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ABSTRACT: Primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumor of infancy (PMMTI) is a low to intermediate-grade, poorly differentiated myofibroblastic tumor and is characterized by its tendency to recur locally. It commonly occurs in the 1st year of life and is predominantly seen in the axial skeleton and rarely in the retroperitoneum. We report one such case of PMMTI, which is the second case reported in English literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resection of primary in carcinoma tongue is challenging as the tumor often spreads submucosal and deep in muscles. There are various Intraoperative tools available to guide tumor resection margins. We studied the use of intraoperative ultrasound-guided resection for obtaining free deep resection margins in cases of oral carcinoma tongue. To assess the feasibility of resection of tongue tumor using intraoral ultrasound intraoperatively. 5 patients of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma were included in this prospective pilot study. Intraoral ultrasound-guided resection of the primary tongue tumor was done. The surgeon moved the probe over the tumor and focussed on the point of maximum invasion by the tumor. A 26 G needle was passed in the tongue at a point that was 10 mm away from the deepest point of infiltration. It marked the deepest plane of resection. Following the above marking, a resection of tumor was done. Deep surgical resection margin was found to be >5 mm (free) in all the USG-guided surgically resected primary tongue tumors on histopathological examination. We have found intraoperative ultrasonography a useful tool for the surgical resection of primary tongue tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is a technique used to sample the lungs for diagnosing diffuse lung diseases. A sizeable tissue is sheared off the lung parenchyma during TBLC leading to a defect in the lung, which might result in a cystic lesion on imaging. Computed tomography (CT) performed for other reasons might incidentally reveal such a cyst. We report a 75‑year‑old patient who underwent TBLC and developed significant intraprocedural bleeding. Chest CT performed for worsening breathlessness revealed an acute exacerbation (AE) of the underlying interstitial lung disease, and incidentally showed a new cyst in the biopsied lung lobe. The patient recovered clinically after the administration of high‑dose methylprednisolone. A chest CT performed nine months later showed resolution of the lung cyst. A systematic review of the literature revealed that cysts/pneumatoceles/cavities may appear in 50% of patients following TBLC. About 90% are due to biopsy trauma and mostly resolve spontaneously. Rarely, a cavity may be due to infection; antimicrobial agents should be administered in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Superior turbinate manipulation is often required in cases of narrow cavities and expanded endonasal approaches with concern for olfaction. The objective of the study was to compare the pre- and postoperative olfactory function in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary excision with and without superior turbinectomy, using the Pocket Smell Identification Test and the quality of life (QOL) and Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) scores, irrespective of the extension (Knosp grading) of pituitary tumors. We also aimed to identify olfactory neurons in the excised superior turbinate with immunohistochemical (IHC) stains and correlate them with clinical findings. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, randomized study performed in a tertiary center. Two groups A and B, with superior turbinate preserved and resected, respectively, during endoscopic pituitary resection, were compared using pre- and postoperative Pocket Smell Identification Test and QOL and SNOT-22 scores. The superior turbinate was subjected to IHC staining to identify the presence of olfactory neurons in patients with tumors of pituitary gland requiring endoscopic trans-sphenoid resection. Results: Fifty patients with sellar tumors were enrolled. The mean age of patients in this study was 46.15 years. The minimum age was 18 years and the maximum was 75 years. Of the 50 patients in the study, 18 were female and 32 were male. Eleven patients had more than one presenting complaint. Loss of vision was the commonest and altered sensorium was the rarest symptom. Conclusion: Superior turbinectomy is a viable option to gain wider access to sella without affecting the sinonasal function, quality of life, and olfaction. There was doubtful presence of olfactory neurons in superior turbinate. The extent of tumor resection and postoperative complications were unaffected and statistically nonsignificant in both the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare pulmonary disorder characterized by surfactant accumulation in the alveolar spaces while sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The occurrence of PAP and sarcoidosis in the same patient is rare. A 37-year-old woman presented with cough and breathlessness and was diagnosed to have autoimmune PAP. She responded well to subcutaneous injections of recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Three