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The article presents a case study of a 33-year-old male diagnosed with superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) caused by mediastinal tuberculosis, a rare benign etiology of this condition. It highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced, particularly the successful endovascular stenting procedure combined with anti-tubercular therapy, which resolved the patient's symptoms.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extract (OSHE) on seizure control and neuronal injury in rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Methods: SE was induced by administering lithium chloride followed by pilocarpine 24 h later. OSHE was administered either alone or in combination with valproate (VPA) 3 days before SE induction until 14 days post-SE induction. Seizure parameters were recorded on day 1 (0-3 h), day 1-3 and day 4-14 post-SE. On day 14 post-SE, neurobehavioural tests (elevated plus maze and passive avoidance) were done followed by total antioxidant capacity, neuronspecific enolase, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic assessment in the hippocampus and cortex tissue. Results: OSHE+VPA provided more significant seizure protection (75%) than VPA (62.5%), OSHE (62.5%), or SE control (12.5%) (overall P=0.003). The latency to stage-3/4 seizures was increased and the number of stage-3/4 seizures was reduced in all treatment groups compared to the SE control group (P=0.002 and <0.001, respectively). The OSHE+VPA group also had better memory retention than other treatment groups (P<0.001) in the passive avoidance test. Total antioxidant capacity level was significantly higher and neuron-specific enolase was lower in the OSHE and OSHE+VPA groups compared to the SE control group. Electron microscopic study showed significant myelin sheath damage (67.5%, P<0.05) and axonal degeneration (51.8%, P<0.001) in the hippocampus of the SE control group, which were alleviated by OSHE or OSHE+VPA treatment. In immunohistochemical analysis, the OSHE, OSHE+VPA, and VPA groups had a significantly higher number of viable neurons and less neuronal loss compared to the SE control in the hippocampus (P<0.001). Conclusions: OSHE either alone or in combination with VPA shows better seizure control by preservation of neuronal echotexture and reducing oxidative stress in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a standard-of-care modality for evaluating mediastinal lymph nodes and masses. The EBUS bronchoscope may also be introduced through the oesophageal route to perform sampling of accessible lesions, a technique described as transoesophageal bronchoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA). Because of the central oesophageal approach, EUS-B-FNA provides easy access to the left para-tracheal, subcarinal and para-oesophageal lymph nodes. In addition, the left adrenal gland (LAG) can also be imaged and sampled during the EUS-B-FNA procedure. In patients with suspected lung cancer, accurate staging is essential. Adrenal metastasis is relatively common and may often be a solitary metastatic site. We describe three cases where EUS-B-FNA was performed to safely sample the enlarged LAG in suspected lung cancer. We also review the literature on the performance characteristics of EUS-B-FNA for LAG aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningiomas are benign intracranial neoplasms arising from arachnoid cap cells. High grade meningiomas are uncommon and metastasis from these is an extremely rare event. Commonest sites of metastasis from high grade meningiomas include lung, liver, lymph nodes and bone. It is unusual for meningiomas to recur in the surgical track following excision. More so, it is even the rarest phenomenon for a meningioma to implant in subgaleal location. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the scalp implantation vis-à-vis CSF dissemination, direct surgical implantation etc., It may apply to all histological grades of meningiomas. Even the benign tumors have been shown to seed at postoperative scar. This seems to have provoked our interest to review the literature regarding this scalp implantation. We have reviewed all the cases where surgical excision of intracranial meningiomas has led to seeding of surgical track as well as scalp. We have discussed the various genetic aberrations that can guide us regarding the progression of the tumor and prognosis. We also report a case of surgical track and scalp implantation of an atypical intraventricular meningioma following excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) is a rare and distinctive glioneuronal tumor. Although surgical excision is considered the standard treatment for these slow growing WHO Grade I tumors, gross-total resection is achieved in less than 50% of RGNTs due to its localisation amidst vital structures. With very few cases with long term follow-up reported, there is limited knowledge of the natural clinical course and the role of radiotherapy in inoperable RGNTs.Case Description: A previously well 26-year old male, presented with long standing headache, increasing gait instability and fainting episodes. Imaging revealed a tectal plate mass with hydrocephalous. An endoscopic third ventriculostomy and biopsy was done, revealing RGNT. He received radiotherapy with a curative intent. The patient remained neurologically stable for 4 years. Follow-up imaging done after 4 years