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Introduction and Importance: Although pulmonary artery involvement is well recognized, the incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) with Takayasu arteritis is very rare. The pathophysiology of ILD in Takayasu is still incompletely understood, in contrast to several studies establishing the relationship between ANCA-associated vasculitis and ILD. The management of this patient involved a multidisciplinary approach with long-term follow-up., Case Presentation: The authors present a case of HRCT-proven interstitial lung disease in a patient with Takayasu arteritis and heart failure. The patient was on long-term corticosteroids on and off for several years and recently developed progressive dyspnea with a dry cough. After reviewing her history and physical examination, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed, and interstitial lung disease was diagnosed. The patient was managed by a team of pulmonologists, rheumatologists, and cardiologists and gradually improved after adjustment of medications, including corticosteroids and mycofenolate, and via long-term oxygen therapy., Clinical Discussion: Takayasu arteritis is a rare form of systemic vasculitis that can involve the pulmonary vasculature, such vasculitis with associated parenchymal involvement is rare. ILDs have been demonstrated with ANCA-associated vasculitis; however, whether the pathophysiology applies to Takayasu is unknown. Since Takayasu can be debilitating to the patient, the association of ILDs can have further prognostic implications. Given that no established guidelines exist to address this association, management is based on clinical expertise., Conclusion: The authors report a case of Takayasu arteritis and associated ILD and its pharmacological management. Takayasu arteritis is a very uncommon type of vasculitis, and pulmonary parenchymal involvement further contributes to this case's rarity. As the management of Takayasu arteritis alone is cumbersome, the addition of another significant comorbidity, such as ILD, can pose several threats to the patient. Given the rarity of this association, no established guidelines exist, making clinical expertise crucial for managing such patients. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop evidence-based treatment strategies for this rare combination., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction and Importance: When compared to other cranial nerve palsies idiopathic unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy with pupillary sparing is one of the least noted neurological conditions. Moreover, there lies a series of diagnostic dilemmas to come into a final diagnosis resulting in several array of clinical investigations. Hence, there is a delay in prompt management., Case Summary: An elderly female without any known comorbidities presented with the complaint of headache, dizziness and dropping of left eyelid. Several arrays of diagnostic workups was done to come to a diagnosis, but even with rigorous laboratory investigations and radiological examinations, a common working diagnosis could not be made. Hence with a diagnosis of exclusion after proper neurological and neuro-ophthalmological examination, idiopathic unilateral common oculomotor nerve palsy was identified for which improvement with steroids was noted in the patient., Discussion: Idiopathic unilateral complete oculomotor nerve palsy is considered as a diagnosis of exclusion when all the diagnostic parameters fail to signify and positive results. The vague symptomatic presentation of the disease condition further compels the treating physician to carry out several panels of laboratory to radiological investigations. But if identified in time the treatment modality is straightforward., Conclusion: The diagnostic quandary in timely identification of such disease conditions needs a pertinent diagnostic guideline so as to avoid the unwanted panel of investigations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

COVID-19, stemming from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has initiated a worldwide respiratory pandemic. Remarkable headway has been made in the realm of vaccination, as nearly every nation has initiated COVID-19 vaccine deployment. However, a mere 32.6% of individuals in low-income countries have received only a single vaccine dose. Unprecedented research and development endeavors have yielded over 170 COVID-19 vaccines, several of which are now in practical use. These vaccines have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in averting severe illness, hospitalization, and fatalities from COVID-19, even against emerging variants. Research pursuits persist, concentrating on novel vaccine technologies, oral and nasal vaccines, broader coronavirus protection, and vaccine combinations. In the realm of therapeutics, there have been significant strides in developing oral antiviral medications and monoclonal antibodies. Nonetheless, challenges in COVID-19 vaccination persist, encompassing issues of hesitancy, accessibility, financial barriers, knowledge gaps, and logistical hindrances. Robust monitoring via global agencies and reporting systems remains pivotal. Strategies for enhancing vaccination efficacy are rooted in fostering trust, countering misinformation, and expanding access. As for therapeutics, the approach involves dedicated research, clinical trials, regulatory streamlining, stockpiling, and international collaboration. Telemedicine and public awareness campaigns play integral roles in this effort, with coordination being the linchpin for preserving lives and mitigating the disease's impact. The global campaign against COVID-19 has witnessed substantial advancements, with an ongoing research focus on developing vaccines and therapeutics that are not only more accessible and affordable but also more effective, particularly for populations in low-income countries and vulnerable communities., Competing Interests: The authors declares no conflicts of interest.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) poses a substantial global health challenge, especially impacting resource-limited nations, with over 40.5 million cases reported in 2019. The crucial role of Benzathine penicillin G in both primary and secondary prevention, particularly the latter, emphasizes its significance., Method: Following PRISMA guidelines, our systematic review explored Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase databases from 1990 to 2022. Registered with PROSPERO ), the review utilized quality appraisal tools, including the PRISMA checklist, Cochrane bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The objective was to identify and stratify the impact of socio-economic factors on adherence to secondary prophylaxis in RHD., Results and Discussion: The impact of education on adherence has been found to be significant. Socially disadvantaged environments significantly influenced adherence, shaped by education, socio-economic status, and geographical location and access to healthcare. Surprisingly, lower education levels were associated with better adherence in certain cases. Factors contributing to decreased adherence included forgetfulness, injection-related fears, and healthcare provider-related issues. Conversely, higher adherence correlated with younger age, latent disease onset, increased healthcare resources, and easy access., Conclusion: Patient education and awareness were crucial for improving adherence. Structured frameworks, community initiatives, and outreach healthcare programs were identified as essential in overcoming barriers to secondary prophylaxis. Taking active steps to address obstacles like long-distance commute, waiting time, injection fears, and financial issues has the potential to greatly improve adherence. This, in turn, can lead to a more effective prevention of complications associated with RHD., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)