years later, she developed fever, chest pain, cough, and facial palsy. The evaluation revealed a diagnosis of sarcoidosis that responded to immunosuppressive treatment. We discuss the link between PAP and sarcoidosis and review the literature on this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various molecular underpinnings of lung cancer have been noted in Asian populations, especially with targetable oncogenic drivers such as EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements, although they have been lesser described in South Asian/Indian patients. Methods: Tumour molecular testing results from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with a name of South Asian origin and diagnosed from 2005 to 2019 at the Stanford Cancer Center in the United States were retrospectively reviewed and compared to the results of molecular testing from PGIMER in Chandigarh, India, from the patients diagnosed from 2011 to 2019. Results: We identified 72 patients of South Asian (largely Indian) origin, of whom 64 patients (51% female) had mutational testing at Stanford. Of the tested patients, 33% of cases harboured either an EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation, and 12.5% had ALK rearrangements. At PGIMER, a larger sample of 1,264 patients was identified (33% female), with 22.5% of patients having two main EGFR activating mutations, and 9.5% harbouring an ALK rearrangement. Conclusions: South Asian, largely Indian, patients with NSCLC appear to have a higher chance of harbouring EGFR mutations and ALK translocation as compared to Caucasians. The percentage of South Asian patients with these molecular abnormalities was largely similar in two different geographical locations. These findings corroborate prior single-institution findings and emphasise the importance of molecular testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 63-year-old man presented with fever and breathlessness during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. He was diagnosed to have severe COVID-19 pneumonia. He was treated with oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and glucocorticoids. He improved over 5 weeks and was shifted out of the intensive care unit. Subsequently, he experienced worsening during hospitalization with refractory hypoxemia and shock and finally succumbed to his illness. An autopsy was performed. Herein, we have presented a clinical discussion on the possible causes of the patient's fatal outcome followed by the autopsy findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a rare case of isolated tracheal mucormycosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. The authors highlight the importance of bronchoscopic management in treating this condition, as nearly 30% of patients with isolated tracheobronchial mucormycosis may require therapeutic bronchoscopy. They describe a case in which a 49-year-old man with poorly controlled diabetes presented with airway obstruction due to mucormycosis and required airway stenting. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of bronchoscopic intervention and antifungal therapy. The article emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion and appropriate management strategies for this uncommon condition. [Extracted from the article]

Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a rare high-grade neoplasm of langerhans cell phenotype having unambiguous malignant cytological features. We report such a rare case in a 20-year-old man who presented with dyspnea and high-grade fever. On evaluation, he had generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and a large anterior mediastinal mass. Fine needle aspiration from the mediastinal mass and bone marrow aspirate showed numerous atypical cells, many of which showed grooved nuclei. In addition, the bone marrow showed prominent hemophagocytosis. The patient had a stormy hospital stay and succumbed to the illness. The autopsy revealed a rare multisystem involvement by LCS involving the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and intestine, which harbored a BRAFV600E mutation and was associated with hemophagocytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The comparison of angiogenesis imaging (Ga-68-DOTA-Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid [RGD]) positron emission tomography/computed tomography [PET/CT]) with metabolic imaging (F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG] PET/CT) in primary staging and response assessment to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients. Methods: In this prospective study, 85 female patients with LABC were subjected to two PET/CT studies (Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 and F-18 FDG) within 1 week of each other. Thirty patients had repeat studies 4 weeks after completing eight cycles of NACT. Response assessment was done by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Results: Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 and F-18 FDG uptake in the primary tumor were seen in all patients. Ipsilateral axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes were detected in 77 (90.5%) versus 80 (94.1%) and 22 (25.8%) versus 27 (31.7%) patients on Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 and F-18 FDG