showed decrease in tumor size.Conclusions: The current case highlights a role for radiotherapy in RGNTs occurring in surgically challenging sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer male breast is not very common. It comprises <1% of all breast cancers. Primary sites of metastasis are bone, brain, lung, and liver. Endobronchial and tracheal metastasis is very rare. To the best of our information, this is the first case of male breast carcinoma with upfront tracheal and endobronchial metastasis which presented as Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO), initially evaluated on the lines of metastatic nonsmall-cell lung cancer. A 60-year-old gentleman presented with shortness of breath and features of SVCO. On primary evaluation, he was thought to be a case of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Later on, it was confirmed to be carcinoma male breast with endobronchial and tracheal metastasis, which was reconfirmed with biopsy. The case we came across had symptoms associated with endobronchial metastases from primary extrapulmonary tumor and which was later found out to be breast. Treatment options are very different from lung primary and thus, we should be aware of the unusual disease presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reestablishing the occlusal plane involves multidisciplinary approach with extensive restorative procedure to accomplish "equilibration." Broadrick occlusal plane analyzer (BOPA) provides an easy and practical method to commensurate for curve of Spee and establishing the occlusal plane. Transferring the new occlusal plane from the diagnostic model to patients mouth needs to be precise. To achieve controlled conservative reduction, customized acrylic template was a vital tool used in this case to transfer the exact plane correction achieved by the BOPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system caused by the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JCV) in immunocompromised patients, most commonly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and less commonly in those receiving various immunosuppressive regimens. Prognosis of untreated PML is grave and the mainstay of treatment is the reversal of immunosuppression, usually by institution of antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients and cessation of immunosuppressive therapies in others. PML is increasingly being reported in those with minimal or occult immunosuppression. A small fraction of these patients meet the criteria for idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia (ICL) after exclusion of all secondary causes of lymphocytopenia, including HIV. A 44-year-old previously healthy male presented with clinical and radiological features suggestive of PML. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were repeatedly negative for JCV. Immunohistochemistry on brain biopsy eventually confirmed PML. Despite extensive work-up, the only abnormality detected was an unexplained and persistently low absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. Based on the limited available literature on the treatment of non-HIV PML, he was treated with a combination of mirtazapine and mefloquine with clinical improvement. Non-HIV PML remains relatively uncommon, and PML as a presenting feature of ICL is rare. It is important to document and follow these patients to be able to assess the relative risks associated with various causes and formulate effective therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several letters to the editor are presented discussing the progression of Pilocytic astrocytoma and Leptomeningeal disease in children.

The article describes the case of a 7-year-old female child who was admitted to a private institution with severe abdominal pain and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She was diagnosed with primary diffuse leptomeningeal (PDL) supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET) based on the biopsy and pathological findings obtained after performing various tests on the girl. The girl received a palliative chemotherapy treatment after being referred to the oncology department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patient had visual decline (PL+) in his left eye postoperatively as left optic nerve was adherent to the tumor. Giant pituitary adenomas are generally nonfunctional adenomas defined commonly by the presence of the largest dimension of >=4 cm in any axis.[[1]] These tumors are known to compress and displace the optic pathways; however, splitting of optic pathways is a rarest phenomenon. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of 30-year-old patient with primary spinal extradural inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) a cause of paraparesis. Topics discussed include the findings from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine such as epidural mass lesion in cervicodorsal spine, the findings from histopathological examination such as the lesion of bland spindle cells and location of IMT in the spine.

The article describes a case of en-plaque tuberculoma mimicking en-plaque meningioma in a 23-year-old woman. The patient presented with bilateral painless progressive vision loss along with features of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) for the past one year. She underwent anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) with uneventful post-operative course.