antitumor immunity by a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine encoding secondary lymphoid chemokine gene and tumor lysate on murine prostate cancer. Methods: DC from bone marrow of C57BL/6 were transfected with a plasmid vector expressing secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC) cDNA by Lipofectamine2000 liposome and tumor lysate. Total RNA extracted from SLC+lysate–DC was used to verify the expression of SLC by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The immunotherapeutic effect of DC vaccine on murine prostate cancer was assessed. Results: We found that in the prostate tumor model of C57BL/6 mice, the adminstration of SLC+lysate–DC inhibited tumor growth most significantly when compared with SLC–DC, lysate–DC, DC or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) counterparts ( P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical fluorescent staining analysis showed the infiltration of more CD4+, CD8+ T cell and CD11c+ DC within established tumor treated by SLC +lysate–DC vaccine than other DC vaccines ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: DC vaccine encoding secondary lymphoid chemokine and tumor lysate can elicit significant antitumor immunity by infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cell and DC, which might provide a potential immunotherapy method for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]