scans, respectively. Ipsilateral supra-clavicular lymph nodes and skeletal lesions were noted in 17 (20%) versus 21 (24.7%) patients and 23 (27.0%) versus 24 (28.2%) patients on Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 versus F-18 FDG studies, respectively. However, the Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 did not show uptake in F-18 FDG avid liver lesions (LLs) in 10 patients, adrenal lesion in one patient, mediastinal lymph nodes in 2 patients, lung nodules, and pleural soft-tissue deposits, each in one patient. In response assessment, 23 and 25 patients had concordance with RECIST1.1 criteria on F-18 FDG and Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 scans, respectively. However, there were discordant results in four patients on Ga-68-DOTA-RGD2 scan and two patients on F-18 FDG scans. Conclusion: Metabolic imaging is better in primary staging and chemotherapy response assessment than angiogenesis imaging in LABC patients. The latter may miss the metastatic soft-tissue deposits, adrenal, and LLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid and accurate first-line diagnostic modality in lymphadenopathy. Aims: To determine the utility of FNAC for the diagnosis of lymphoma and highlight the various pitfalls in morphological interpretation. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective study of 3 years duration in which cytology diagnosis was compared with the follow-up histopathology diagnosis wherever available. Results: A cytodiagnosis of lymphoma was made in a total of 868 cases (2.8%) out of nearly 33,000 FNAC performed during the study period; 556 (64.1%) cases were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 198 (22.8%) as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and in 114 (13.1%) cases, a cytological diagnosis of lymphoma without further categorization was given. Histopathological reports were available in 348 cases, with an overall concordance rate of 93.1% (324), which was slightly higher in the HL cases (95.8%) as compared to NHL (91.7%). Twenty-four cases (6.9%) showed discordant cytological diagnosis with subsequent histopathology. The main reasons for the erroneous diagnosis were the over-interpretation of the germinal center cells as atypical lymphoid cells, over-interpretation of immunoblasts with prominent nucleoli as Hodgkin cells, and sheets of monomorphic lymphoid cells interpreted as low-grade lymphoma. Conclusion: Cytomorphology alone can make a correct basic diagnosis of lymphoma with a high degree of accuracy. The errors in interpretation can be further reduced by careful attention to the diagnostic pitfalls and common differential diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the patient was reoperated for a recurrent tumor at the same site [Figure 1]b, and the biopsy was reported to be hemangiopericytoma WHO grade III [Figure 2]. Postoperative-adjuvant radiotherapy has been reported to be effective in local-recurrence control but response to metastasis is debatable.[[10]]{Table 1} Metastasis results in a significant reduction in the overall survival. The gross total excision of the tumor followed by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy is the mainstay treatment for HPC and its metastasis. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Recently, the Indian Academy of Cytologists (IAC) has published the guidelines for interpretation and reporting of serous effusions. Till date, there are no studies on its applicability. Aims: The present study was carried out to assess the feasibility of applying the IAC reporting categories to effusions, determine the frequency, and provide an estimate of the risk of malignancy (ROM) for individual diagnostic categories. Materials and Methods: All cases of serous effusion fluids reported in the year 2019 were retrieved from the archives and reassigned as per the IAC diagnostic categories. The clinical and histopathological follow-up information was obtained wherever possible. Results: A total of 1340 effusion samples were received from 1085 patients. There were 561 (51.7%) males and 524 (48.3%) females. Majority were pleural (1066, 79.5%), followed by peritoneal (187, 14%) and pericardial (87, 6.5%) effusions. The age ranged from 7 months to 92 years. There were 35 (2.6%) samples in category 1 (non-diagnostic), 954 (71.2%) in category 2 (benign), 17 (1.3%) in category 3 (atypical), 59 (4.4%) in category 4 (suspicious for malignancy) and 275 (20.5%) in category 5 (malignant). The estimated ROM in serous effusion samples was 20% for category 1, 16.7% for category 2, 50% for category 3, 94.4% for category 4 and 100% for category 5. Conclusions: The categorization of serous effusion cytology samples as per the IAC diagnostic categories and as per the reporting format developed by the IAC is feasible and the management recommendations are mostly appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to assess breast density as a risk factor for breast malignancy using automated volumetric breast density software and to study the relationship of breast density with tumor histopathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-four women with unilateral core biopsy-proven breast cancer were taken in the "case group." Two hundred and one women with normal bilateral screening