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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese is a fairly common entity. However, excluding the waist circumference (WC) criteria, other components of the MetS are also seen in lean or nonobese people. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of lean MetS among newly diagnosed MetS cases and compare the biochemical parameters and insulin resistance in lean versus overweight/obese MetS. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted over 12 months and included adult patients of either sex, newly diagnosed with MetS. Fever cases, infections such as tuberculosis/HIV/chronic infectious disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, those having endocrine causes of obesity such as Cushing syndrome, known cases of ischemic heart disease, and those on antiobesity medications were excluded. Diagnosed MetS patients were categorized as lean or obese based on the standard criteria. A convenient sample of 50 was considered for either group (lean MetS vs. obese MetS). Included patients were investigated for lipid, liver, glycemic, and insulin resistance profiles. Other parameters included serum uric acid, thyroid function, whole abdomen ultrasound, electrocardiography, two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO), fibroscan, and polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Results: The prevalence of lean MetS was 9.87%. Variables such as body mass index, WC, low-density lipoprotein, and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the obese MetS in comparison to the lean MetS group. Fasting insulin was also significantly higher in the obese MetS compared to lean MetS. Biochemical measures such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transferase were significantly higher for the obese MetS, while the change was nonsignificant for other biochemical measures. Except for complications such as polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthoses nigricans, and gallstones which were significantly higher in the obese MetS group, the rest of the complications were similar in both groups. Conclusion: MetS among nonobese or lean subjects differs in certain aspects from those with obesity. As lean MetS is an emerging entity, clinicians must be aware of it to avoid morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering enterococci as an emerging important cause of nosocomial infections, and antibiotic resistance by Enterococcus as a major obstacle for treatment, determination of the prevalence of various Enterococcus species and their antibiotic resistance pattern among urinary isolates is very crucial and need of the hour. The present study tried to identify the burden of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Enterococcus species and analyze the current antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the uropathogenic isolates and evaluate the risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study included all clinico-microbiologically diagnosed cases of admitted UTI cases. Hospital records were analyzed for the clinical background of the UTI cases, and urine sample was collected and processed for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: Out of the 372 urine samples, Enterococcus spp. was identified in 13.44% of isolates as the causal uropathogen. Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species identified, followed by Enterococcus faecium. Cases were mostly observed in clinical settings of sepsis followed by pyelonephritis and cystitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed that resistance was most frequently observed with norfloxacin followed by levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and high-level gentamicin. Linezolid showed maximum sensitivity, followed by vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, and others. Conclusion: The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus species is of particular concern in terms of antibiotic therapy. Speciation along with routine culture and sensitivity is essential to gather knowledge about the available antibiotics in MDR uropathogenic Enterococcus species, particularly oral choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunocompromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are prone to multiple infections, of which parasitic infections are an important cause. Parasitic protozoal infections - both by common and rare protozoa are documented in such patients. Here, we report a rare and interesting case of five protozoal infections affecting a single HIV-infected person at the same time of initial presentation. A 64-years-male came to us with complaints of chronic diarrhea for 6 months. He was investigated and found to be positive for HIV I. His stool examination revealed cysts of Entameba histolytica and Giardia lamblia and oocysts of Cryptosporidium species and Cystoisospora species. His toxoplasma IgG was also positive in high titer. The patient was medically diagnosed and was treated with medications as clinically prescribed - antiretroviral therapy was initiated and he was discharged in due course. A total of five protozoal infections were documented affecting a single person - newly diagnosed immunocompromised male, which by sheer qualitative count of patient case histories, indeed is a rare case reported in the medical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm or threadworm, is a large intestinal nematode which has a high prevalence among children and peripubertal age in our country. Transmission usually occurs by autoinfection like finger contamination of the embryonated eggs deposited by the gravid female worm on the perianal and perineal region. Globally, only a few reports are there regarding the isolation of the parasite from extra-intestinal sites. These are two rare case reports of ocular enterobiasis. The first case was a middle-aged female and the second one was a 14-year-old girl, both of whom were referred from other tertiary care hospitals to Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine and who presented with discharge of live motile worms from their eyes (conjunctiva). In both the cases, identification was done by saline wet mount and direct microscopy of a gravid female worm. Plano-convex embryonated eggs were also observed. The oval embryonated eggs, plano-convex in shape, and the gravid female, with its cervical alae near the anterior end and straight thin pointed tail, were identified under the microscope. Although E. vermicularis is a very common large intestinal parasitic infestation of children and adolescents, it can also rarely be isolated from unusual sites, which should be taken into account for effective diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sign and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are not only restricted to the respiratory system but includes a myriad of clinical manifestations involving various systems. There are various sequelae of COVID-19 reported. Here, we report a series of three cases of tuberculosis along with new onset of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in previously euglycemic, normotensive patients following recovery from COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]