Search

This article contains sections titled: 1. General Plug Flow Reactor Characteristics 1.1. Fundamental Types of Chemical Reactors 1.2. Flow Patterns in Tubular Reactors 1.3. PFR Heating and Cooling via Tube Wall 1.4. Mass and Energy Balance 1.5. Adiabatic Temperature Increase 1.6. Pressure Drop 1.7. Residence Time Distribution 1.8. Dimensional Analysis of PFRs for Design and Scale-Up 2. PFR Types and Configurations 2.1. Adiabatic PFRs 2.1.1. Single-Stage Adiabatic PFR 2.1.2. Multistage PFRs with Interstage Heat Exchange 2.1.3. Stepwise Cold Shot Cooling 2.1.4. Feed-Effluent Heat Exchange 2.2. Polytropic PFRs 2.2.1. Jacketed PFRs 2.2.2. Radiation Heating 2.2.3. Tubular Loop Reactor 2.3. Multitubular PFR Configurations 3. Technical Applications 3.1. General Aspects 3.2. Large Scale Commercial Applications 3.2.1. Olefins by Steam Cracking of Naphtha 3.2.2. Gas Oil Cracking in the FCC Riser Reactor 3.2.3. Vinyl Chloride Production by EDC Dehydrochlorination 3.2.4. High Pressure Ethylene Polymerization for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Polyethylene 3.3. Other Commercial Applications 3.3.1. Gas Phase Halogenation of Methane and Light Alkanes 3.3.2. HCN-Production in the Degussa BMA Process 3.3.3. Ketene via Acetic Acid or Acetone Cracking 3.3.4. Ethylene Glycol via Ethylene Oxide Hydrolysis 3.3.5. Various Additional Applications 3.4. Research and Development

The sections in this article are Introduction The Andrussow Process History Fundamentals Production of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid Pressure Variant Oxygen Variant Ammonia Recycling Reactor and Catalyst The BMA Process Overview Development of the Catalyst Development of the BMA Tubes Reactor Design Mechanism and Kinetics of HCN formation in the BMA and Andrussow Processes Kinetics and Mechanism of the BMA Process Thermodynamic Context HCN and N2 Formation Coke Formation On the Role of Gas-Phase Reactions Catalytically Active Centers Kinetics and Mechanism of the Andrussow Process Thermodynamic Relationships HCN Formation HCN Hydrolysis Catalytically Active Centers Final Remarks Keywords: shawinigan process; Andrussow process; BMA process; reactor design and development; thermodynamics; high temperatures catalysis