mammograms were enrolled in the "control group." The cases and controls were further divided into pre- and post-menopausal subgroups. The mammograms of the contralateral breast of the cases and bilateral breasts of the controls were evaluated by automated volumetric breast density software and classified into four density grades. The tumor histopathological characteristics in the various density grades were also evaluated. Results: In premenopausal women, the odds of having breast cancer was significantly higher for Grade 3 breasts (odds ratio [OR] 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.19–7.71]) versus Grade 1 and 2 breasts. Grade 4 premenopausal breasts also had greater odds (OR 3.09; 95% CI [0.89–10.78]) of developing breast cancer. No such relationship was established for postmenopausal women. No significant difference was seen in the histopathology of breast cancer among various breast density groups. Conclusion: Increased breast density can be considered as an inherent, independent risk factor for breast cancer in premenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have reported on the utility of ultrathin bronchoscopes (UTBs) for performing radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). Herein, we describe our experience with UTB and conventional bronchoscope (CB) for performing radial EBUS. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study comparing the diagnostic yield of a prototype UTB (external diameter 3 mm, working channel diameter 1.7 mm) versus CBs (external diameter ≥4.9 mm) in performing radial EBUS for the evaluation of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). Fluoroscopic guidance was not available. Results: A total of 121 subjects (34, UTB; 87, CB; 69.4% males) with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 55.2 (14.8) years underwent radial EBUS. The mean (SD) size of PPLs on computed tomography of the thorax was 22.2 (13.7) mm. The lesions were significantly smaller in the UTB group (16.4 vs 24.7 mm, P = 0.006). Eight lesions could be visualized within the lumen of the peripheral smaller bronchi with the UTB. The overall yield of radial EBUS was 52.9% and was similar in the two groups (UTB vs. CB, 55.9% vs. 51.7%; P = 0.7). The procedure time was significantly shorter in the UTB group. On multivariate logistic regression, the yield was similar in the two groups after adjusting for the size and location of the lesion and position of the radial probe in relation to the lesion. Conclusion: Despite smaller lesions, radial EBUS performed with the UTB was found to have similar efficacy to that performed with the CB. More lesions could be visualized endobronchially using the UTB making it an attractive alternative for performing radial EBUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoscopic lung cryobiopsy (BLC) is a novel technique for obtaining lung tissue for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. The procedure is performed using several different variations of technique, resulting in an inconsistent diagnostic yield and a variable risk of complications. There is an unmet need for standardization of the technical aspects of BLC. Methodology: This is a position statement framed by a group comprising experts from the fields of pulmonary medicine, thoracic surgery, pathology, and radiology under the aegis of the Indian Association for Bronchology. Sixteen questions on various technical aspects of BLC were framed. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE databases. The expert group discussed the available evidence relevant to each question through e-mail and a face-to-face meeting, and arrived at a consensus. Results: The experts agreed that patients should be carefully selected for BLC after weighing the risks and benefits of the procedure. Where appropriate, consideration should be given to perform alternate procedures such as conventional transbronchial biopsy or subject the patient directly to a surgical lung biopsy. The procedure is best performed after placement of an artificial airway under sedation/general anesthesia. Fluoroscopic guidance and occlusion balloon should be utilized for positioning the cryoprobe to reduce the risk of pneumothorax and bleeding, respectively. At least four tissue specimens (with at least two of adequate size, i.e., =5 mm) should be obtained during the procedure from different lobes or different segments of a lobe. The histopathological findings of BLC should be interpreted by an experienced pulmonary pathologist. The final diagnosis should be made after a multidisciplinary discussion. Finally, there is a need for structured training for performing BLC. Conclusion: This position statement is an attempt to provide practical recommendations for the performance of BLC in DPLDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) is now recognized as a staging investigation for locally advanced breast cancer. This retrospective review of data was performed to correlate the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax;) of the primary tumor with the molecular subtype of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Patients with biopsy-proven, treatment naïve, Stage III breast cancer, for whom 18F-FDG PET/CT data and immunohistochemistry 4 was available were included in the study. Correlations were deduced between the SUVmax; of primary tumor to the molecular subtypes. Results: Three hundred and two patients were included in the study. Fifty-two (17.2%) tumors were Luminal A (LA), 131 (43.4%) Luminal B (LB), 42 (13.9%) human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 enriched (HE), and 77 (25.5%) basal-like (BL). SUVmax; of the primary tumor differed significantly between LA and other subtypes (SUVmax;: LA Median 7.4, LB 11.65, HE 13.5, BL 15.35, P < 0.001). Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity were inversely correlated to the SUVmax; of the primary (SUVmax;: ER + Median 10.4, ER - 14.2, P < 0.001, PR + 9.65, PR - 13.9, P < 0.001). There was a strong positive correlation observed between Ki67 and SUVmax; (Pearson Coefficient 0.408, P < 0.001). A SUVmax; value of 9.65 was determined as a cutoff on receiver operating characteristic curve to differentiate between LA and other subtypes with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 70.6%. Conclusions: SUVmax; of primary showed a statistically significant difference between LA subtypes when compared to other subtypes. However, there was overlap of values in each subgroup and thus 18F-FDG PET/CT cannot be used to accurately assess the molecular characteristics of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediastinal cysts are mostly congenital, but rarely, infections and malignancies can cause cystic degeneration of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Diagnosis is challenging as the presenting symptoms are nonspecific. Surgical resection is the reference modality both for diagnosis and management. Secondary infection of mediastinal bronchogenic cyst with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is rare. Herein, we describe a young male who was managed as bronchial asthma with inhalational bronchodilators and glucocorticoids. Computed tomography revealed a cystic lesion in the subcarinal region. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was done to perform diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration of the cyst that showed infection with M. tuberculosis. A subsequent surgical resection confirmed the cystic lesion to be a bronchogenic cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex inflammatory lung disorder complicating bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis. Although the condition responds to treatment with glucocorticoids and antifungal drugs, lack of timely recognition, and inadequate treatment of ABPA can lead to progressive lung damage. Uncommonly, long standing inflammation and bronchiectasis can also lead to the development of secondary amyloidosis. Herein, we report a case of ABPA, which presented as nephrotic syndrome and progressed rapidly to end-stage renal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is considered a heterogeneous lesion at the molecular level. However, there is a paucity of literature about the existence of molecular subtypes in DCIS which can predict their biological behavior at the preinvasive stage.Materials and Methods: Precise prevalence of molecular subtypes of pure DCIS and DCIS component of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and correlated with known prognostic factors.Results: DCIS cases were classified as luminal A (46.6% in each group), luminal B (pure DCIS 20% and DCIS component of IDC 13.3%), HER2 overexpressing, basal and nonbasal (pure DCIS 3.3% and 26.6% and DCIS component of IDC 3.3% and 33.3%, respectively), and triple negative, nonbasal (pure DCIS and DCIS component of IDC 3.3% each). The molecular phenotype of DCIS correlated well with that of the coexisting IDC.Conclusions: This study demonstrated molecular heterogeneity in DCIS; however, similar molecular phenotypes were seen in the coexisting IDC suggesting that DCIS is a precursor lesion and can predict phenotype of the invasive component. This also suggests that the invasiveness of DCIS is not dependent solely on the molecular character of the tumor epithelial cells, but factors such as tumor microenvironment may play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited Indian data on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene activating mutations (AMs) prevalence and their clinicopathologic associations. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between EGFR AM and histologic subtypes and their impact on overall survival (OS) in a North Indian cohort. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of nonsmall cell lung cancer patients who underwent EGFR mutation testing (n = 186) over 3 years period (2012- 2014). EGFR mutations were tested using polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing. Patients were classified as EGFR AM, EGFR wild type (WT) or EGFR unknown (UKN). Histologically adenocarcinomas (ADC) were further categorized as per the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society-2011 classification. Results: Overall EGFR AM prevalence was 16.6%. The ratio of exon 19 deletions to exon 21 L858R mutations was 3.17:1. Female sex (P = 0.002), never smoking status (P = 0.002), metastatic disease (P = 0.032), and nonsolid subtype of ADC (P = 0.001) were associated with EGFR AM on univariate logistic regression analysis (LRA). On multivariate