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The purpose of this book is to introduce the Pentateuch to (under)graduate students by approaching it from the perspective of five theological polarities: chaos-creation (Genesis), slavery-freedom (Exodus), defilement-holiness (Leviticus), wilderness-homeland (Numbers), and conflict-covenant (Deuteronomy). It examines these polarities in light of other great texts from the ancient Near East (and Qur'an) in the hope of ushering the reader into a deeper understanding of the one God revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

'But just as then the child born as a result of the flesh persecuted the one born as a result of the Spirit, so also now'(Gal 4:29 CSB). Why do God's people suffer? In Galatians, Paul makes an argument from persecution for the authenticity of his gospel. Persecution demonstrates that Paul and the Galatians belong to God and have believed in the divinely revealed gospel. While Paul does not offer an explicit theodicy in Galatians, his argument from persecution requires an implicit one. Paul's theodicy can primarily be understood through his interpretation of earlier Scripture, especially the story of Isaac and Ishmael in Genesis. In Persecution and Cosmic Conflict, Joshua Caleb Hutchens examines the theme of persecution in Galatians and Paul's theological context in earlier Scriptures and early Judaism. Hutchens argues that Paul sees persecution as a manifestation of the cosmic conflict between God in Christ and the present evil age. Paul argues for this by appealing to earlier Scripture in Genesis. Hutchens offers a biblical-theological reading of Genesis that makes sense of Paul's usage of the book in Galatians.

The history of Christianity includes many doctrines adopted (and actions taken) to meet immediate problems but which had unintended consequences; they are bad fruit (Matt 7:15-20). The oldest is antisemitism, which arose from the competition of the early church with early Judaism. It was built into the New Testament and was developed by the church fathers. Having learned to dehumanize, it was easy to apply the same techniques to other groups; the church became complicit with enslavement, misogyny, and other forms of oppression. One response to the bad fruit is to reject religion, in the manner of Christopher Hitchens. However, the dogmas are part of our culture even if in secular form. If the roots of marginalization are not understood, they cannot be eliminated. This work uses a range of critics and defenders of traditional Western Christianity to identify poisonous fruits and detoxify them. The critical voices do not create a consensus. Nevertheless, a core can be perceived, what Erasmus called the'few truths.'Grounded in the religious tradition, they can be shared with secular people as a basis for an ethical, merciful, and respectful society. Although the history of Christianity is bloody, there are ways to go forward.

Is it possible to violate God's moral law without experiencing guilt and shame? Can a person silence their conscience from the strange emotions that emerge when one sin? An examination of the original design of humanity in the imago Dei suggests one cannot sin and avoid the debilitating duo. Humanity is created to live within the moral structure established by God. Therefore, a violation of the divine laws, which is sin, leads to guilt and shame. The strange emotions were innate sensation imparted to humanity to stop rebellion against the moral laws and to compel an offender to acknowledge the offense through the confession of sin. Unconfessed sin debilitates the physical and mental functions of a person created in the image of God. Guilt and shame are the strange emotions that serve as mental guardians for an individual as well as for the society in general. The duo was given as silent deterrents to immoral behaviors.

Prayer is a major biblical topic. The Bible teaches readers the nature, purposes, intentions, and practical applications of prayer in diverse circumstances and situations. The Bible presents different expressions of prayer, major examples of prayers, presuppositions of prayer, various types of prayer, God's diverse answers to different prayers in different circumstances, and nonverbal gestures about prayer. This book attempts to deal with difficult issues such as imprecation or curse prayers, address controversial biblical passages and concepts such as Ps 51 or Rom 8:26-27, and emphasize important similar connections between different biblical texts such as 1 Sam 2:1-10; Ps 113:5-9; Luke 1:46-55; 2 Sam 7:18-29; or 1 Chr 17:16-27.

This book aims to understand God's interactions with Abraham in relation to God's command that Abraham'be a blessing'(Gen 12:2d), which is directly tied to God's goal that'in you all the families of the earth will be blessed'(Gen 12:3b). The book proposes a formative narrative approach to examine interactions between character and plot, the movement of plot, and the connection between sequential plots. An analysis of thirteen Abrahamic narratives (Gen 12-22) suggests a classification based on four different types of interactions between God and Abraham, which indicate how cooperation and conflict between God and Abraham advance the narrative's plot. The book then proposes a narrative discourse analysis to examine how Abraham evolved through different stages of the narrative by moving from deviation to cooperation. Detailed analysis of this transformation process reveals three turning points in Abraham's life. The formative narrative approach and narrative discourse analysis proposed in this book can contribute to the analysis of two important aspects of Old Testament narratives: the formation of plot and the cause-and-effect structure in narrative discourse.

