Search

Purpose: The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder on the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection., Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library using terms for overactive bladder, antimuscarinic agents, and beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists. The primary end point was the emergence of urinary tract infection after pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder. The secondary end point was the emergence of urinary retention, dysuria, and/or increased residual urine volume after overactive bladder treatment. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models., Results: A total of 35,939 patients in 33 trials (29 trials of antimuscarinic agents vs placebo, and 9 trials of beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists vs placebo) that included patients with overactive bladder were identified. At 1-3 months after treatment, the incidence of urinary tract infections was statistically significantly higher in the patients treated with antimuscarinic agents (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.45; P = .013) than in the placebo control group. The incidence of urinary tract infections was not increased in the patients treated with beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.42; P = .796). Antimuscarinic agents also statistically significantly increased the risks of urinary retention, dysuria, and/or increased residual urine volume (RR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.79, 4.63; P < .001), whereas beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists did not (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.38, 4.14; P = .708)., Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that antimuscarinic agents statistically significantly increased the incidences of urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract symptoms and dysfunction, but beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists did not. To prevent urinary tract infection emergence, beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists might be safer than antimuscarinic agents.

Purpose: Overactive bladder affects 12% to 17% of the general population and almost a third experience urinary incontinence, which may severely impact health related quality of life. Oral anticholinergics are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment but they are limited by inadequate efficacy or side effects, leading to a high discontinuation rate. We report the results of the first large (557 patients), phase 3, placebo controlled trial of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence inadequately managed with anticholinergics., Materials and Methods: Eligible patients with overactive bladder, 3 or more urgency urinary incontinence episodes in 3 days and 8 or more micturitions per day were randomized 1:1 to receive intradetrusor injection of onabotulinumtoxinA 100 U or placebo. Co-primary end points were the change from baseline in the number of urinary incontinence episodes per day and the proportion of patients with a positive response on the treatment benefit scale at posttreatment week 12. Secondary end points included other overactive bladder symptoms and health related quality of life. Adverse events were assessed., Results: OnabotulinumtoxinA significantly decreased the daily frequency of urinary incontinence episodes vs placebo (-2.65 vs -0.87, p <0.001) and 22.9% vs 6.5% of patients became completely continent. A larger proportion of onabotulinumtoxinA than placebo treated patients reported a positive response on the treatment benefit scale (60.8% vs 29.2%, p <0.001). All other overactive bladder symptoms improved vs placebo (p ≤0.05). OnabotulinumtoxinA improved patient health related quality of life across multiple measures (p <0.001). Uncomplicated urinary tract infection was the most common adverse event. A 5.4% rate of urinary retention was observed., Conclusions: OnabotulinumtoxinA 100 U showed significant, clinically relevant improvement in all overactive bladder symptoms and health related quality of life in patients inadequately treated with anticholinergics and was well tolerated., (Copyright © 2013 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Intravesical injection of onabotulinumtoxinA is effective for idiopathic detrusor overactivity refractory to antimuscarinics. However, safety is a major concern, especially in elderly individuals. We investigated the efficacy and safety of intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA injection for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity in the frail elderly population., Materials and Methods: A total of 166 patients with urodynamic idiopathic detrusor overactivity refractory to previous antimuscarinics for more than 3 months received 1 intravesical 100 U onabotulinumtoxinA injection from 2004 to 2009. Frail elderly was defined as age greater than 65 years and 3 or more of certain criteria, including unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed and/or low physical activity. Treatment results were assessed by the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition, voiding diary, urodynamic parameters and Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival plots., Results: We evaluated 61 frail elderly patients, 63 who were elderly without frailty and 42 younger than 65 years. Large post-void residual urine volume (greater than 150 ml) after onabotulinumtoxinA injection was significantly higher in the frail elderly group than in the other groups (60.7% vs 39.7% and 35.7%, respectively, p = 0.018). Urinary retention developed in 7 frail elderly patients (11.5%), 4 (6.3%) who were elderly without frailty and 1 younger patient (2.4%) (p = 0.203). Recovery duration was significantly longer in frail elderly patients. The cumulative success rate was significantly lower in the frail elderly group than in the other 2 groups (p = 0.009)., Conclusions: Although safety and efficacy were similar between elderly patients without frailty and younger patients, an increased risk of large post-void residual urine volume and a lower long-term success rate in frail elderly patients were noted after intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA injection for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity., (Copyright © 2013 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Urinary retention in women often presents a diagnostic difficulty, and the etiology may remain unidentified even after excluding structural and neurological causes. We evaluated a group of women referred to a specialist center with unexplained urinary retention., Materials and Methods: A total of 61 consecutive women with complete urinary retention were evaluated. Urological and neurological investigations locally had failed to identify a cause. Urethral pressure profile, sphincter volume measurement and in some cases urethral sphincter electromyography were performed to diagnose a primary disorder of sphincter relaxation (Fowler's syndrome)., Results: Mean patient age was 39 years (range 18 to 88). Following investigations, a probable etiology was identified in 25 (41%) women, the most common being Fowler's syndrome. Of the women 24 (39%) were being treated with opiates for various pain syndromes and in 13 no other cause of retention was identified. Opiates could be discontinued in only 2 patients, and both demonstrated improved sensations and voiding., Conclusions: The cause of urinary retention may remain unknown in spite of extensive investigations. Young women regularly using prescription opiates for various undiagnosed pain syndromes present a challenging clinical problem and this study suggests that iatrogenic causes should be considered if voiding difficulties emerge. An association between opiate use and constipation is well-known and, although urinary retention is a listed adverse event, it appears to be often overlooked in clinical practice. It is hypothesized that Fowler's syndrome is due to an up-regulation of spinal cord enkephalins and that exogenous opiates may compound any functional abnormalities predisposing young women to urinary retention., (Copyright © 2012 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We determined whether men treated with oral antimuscarinics are at increased risk for acute urinary retention., Materials and Methods: In this population based, retrospective cohort study using a nested case-control design we analyzed data from a large primary care database containing patient information entered by general practitioners in the United Kingdom. Our study cohort comprised men 20 to 84 years old. Cases of acute urinary retention were identified by reviewing diagnostic codes and were confirmed in a random sample through questionnaires sent to the treating physician., Results: The overall incidence of acute urinary retention in the study cohort (1,844) was 1.0 per 1,000 person-years, with the incidence rate increasing with age. The first 30 days (early treatment) of antimuscarinic use was associated with a relative risk of acute urinary retention of 8.3 (95% CI 4.8-14.2) and with longer term use (more than 30 days) the relative risk was 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.1). The relative risk of acute urinary retention was similar for low/medium and high antimuscarinic doses (relative risk 2.8 vs 3.0, 95% CI 2.1-3.8 and 1.3-6.8, respectively). The relative risk of acute urinary retention was highest during early treatment for a urogenital indication (relative risk 14.2, 95% CI 6.8-29.6). The risk of acute urinary retention was not increased when antimuscarinics were used as antispasmodics or for drug induced parkinsonism., Conclusions: Men prescribed antimuscarinics, particularly for a urogenital condition, should be closely monitored during the first 30 days of treatment for signs or symptoms of urinary retention.