LRA, solid ADC was negatively associated with EGFR AM. Median OS was higher in patients with EGFR AM (750 days) as compared to EGFR-WT (459 days) or EGFR-UKN (291 days) for the overall population and in patients with Stage IV disease (750 days vs. 278 days for EGFR-WT, P = 0.024). On univariate Cox proportional hazard (CPH) analysis, smoking, poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≥ 2), EGFR-UKN status, and solid ADC were associated with worse OS while female sex and lepidic ADC had better OS. On multivariate CPH analysis, lepidic ADC (hazard ratio [HR] =0.12) and EGFR-WT/EGFR-UKN (HR = 2.39 and HR = 3.30 respectively) were independently associated with OS in separate analyses. Conclusions: Histologic subtyping of ADC performed on small biopsies is independently associated with EGFR AM and with better OS. EGFR AM presence is a positive prognostic factor for OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old male with bilateral acute visual loss presented with retinal edema in the posterior pole and peripapillary region with extensive retinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography revealed delayed arterial filling in the right eye and absent arterial filling in the left eye, suggesting bilateral central retinal artery occlusion. Systemic evaluation revealed a history of chronic low-grade fever and generalized lymphadenopathy. HIV (ELISA) was positive, and other systemic comorbidities were ruled out. Cervical lymph node biopsy stained positive for acid-fast bacilli, with large areas of necrosis, palisaded by epithelioid cell granulomas, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells, suggesting lymph node tuberculosis. Despite antiretroviral and antitubercular therapy, he developed optic atrophy at 4 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are granulomatous disorders that mimic each other both clinically and radiologically. Both can present with fever and pulmonary nodules and often require the performance of transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) for diagnosis. In recent studies, the flexible cryoprobe for carrying out TBLB has been found to be useful in the diagnosis of disorders diffusely involving the lung parenchyma. Here, we present the case of a 29‑year‑old man who presented with fever and cough and was found to have multiple small nodules in both lungs. TBLB with a flexible cryoprobe helped in differentiating between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antisynthetase syndrome (AS) is an uncommon and under‑recognised connective tissue disease characterized by the presence of antibodies to anti‑aminoacyl t‑RNA synthetase along with features of interstitial lung disease (ILD), myositis and arthritis. The aim of the current study is to describe our experience with management of AS. Materials and Methods: This was a 2‑year (2013‑2014) retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with anti‑Jo‑1‑related AS. The presence of anti‑Jo‑1 antibody was tested by the immunoblot assay. All patients underwent high‑resolution computed tomography of the chest, transthoracic echocardiography and evaluation for inflammatory myositis. Transbronchial lung biopsies and muscle biopsies were obtained when clinically indicated. Results: Nine patients (mean age: 43.8 years) were diagnosed with anti‑Jo‑1‑related AS. The median duration of symptoms before diagnosis of AS was 6 months. All patients were negative for antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. The prevalence of ILD, myositis and arthritis at presentation was 100%, 77.8% and 55.6%, respectively. The most common ILD pattern was non‑specific interstitial pneumonia (n = 6) followed by organizing pneumonia (n = 2) and usual interstitial pneumonia (n = 1). ILD was the sole manifestation in two patients and was subclinical in two patients. Six patients had pleuropericardial effusions, three patients had pulmonary artery hypertension and two patients had venous thromboembolism. Eight of the nine patients improved after treatment with steroids and other immunosuppressants. Conclusion: Antisynthetase syndrome is an important and a treatable cause of ILD. Strong clinical suspicion is needed to achieve an early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous large vessel vasculitis with very scarce data from India. The purpose of this study was to present a comprehensive data of all published Indian cases along with our experience from North India.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients diagnosed to be having GCA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria at a large tertiary care hospital. The demographic data, clinical, investigations, treatment details, and outcomes were noted. Details of all case series and case reports published from India were pooled along with our experience in order to generate a cumulative data of all cases from India. This was then compared with several large published case series from South America, Europe, and Asia.Results: A total of 72 patients (17 patients in the present series and another 55 patients from other Indian case series and case reports) were identified. The findings of our study are similar to the studies published from other parts of the world, except for the onset of the disease a decade