Explaining Mormonism is a thoughtful and wide-ranging discussion of the Mormon belief system. Unlike previous surveys of Latter-day Saint beliefs, Explaining Mormonism not only outlines Mormon doctrines but provides an in-depth exploration of some of their most distinctive doctrines regarding the nature of God, the purpose of life, the value of suffering, and even human sexuality. The author himself is a self-described'skeptic both by nature and by nurture,'who nevertheless converted to Mormonism as a young man. He takes the reader on an exciting journey through one of the world's most controversial and perplexing religions. For Latter-day Saint readers, Explaining Mormonism will aid in strengthening their faith through its in-depth examination of the compelling logic behind the Mormon world view. For the skeptical outsider, it situates Mormon beliefs in a broad context of history, theology, philosophy, and social science and demonstrates Mormonism's ability to provide bold and compelling answers to the most fundamental questions of human existence. And for the serious student of Mormonism, it furnishes insights that only an insider can bring to some of the Latter-day Saints'most peculiar teachings.

Jesus's final command to his disciples was to make disciples of all nations. But who are the nations? How do we know we are being obedient to the task? Do our current lists of ethnolinguistic people groups sufficiently answer the question? For the last fifty years, missiologists and missionaries have discussed this topic, but much of the conversation has been focused on definitions that give little attention to biblical theology. When we explore how the Bible describes'the nations,'we find some other categories that have been overlooked, forgotten, or set aside in the development of missions strategy. Geography is one of these categories. However, this is not simply bringing current geo-political entities back into our missions strategy. Instead, Matthew Hirt is calling on missiologists, missions researchers, and missionaries on the field to discover how people groups identify their own geographies and, in turn, how that geography contributes to a people group's identity.

The Day of Atonement was a day of rest, penitence, and purification for Israelites of loyal character. On this day, sins and impurities that had accumulated throughout the year were removed from the tabernacle by the application of sacrificial blood to its altars and compartments and transferred by the high priest's confession onto the goat for Azazel, which carried them to the desert. Israel was thus rendered'clean'before the Lord, ensuring that he would continue to dwell in their midst. As it became ingrained in the veil of Jewish consciousness, the Day of Atonement underwent a process of reflection and reimagination as shown in Second Temple literature, where Azazel plays a significant eschatological role. Arriving in New Testament times, the day's imagery and typology presented irresistible motifs which its authors used to proclaim Jesus Christ's atoning death and heavenly intercession on behalf of believers. By utilizing a coherent intertextual approach, this book explores how John wove the Day of Atonement into the colorful literary tapestry of Revelation.

Samuel, the man of God, was instrumental in the transition of a loose confederacy of Hebrew tribes to a centralized monarchy. The book of Samuel starts with his birth and ends with Saul's death on Mount Gilboa. The character of Samuel, who has been equally compared to Moses and Aaron, serves as a link between the various stories. In two major speeches Samuel rejects the idea of monarchy; still, as a loyal servant of the Lord, he anoints Saul as the first king of Israel and later, he anoints David. Why did Samuel vehemently reject the idea of kingship? Did Samuel have his own agenda, and was his opposition to the monarchy motivated by his own personal aspiration? There are several titles that label him: priest, prophet, seer, judge, and'the man of God.'Who was Samuel? Nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible is there a description of a person such as Samuel, who was raised from the grave and delivered a message of doom. Readers of this volume will rediscover Samuel through a better understanding of achievements and failures.

This work begins with a transformative idea: human existence is fundamentally relational. Relational Christianity explores how the nature of the Trinity must define the Church and the Christian spiritual life. Utilizing Scripture, Christian spiritual tradition, and philosophy, Pinkham and Gruenberg paint the picture of a Trinitarian, Jesus-centered Christianity, led by the Father and explored in interpersonal oneness. In this view, God's intimate, unifying love is the theological river that runs through the landscape of biblical revelation and through God's movement in history. This work of Trinitarian practical theology suggests that the relation between Father, Son, and Spirit should shape and guide all Christian interactions--with God, with others, and with self. In the paradigm of relational Christianity, the formation of genuine personhood and identity are based upon relational connections--first with the Trinity, and second with God's family. The shape of the new covenant community must reflect the Father's nature. Church culture must prioritize relationship in the same way the Trinity does.

How do we make sense of Ezekiel 40-48? Ezekiel's temple vision has long mystified Bible readers and scholars. Is this a temple that is going to be built in the future? Or is this merely symbolic? Why so many details? Is there any relevance to this section of the Old Testament at all? This book addresses these important questions, showing how Ezekiel's temple is more than just symbolic. Yet its ultimate fulfillment is not in any physical building, but, according to the New Testament, in Jesus and the new heavens and new earth. Not only will this book illuminate Ezekiel 40-48 for you, it will also help you understand important issues of interpretation in our day, such as typology, the role of the temple in biblical theology, and the New Testament use of the Old Testament. You will learn that yes, in fact, Ezekiel 40-48 is very relevant to the Bible's storyline.