earlier, a male predilection, a lower temporal artery biopsy positivity, and a higher incidence of ophthalmic complications.Conclusions: Indian patients with GCA have an earlier age of onset, male preponderance, and higher ophthalmic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary laryngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are very rare constituting 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Of these, the peripheral T-cell lymphomas are extremely rare with <10 case reports in English literature. Laryngeal lymphomas are clinically confused with the more common laryngeal malignancies like squamous cell carcinoma, thus, histopathological examination is mandatory for diagnosing, sub-typing and guiding therapy for these lymphomas. We report a case of rare primary laryngeal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with autopsy findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease presenting with well-defined, bilateral, symmetric hilar and right paratracheal lymph node enlargement. Recently, fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) has been used to stage and detect occult site of active inflammation in sarcoidosis. F-18 FDG PET/CT has become a cornerstone imaging modality in the modern lymphoma management, which can present with generalized lymphadenopathy including mediastinal. We present a case series, which shows how sarcoidosis can be a "great mimic of lymphoma" on F-18 FDG PET/CT and how histopathology is essential in diagnosing sarcoidosis and ruling out lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in which the author discusses Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of eyebrow and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

The article presents a case study describing a 30-year old immunocompetent patient with malignant primary cranial vault non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Radiology revealed contrast enhancing mass straddling across the left frontal bone on either side with expanded cranial vault at both lytic and sclerotic areas. The authors believed on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the tumor before it can grow rapidly and invade the brain.

Granulomatous dermatitis frequently presents a diagnostic challenge to dermatopathologists as an identical histologic picture is produced by several causes. Present study aims at classifying infectious granulomatous dermatitis based on etiology and morphology of granulomas, and to highlight significance of clinical correlation in making a specific diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of skin biopsies was done and cases of infectious granulomatous dermatitis diagnosed on histopathological examination were retrieved. A total of 586 cases of granulomatous dermatitis were retrieved; out of these, on the basis of clinico-pathological findings, 515 cases (87.8%) were categorized as infectious granulomatous dermatitis. The age of the patients ranged from 7-80 years with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Majority of the cases were of leprosy (373 cases, 72.4%) which were further classified into sub-groups according to Ridley and Jopling. Second largest group was of cutaneous tuberculosis including tuberculids (119 cases, 23.1%). Fungal dermatitis was diagnosed in 17 cases (3.3%) and 6 cases (1.16%) were diagnosed as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniaisis based on the lympho-histiocytic and plasma cell inflitrate. Infections form an important cause of granulomatous dermatitis with leprosy and tuberculosis as the leading causes. Adequate clinical data and workup in combination with pathological resources can help in elucidation of specific etiology and good clinicopathologic correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) are uncommon neoplasms of the lung in adults. They constitute less than 1% of all lung neoplasms and usually present as parenchymal masses. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. They are characterized by spindle‑shaped tumor cells (fibroblasts/myofibroblasts) in a background of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. About 50% of the tumors harbor an ALK gene rearrangement. They have to be differentiated from inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT), which show increased number of IgG4 plasma cells on immunostaining and are negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. Herein, we present a case of a 28‑year old female who presented with hemoptysis and was diagnosed with an IMT of lung in the first trimester of pregnancy. We have not only reviewed the occurrence of IMT during pregnancy but also discuss the management options for IMT during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hemangioma of thyroid gland is a rare entity. Preoperative diagnosis of primary thyroid hemangioma is difficult. High level of suspicion is required if the preliminary investigations are inconclusive. We here present a case of 62-year-old female who presented with a left-sided thyroid swelling with a preoperative diagnosis of colloid goiter and was diagnosed as hemangioma after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloidosis is a collection of diseases in which different proteins are deposited as insoluble beta-pleated