God made human beings in his image and that is what makes us so valuable. Yet there are vastly different ideas of what the image means and how sin affects the image, and each of those ideas impacts the claim that the image grounds human value. People have treated one another in either horrible or wonderful ways based on their theologies of the image. This book examines the logical implications of various image doctrines in the real world. Also, in Genesis 1:26-27, the image of God is closely tied to the first stated purposes of human life in Genesis 1:28. Yet such practical purposes seem remote from the private spirituality of the gospel story often heard in churches. To live out our part in God's creation project, we need to understand the image of God within the unfolding story Scripture narrates from creation to new creation. This book builds a theology of the image of God by situating it firmly in the biblical narrative, harnessing the insights of biblical theology, and conversing with theologians past and present to form a coherent story of God, his children, and his creation in this age and the age to come.

The most incisive indictment against Christianity resides in the notion of a God who created a world in which there is untold suffering and death. Is this the best God could do? In response, most Christians will mutter something about free will or the necessity of evil to bring about God's plan for humanity. Theologians often reply by challenging the very legitimacy of the question; God only requires that we persevere. Biblical scholars, who might otherwise be expected to offer a scriptural perspective, nervously denounce any suggestion that the presence of evil may have had something to do with a primordial couple and a fruit tree. Is it any wonder that most people believe that evil must surely be an intractable component of human existence introduced, perhaps, by the very God Jews and Christians worship? This book is a response to the problem of evil that unconditionally affirms the goodness and power of God. Based on a new assessment of the Genesis creation story, one of the greatest texts ever to have emerged in human history, the author contends that God never intended for humanity to experience suffering and death.

This book is primarily for a general audience of persons of good will, regardless of faith or non-faith, as well as for professionals who counsel others on the issues discussed. Written in a simple, straightforward language, it is meant to help people dialogue on acrimoniously divisive issues that divide and undermine our nation--such as abortion, family planning, contraception, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and LGBTQ issues--through respectful dialogue in public forums (small or large) by searching for mediating middle ground compromises, just as trade and peace negotiators do. No one in the dialogue may be satisfied with the concessions they have to make but they can at least live with them until better solutions are found. Those engaging in such dialogue must be open to understanding where others are coming from, and be respectful of the good-faith consciences of others, and avoiding passing laws that would the consciences of others.

The kingdom of God functions as a key theme that clarifies the direction of redemptive history. The canonical narrative portrays God's dealing with humanity on both individual and corporate levels. Throughout the history of the church, many have claimed that national Israel is best read as a type of an eschatological consummation of individuals drawn from all nations. However, does the direction of redemptive history consummate with a redemption of individuals or does it include national entities? Do the promises to national Israel become fulfilled typologically through a singular corporate reality or in a multinational kingdom, which includes national Israel? In The Multinational Kingdom in Isaiah, Andrew H. Kim addresses arguments from those who claim that Isaiah serves as a turning point in which national distinctions are erased in the eschatological kingdom. Kim argues that Isaiah envisions a multinational kingdom comprised of Israelites and gentiles with national and territorial distinctions.

Why are Bible translations so different from each other in places? Don't Bible translators know whether it was peacocks or baboons that King Solomon brought into Israel? Why has'sapphire'been replaced by'lapis lazuli'in some more modern versions? What animal provided the leather for the tabernacle? A badger? A sea cow? Or did the term in question simply mean'leather'? Can archaeology tell us what David's harp looked like? What is the evidence for leprosy in Bible times? Is there evidence for cotton, silk, and chickens at the time of the Bible? Answers to these and many other questions are given in this book. But how are such questions to be answered? Essentially the answer is'from the ground'--what can be called'archaeology.'This book explores how, over the past two centuries, archaeology has shed its light on the text of the Bible.

The main goal of this book is to provide a collection of essays (formerly only available separately in various academic journals) that offer untraditional and original exegetical insights into, or solutions to, popular or problematic Old Testament texts and topics. It illustrates the science and art of exegesis by an author within a broad evangelical context and demonstrates the interpretive value of reading biblical texts without prejudice to tradition and with careful attention to their historical and cultural contexts.

Wilf Hildebrandt carefully explores the meaning of'the Spirit'in the Old Testament. He examines the role of God's Spirit in creation, in the establishment and preservation of God's people, in prophecy, and in Israel's leadership. He unveils the central role that the Spirit plays in creatively bringing about the directives of God. Through the Spirit, God brings order out of chaos, ushers the invisible into reality, makes a separation between the sacred and the profane, enables specific people to meet particular needs, and supersedes natural laws. This work sheds light on the Spirit of God in both the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Drawing on literary and archaeological evidence, David A. Dorsey examines the road system in Israel during the Iron Age (ca. 1200-586 B.C.). He offers a comprehensive investigation of the nature and physical characteristics of roads in ancient Israel and reconstructs Israel's road network as it existed during the Old Testament period.

In the past 2000 years the followers of Jesus have been debating the standards of Christian living. Did the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 make the law obsolete? Do we need to keep the old dietary and other laws we find in the Old Testament? Modern Christianity seems to be divided between those who still believe in Ten Commandments and the so-called antinomians who believe the'new covenant'Christians no longer need them. What could look like a minor theological disagreement could have profound influence on churches in the western world, which in turn set the moral standards for the community at large. Often religious dogmas and preconceived ideas are imposed on the meaning of the biblical text. The modern seekers of truth are looking for the clear exposition of scriptures that would be unbiased and presented with scholarly integrity. This thesis is a feeble but passionate attempt to look at the statements of the apostles in Acts 15 with their own eyes. It aims at opening a new horizon of understanding how the early Christians understood and implemented their new faith, how they endeavored to build unity and good relationships between the Jewish'fathers'of the church and the converts from the Gentiles who would later become a majority in Christendom.

Pauline studies are in a conundrum. The Reformation perspectives championed by great men like Martin Luther and John Calvin have been challenged recently by the rise of the new perspective on Paul. The main point of contention seems to be the place of biblical law in salvation. While the Reformation perspectives, based in part on Paul's apparent attacks on law, assert that salvation is a free gift unmerited by human works, the new perspective suggests the law is an integral part of the work of salvation. It holds that Paul's attacks on the law were focused only on specific aspects of law, the so-called boundary markers. This book, while having points of contact with both outlooks, takes a different view on Paul and the law. Building on Paul's self-identification as a Christian, and Christian views on the covenant, it endeavors to give biblical law its due place in the plan of salvation and the life of the believer.

'Rev. Dr. Justin Sabia-Tanis is a creative queer theologian and activist with a wealth of pastoral experience. His classic, Transgendered--Theology, Ministry and Communities of Faith, is now available again for faith communities and university students struggling to include trans-people. It is a primer for understanding the spiritual journeys of transgendered people, examining the biblical support for inclusion, and provides faith communities guidelines for hospitality. His notion of'gender as a calling'is a creative theological proposal for all of us to recognize our own gender calling and the diverse callings of the marginalized. Sabia-Tanis imaginatively uses the image of twilight space of dawn and dusk, in-between space occupied by trans-people. His theology impacted my own commitment to transgendered rights and inclusion. At this time of conservative religious targeting the advances of trans-gendered people, we need the prophetic theological voice of Justin Sabia-Tanis'compassionate inclusion.'--Rev. Dr. Robert E. Shore-Goss Queer Theologian and author of Jesus Acted Up'Justin gives tremendous insight into life at the intersection of gender identity and faith. As a transgender Latina religious leader and psychotherapist, I have referenced Justin's book in workshops and discussion groups to help allies and advocates of the transgender community to understand and promote acceptance of the transgender community. Justin's book is a must-read for clergy who want to integrate transgender community members in to their congregations.'--Nicole M. Garcia, MDiv, MA LPC'Transgendered: Theology Ministry and Communities of Faith remains a trailblazing work in the exploration of transgender identities, gender variance and Scripture, and responses of exclusion and inclusion conveyed by communities of faith. Dr. Sabia-Tanis'wide-ranging research and candid conversations about transgender persons seeking faithful spiritual identity provides a helpful framework for transgender people; and for families, friends, and communities who want to support us. Outlining explicit and implicit barriers to participation, Sabia-Tanis challenges faith communities to offer genuine hospitality and welcome to transgender and gender non-conforming people, offering several ways to extend such welcome, including liturgical resources created specifically for the transgender community. This text continues to be a valuable resource for my parish ministry, pastoral care, professional writing, and personal reflection. I am grateful to see it back in print.'--Rev. Dr. David Weekley

The creation of humankind in the Image of God is perhaps the most foundational tenet of theological anthropology, yet it is rarely understood in the fullness of what it represents. Too often, focus is placed on the divine image as a condition. A study of the Scriptures suggests that it is better understood not as a condition, but rather as a commission of humanity to a role, specifically a priestly role. This book delves into the recognition that the Image of God is nothing less than a divine commission over all of humanity to serve as priests within the temple of creation. It examines not only the creation of humankind as a priesthood in the opening chapters of Genesis, but also the echoes of this anthropological interpretation throughout the Scriptures and the resulting ramifications for future biblical and theological studies.

In the spirit of Cyril Barber's classic work from the 1970s, The Minister's Library, Robert Yost provides students and pastors with expert guidance on building a working ministerial library. From Old and New Testament languages, lexical aids, and grammatical tools, to commentaries and theologies as well as pastoral resources, Yost is a trustworthy guide through the multiplicity of books that seem to just keep rolling off the presses. Far more than just a guide to commentaries as are so many works today, this resource is a balanced pastoral tool for pastors and students who are overwhelmed by the proliferation of literature in the fields of biblical and pastoral studies.