sheets, disrupting organ function. Distribution of these deposits may be diffuse or localized throughout the body, depending on the pathophysiology of the underlying amyloid type. Isolated deposition of amyloid proteins in lung is a very rare entity. They are frequently misdiagnosed as bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic disease, or focal fungal infections. The treatment of solitary pulmonary amyloidosis is not well-defined. We have treated a 65-year-old female patient with external beam radiation and corticosteroids in palliative intent and she is leading a good quality of life after six months of follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Cataract surgery complication; hydrophilic IOL; IOL opacification; phacoemulsification On careful slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination, both eyes were found to be pseudophakic with presence of white opacification over intraocular lens (IOL) in left eye [Figure 1]b. Cataract surgery complication, hydrophilic IOL, IOL opacification, phacoemulsification. [Extracted from the article]

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of lung is an unusual thoracic neoplasm, which is considered as a slow-growing low-grade malignancy. The primary treatment for this tumor is surgery. The role of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted agents is less well defined. Here we report a case of inoperable adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung in a 42-year-old male, presenting with an unusual aggressive behavior. The patient received radiotherapy and oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib with effective palliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 40-year-old male patient presented with backache and numbness of the right lower trunk. It provides details about the use of magnetic resonance imaging showing a focal dense contrast-enhancing extramedullary lesion at the right neural foramina. Information about Masson's vegetant hemangioendothelioma which mimics a schwannoma is presented.

The article discusses the use of a flexible cryoprobe to conduct transbronchial lung biopsy. Topics covered include the importance of cryoprobe to avoid patients from experiencing interstitial pneumonia as well as the description of how bronchoscope could be efficiently used to guide the probe. Also mentioned is the management of biopsy through cold saline installation.

Introduction PET-CT is now recognized as a staging investigation for locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer. We have been following this strategy for staging for the last 5 years. This retrospective review of data was performed to correlate the SUV max of the primary tumor with the molecular subtype of breast cancer. Material and Methods Patients with biopsy proven, treatment naïve, stage 3 or 4 carcinoma breast treated between Dec 2012 to June 2017, for whom PET-CT data and IHC4 was available were included in the study. The breast molecular subtypes were assigned according to the IMPAKT consensus statement. Correlations were deduced between the SUV max of primary tumor to molecular subtypes and ER, PR, Her2neu and Ki67. Results 302 patients were included in the study. 52(17.2%) tumors were Luminal A, 131 (43.4%) Luminal B, 42 (13.9%) Her2neu enriched and 77 (25.5%) basal like. In 272 (90.4%) patients, enlarged and/or FDG avid lymph nodes were identified in the ipsilateral axilla and distant metastases were found in 114 (37.7%) patients. SUV max of the primary tumour differed significantly between LA and other subtypes (SUV max: LA Median 7.4, IQR 5.5, Range 2.1 to 21; LB 11.65, 8.7, 2.1-64.4; H 13.5, 8.3, 4.3-41.9, B 15.35, 10.7, 2.1-57.3; p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 11-year-old boy presented with respiratory distress, chest wall swelling and inguinal swelling. The study performed diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in the child that accounts for approximately 10-20 percent of the childhood lymphomas. The study shows that ALCL in this case mimicked rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in a child on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

In this paper, we have described fi ne needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a rare case of dermal cylindroma. A 40-year-old female presented with a lateral mid-cervical swelling fi xed to the skin. FNAC smears showed multiple clusters of small, round to oval cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli and scant cytoplasm. In addition, the background showed deposits of basement membrane type material. This was dark magenta colored pinkish globular material. The globules were occasionally surrounded by the basal type of cells. Occasional cells with elongated nuclei were also noted. Cytological diagnosis of skin adnexal tumor possibly cylindroma was offered. Subsequent histopathology of the swelling showed sheets and clusters of cells in a jigsaw puzzle-like fashion. Deposition of abundant basement membrane-like material was noted in between the tumor cells. A diagnosis of cylindorma was offered. FNAC along with the subcutaneous location of the tumor and absence of primary salivary gland tumor may help to diagnose such rare case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]