The Leviathan Factor tells the incredible story of how Satan, created as Lucifer the morning star, self-transformed into Leviathan, God's serpentine arch foe. When he tried to achieve immortality by tweaking creation's lowest-level laws (a sophisticated computer/automaton) he created death instead. As the serpent he reappeared in the Genesis tree of good and evil, where he seduced humans to attempt immortality apart from covenant with God. Leviathan is responsible for the false belief that we each have an inner divine spark which, when reconnected to our ego, awakens our true inherent divinity. Unfortunately he and his demonic spirits also impact our minds, bodies, and environment as psi. A few of the many markers of these demonic psi are levitation, telepathy, telekinesis, deja vu, emotional oppressions, poltergeist activities, past lives''memories,'voices and visions, near death and out-of-body experiences, and trance channeling. Many of these psi phenomena are co-factors in mind disorders such as schizophrenia or epilepsy. Manifestations in Christian circles include false tongues and'holy'laughter. The Leviathan Factor is not a healing how-to. It is the first book to place demonic evil into the context of creation's basic structures and laws.

Motherhood provides a crucial place for exploring human life and its meaning. Within motherhood lies a deep tension between the pain, crisis, and association with death in motherhood and the joy, transformation, and life in motherhood. Few metaphors in Scripture (or in life) stand so firmly between life and death, love and loss, and joy and deep pain. After all, motherhood's meaning in part comes again and again at these crucial crossroads. Thus, motherhood has powerful implications for our biblical and theological understanding. Bringing together Jewish and ecumenical Christian scholars from North America, Oceania, and South America, this edited volume provides biblical and theological perspectives on understanding motherhood. The authors reflect upon a selection of biblical texts, systematic theologians, and Christian spiritual traditions to dialogue with the experience of maternity in its diverse manifestations. The purpose of the book is to provide essays that--through these biblical and theological lenses--engage the question of motherhood today, from the experience of pregnancy and birth, to raising children, to losing children and coping with grief. In this way, this volume helps to'make sense'of the complexity of motherhood.

Hebrews is a sermon, and a providentially sermon for our age. This ancient text speaks to a Christ-community descending into an abyss of ennui, losing coordinates of faith and sliding through a back door or nonchalance. With glimpses across the globe and though history, this book attempts to extrapolate meaning for today from a sometimes difficult first century text.

A life's journey that started with a struggle and deception continues into adulthood. Jacob's life was full of drama--feuding with his brother Esau, wrestling with an angel, and jealousy between his wives Rachel and Leah. One beloved wife who is barren at first and one unloved wife who is blessed with sons. Fathering children who formed the twelve tribes of Israel. The Jacob story invites the reader into tensions between settling and wandering, hope and despair, trickery and fidelity, faith and doubt. These stories reflect Jacob's life and his struggles with people and God. Regarding the Jacob stories, the question of their composition and historical value has captured the attention of Biblical scholars for centuries. Some view these accounts as myths or literary epics. So what is behind these stories? To answer these questions the author examines the patriarch's beliefs, customs, and daily life. In this book the author provides provocative and useful answers regarding who the father of the nation of Israel was.

Sarah. Hagar. Rebekah. Leah. Rachel. Bilhah. Zilpah. These are the Matriarchs of Genesis. A people's self-understanding is fashioned on their heroes and heroines. Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel--the traditional four Matriarchs--are important and powerful people in the book of Genesis. Each woman plays her part in her generation. She interacts with and advises her husband, seeking to achieve both present and future successes for her family. These women act decisively at crucial points; through their actions and words, their family dynamics change irrevocably. Unlike their husbands, we know little of their unspoken thoughts or actions. What the text in Genesis does share shows that these women are perceptive and judicious, often seeing the grand scheme with clarity. While their stories are told in Genesis, in the post-biblical world of the Pseudepigrapha, their stories are retold in new ways. The rabbis also speak of these women, and contemporary scholars and feminists continue to explore the Matriarchs in Genesis and later literature. Using extensive quotations, we present these women through five lenses: the Bible, Early Extra-Biblical Literature, Rabbinic Literature, Contemporary Scholarship, and Feminist Thought. In addition, we consider Hagar, Abraham's second wife and the mother of Ishmael, as well as Bilhah and Zilpah, Jacob's third and fourth wives.

Isaiah 7:14 is one of the most debated verses in all of Scripture. Scholars from all backgrounds have provided countless works on the interpretation of this one verse. Yet, there is no decisive material that confirms exactly what the verse means. The implications of this one verse carry into prophecy, biblical inspiration, biblical infallibility, and numerous other issues. This book analyzes the way the writers of the Old Testament used the Hebrew word'ot, which is often translated'sign.'The author then takes that information and discusses the implications of that usage regarding Isaiah 7:14. For example, in some instances, the word referred to miraculous events. In others, it may have referred to something symbolic. Throughout the work, the writer analyzes various aspects of the usage of the word and seeks to determine if there is a relevant pattern to apply to the way the word is used in Isaiah 7:14.

Through brilliant new interpretations of biblical exiles, Daniel Smith-Christopher shows their experience as the most apt model for the Church as witnesses for the peace and justice of God in a strange land.

Signs in the Wilderness portrays Nicodemus as a traveler on a faith journeythrough the wilderness who is tested by Jesus's signs. Signs test Nicodemus's faith in the same way they tested that of the wilderness generations of ancient Israel in the book of Numbers. The first generation saw the miraculous signs of God, yet refused to believe, and so forfeited its right to enter the promised land. The second generation, in contrast, saw the signs, believed, and boldly entered the promised land. So it was in John's Gospel as well, in which many people see Jesus'miraculous signs but refuse to believe, thus forfeiting eternal life. Others believe and inherit eternal life. Nicodemus is a test case in that his own wilderness experience is one of divine testing in the face of Jesus'signs. Will he have a heart of flesh, believe, and enter eternal life, or a hard heart of stone, refuse to believe, and die in the wilderness? Similarly, Jesus'signs test the readers of John's gospel, resulting in either belief or unbelief.

Luke's People seeks to understand the men and women who met Jesus and the apostles as they are described in the Gospel of Luke and in the Acts of the Apostles in the way that Luke, who wrote these works, intended. This socio-historical literary study seeks to interpret Luke's writings in the light of the time when they were written on the basis that Luke was a skilled writer who wrote what he meant and meant what he wrote. It argues that Luke's depiction of women has been grossly misunderstood and finds that this misunderstanding may be due to a widespread attempt around the end of the first century to impose a patriarchal system of governance upon the church. Luke's People shows that Luke did not share such a patriarchal viewpoint but instead always presents Christian women as autonomous and agentic. It also finds that this patriarchal interpretation both distorts Luke's presentation of the rich and powerful, who are shown to receive their authority from the devil, and obscures the way in which the love of money corrupts men in his story.

Although the object of centuries of study, only relatively recently has Genesis 1-11 been analyzed with attention to its literary unity and theological purpose. With the latter twentieth century's increased attention to synchronic approaches, many scholars began to consider Genesis 1-11 from the perspective of a literary unity in its final form and, therefore, to consider matters of intent and theological content. Yet, in spite of these treatments, there have been virtually no attempts to view the entire section of Genesis 1-11 as a literary and theological unity presenting a coherent message. This book begins to fill this void by seeking to identify the message of these chapters through utilization of a literary-theological approach. The study focuses on literary features, including the broader issues of surface and deep structure, while other topics of special concern include rhetoric as the art of composition for the purpose of communication and persuasion, and the use of speech as an important indicator of key issues in Hebrew narrative.

All the important moral ideas of the modern world are based on the key biblical verses analyzed in this collection. What generally happens when someone picks up a copy of the Bible? Often it is put down within seconds because readers see endless verses which turn them off. Finally, here is an accessible book about the Bible that focuses on its great moral principles: --Human beings are created in the image of God. --'Love your neighbor as yourself.'--'You shall not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor.'--'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.'--'Justice, justice shall you pursue.'Dov Peretz Elkins believes that if a reader understands fifty verses of the five thousand in the Bible (only 1 percent), he or she will begin to grasp the essence of the Bible. This remarkable explanation of the Bible shows readers how it can serve as a light that illuminates a path through the confusion and problems in their personal and communal lives. The result is a life that is better and more serious--a life with meaning, purpose, and direction. The Bible's Top 50 Ideas: --Presents the Bible's essential ideas in readable, engaging fashion. --Focuses on the contemporary value of the Bible. --Uses commentaries and explanations from sources that are modern as well as ancient, Christian as well as Jewish, and popular as well as scholarly. Elkins not only simplifies the Bible but also demonstrates how its fundamental ideas and concepts have inspired four thousand years of civilization to follow its teachings. The result is a moral, legal, and literary foundation that remains the basis of all democratic and principled societies to this day.

Daniel I. Block here explores the relationship between ancient Near Eastern nations and their respective deities. He demonstrates how this relationship was expressed in everyday life, national identity, and history. Israel's theocratic culture is illuminated in comparison to other Near Eastern cultures.

This book provides a thorough study of the sole biblical foundation of marriage as given in the short description of Genesis 2:24:'For this reason a man shall leave his father and his mother, and be joined to his wife; and they shall become one flesh.'All the other biblical texts dealing with marriage are traced back to this basis that was declared as the original ideal by Jesus even in the times of the New Testament and the emerging Christian church. Thoughts about crucial questions concerning marriage, divorce, remarriage, and even what we might expect of marriage in the world to come are thus presented in the light shining forth from the first pages of the Scriptures. The intriguing connections to the biblical plan of redemption, conversion, and baptism are also investigated, developing a deeper understanding of the human-divine covenant that is exemplified by this beautiful Edenic marriage pattern.

In this book, Birger Pearson argues for the study of Christianity as'one of the religions of the world.'He proposes that the study of the New Testament and the other early Christian literature be moved out of the realm of theology and into the area of comparative research of religion. The book therefore addresses the problematic of Christian origins, that is, the historical process by which a new religion, Christianity, emerges out of an older one, Second Temple Judaism. Included are studies ranging from the prehistory of Christianity (Jesus, together with an illuminating, lengthy, and detailed critical analysis of the work of the Jesus Seminar and the trends in current North American gospel research it reflects) into the New Testament and up to the fourth century. A concluding chapter presents the author's reflections on scholarly methods used in the study of the Christian religion.

Who wrote the first five books of the Bible? Does it really matter who did? The Books of Moses Revisited explores this question by comparing the covenants of Exodus/Leviticus and Deuteronomy with the inter-state treaties of the late second millennium BC. Some compelling similarities come to light, both in the pattern adopted and in many small details. Lawrence clearly demonstrates this with many examples and diagrams, yet without assuming that readers possess a detailed knowledge of ancient history and linguistics. Despite the entrenchment of the widely held theory--the so-called Documentary Hypothesis--that the first five books of the Bible were the product of an anonymous editor living many centuries after Moses, this book argues that the first five books of the Bible bear many hallmarks of being late second millennium BC compositions and that Moses should not be ruled out as being the author. The book also explores how several ancient texts--the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey--were transmitted in antiquity and suggests that a similar process also lies behind the transmission of the first five books of the Bible.

A commitment to historical-grammatical hermeneutics often has been confused with a commitment to literal language. Time, in our modern conception, has been construed as a measurement of temporal units, and the numbers assigned to them, as merely counting those units. However, a study is needed to explore whether this is the Genesis author's use of time, and whether numerical values utilized suggest something other than tracking simple measurements. This book attempts to offer an answer to this question by analyzing the ancient Near Eastern and literary context of the Book of Genesis in terms of its use of temporal language in determining its value within the narrative. It is the contention of this book that both of these concepts have been misunderstood to such an extent that these misperceptions often obstruct interpreters from understanding the sociological and theological intent of the author to convey a theology of God, man, creation, and chaos that addresses concerns of both the ancient and the modern reader.

The term'cosmic mountain'is a rendering of the nineteenth-century German scholarly designation Weltberg, which was derived from ancient Mesopotamian sources. The book offers a critique of the concept, especially as it has been applied to West Semitic religion, chiefly that witnessed to in Ugaritic texts and the Bible. Chapter 2 examines the connection of various Ugaritic deities to sacred mountains--El, Baal, Mot, Anat, and other deities. Chapter 3 studies the concept in Genesis, in the Sinai and Zion traditions, and in the Solomonic Temple. The last chapter looks at the concept in some literature of Early Judaism.

The Hyksos, foreign rulers of Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period--from about 1700 to 1550 B.C.--have been a source of continuing debate among archaeologists and historians. Mr. Van Seters approaches the problems of their rise to power, their dynasties, the nature of their rule, and their religion from the joint perspectives of archaeology and literary criticism. Archaeological investigation shows the Middle Bronze culture of Syria-Palestine to have had highly developed fortifications, advanced urban life, fine buildings and temples, and a high quality of practical and artistic craftsmanship. Based on a revised date for the long-known The Admonitions of Ipuwer, this study offers a fresh explanation of the Hyksos'rise to power. A new examination of the location of Avaris, their capital, indicates that the previous identification with Tanis must give way to the region near Qantir. The Hyksos were not Hurrians or Indo-Aryans, but Ammurite princes who rose to power in Egypt following the dynastic weaknesses at the end of the Middle Kingdom.

In this study, Andrew J. Schmutzer puts his hand to an in-depth study of the Creation Mandate, known within Reformed theology as the Cultural Mandate. His analysis focuses on key texts of God's blessing in Genesis 1-11. In particular, Schmutzer explores the theological significance of Genesis 1:28 using a biblical-theological approach sensitive to the biblical literature. Delving into such issues as the nature of divine blessing, humankind's royal stewardship, and the role of the image of God, this study draws the reader back to the biblical text as the'lead carriage'for foundational questions in contemporary faith. The result is theological'grist,'primed to address the related issues of ecological crisis, social oppression, gender studies, and eco-theology. How one understands the Creation Mandate has serious implications. Be Fruitful and Multiply provides a sharp tool to help address these serious issues.

In With Roots & Wing, Jay McDaniel brings together insights from the natural sciences, Christian theology, and interreligious dialogue, breaking new ground in the search for a wholistic spirituality for our time. Taking this title from the Jewish proverb--that we must give our children both roots and wings--McDaniel shows how this applies to our spiritual lives as well. With Roots and Wings offers an alternative to the contemporary dilemmas of empty consumerism and rigid fundamentalism, consisting of three basic, interrelated approaches to being: to be rooted in the Earth and religious tradition; to be open to the insights of people of other faiths as well as to share our own; and to become centered on God. McDaniel shows where the'new universe story'of Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme and the Christian story meet and differ, where they complement, and where they supplement one another. With Roots & Wings shows how to experience both'green grace'that comes from opening one's self to the rhythms of the cosmos, and'red grace'symbolized in the crucifixion of Christ--both of which are vital to a Christian ecological spirituality and praxis. Most impressive is McDaniel's ability to absorb and reflect important lessons Christians can learn from Native Americans, from Buddhists and Hindus, from Muslims and Jews. The complexity of the issues he addresses and his ability to explain them simply and clearly makes With Roots and Wings must-reading for the general reader as well as ecological activists, clergy, and laity alike. Nothing else comes near it in depth, power, and insight.

Wisdom literature, asserts the author, is grounded in the theological tradition of creation. For the Wisdom writers of Israel and early Judaism, God is the maker of heaven and earth, whose creativity both forms and sustains the world. The very nature of God is to create life, to sustain it, and to ensure that it flourishes. God's originating acts of creation and sustaining providence provide the basis for faith, worship, and ethics. Leo G. Perdue grounds his reconstruction of the theology of Wisdom in the creation metaphors residing witin the language of the sages--metaphors that derive from Israelite creation traditions and the mythologies of the ancient Near East. He focuses on the differences and interactions between two sets of creation metaphors: those dealing with the creation of the world (cosmology), and those centering on the creation of humankind (anthropology). The contemporary importance of the creation theology of Wisdom literature, says the author, is that it can move the church away from one-sided emphasis on salvation history and eschatology to a serious participation in environmental concerns and social justice. Wisdom and Creation provides a thorough yet accessible discussion of the theological message of this important part of the Bible.

Today, there is renewed interest in the history and traditions of the patriarchal period. Recent publications have sought, among other things, to show that the biblical patriarchs were a literary, even fictional, creation of the first millennium BC, produced to provide the nation of Israel, which came into prominence only then, with'founding fathers.'Much of this new writing is helpful in distinguishing what are traditional or speculative interpretations from the basic texts of Genesis. Sometimes archaeological evidence has been adducted in support of the historicity of the patriarchs and their cultural background in the second millennium BC which can no longer be sustained. Sometimes, however, the value of such evidence is ignored or belittled. -- from the preface

Covenant Renewal at Gilgal handles one of the points at which the integrity of the Old Testament has been most sharply attacked. Dr. Vannoy has examined all the widely scattered discussion bearing on the Bible verses with which he deals, and has carefully and fairly examined all the arguments presented by German, Dutch, French, and English scholars. --Allan A. MacRae, President and Professor of Old Testament Biblical School of Theology'In Covenant Renewal at Gilgal Dr. Vannoy has subjected a controversial section of narrative to close exegetical and form-critical analysis to bring into helpful new light the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. by illuminating the special function of the Gilgal assembly as a covenant renewal ceremony called by Samuel to insure covenant continuity at a time of transition in leadership and in theocratic administration, and after Israel's rebellious abrogation of the covenant in asking for a king, this study brings important new light to covenant history. In doing so, it contributes significantly to our knowledge of the history of redemption, and should lay to rest a number of negative critical judgments that have been around for a long while. --John H. Stek, Associate Professor of Old Testament Calvin Theological Seminary In Covenant Renewal at Gilgal Dr. Vannoy provides a very solid and valuable treatment of the key historical-literary problem of the origin and significance of the monarchy as an institution within the Old Testament theocratic kingdom, developing a sound solution through a valid application of the insights arising from the illumination of the divine covenants of the Bible by ancient treaty statecraft. --Meredith G. Kline, Professory of Old Testament Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary

Archaeology is a science in which progress can be measured by the advances made backward into the past. The last one hundred years of archaeology have added a score of centuries to the story of the growth of our cultural and religious heritage, as the ancient world has been recovered from the sands and caves of the modern Near East-Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq. Measured by the number of centuries which have been annexed to man's history in a relatively few years, progress has been truly phenomenal. This book deals with the recent advance and with those pioneers to the past who made it possible. Interest in biblical history has played an important part in this recovery. Names such as Babylon, Nineveh, Jericho, Jerusalem, and others prominent on the pages of the Bible, have gripped the popular imagination and worked like magic to gain support for excavations. This book is written from the widely shared conviction that the discovery of the ancient Near East has shed significant light on the Bible. Indeed, the newly-discovered ancient world has effected a revolution in the understanding of the Bible, its people, and their history. My purpose is to assess, in non-technical language which the layman can understand, the kind of change in viewing the biblical past which archaeology has brought about in the last century. Since the text of the Bible has remained constant over this period, it is obvious that any new light on its meaning must provide a better perspective for seeing the events which it describes. In short, I am concerned with the question, How has history as written in the Bible been changed, enlarged, or substantiated by the past century of the archaeological work? --from the Preface

Contributors Fred A. Bailey Robert F. Hull, Jr. David B. Jackson Earl Lavender Jack P. Lewis Bill Love Rick Marrs Allan McNicol John McRay Michael S. Moore Frederick W. Norris Tom Olbright Carroll D. Osburn Dale Pauls Kathy J. Pulley Charme E. Robarts Gary Selby James Thompson Gerald C. Tiffin Jack W. Vancil James Walters Frank Wheeler John T. Willis Timothy M. Willis Wendell Willis