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Rational design of molecular structures is one of the effective strategies to obtain high-performance organic cathode materials. However, besides the optimization of single-molecule structures, the influence of the "weak" interaction forces (e.g. hydrogen bonds) in organic cathode materials on the performance of batteries should be fully considered. Herein, three organic small molecules with different numbers of hydroxyl groups (namely nitrogen heterocyclic tetraketone (DAB), monohydroxyl nitrogen heterocyclic dione (HDA), dihydroxyl nitrogen heterocyclic dione (DHT)) were selected as the cathodes of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs), and the effect of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds on their electrochemical performance was studied for the first time. Clearly, the stable hydrogen-bond networks built through the hydroxyl groups significantly enhance the cycle stability of organic small-molecule cathodes and facilitate rapid proton conduction between the hydrogen-bond networks through the Grotthuss mechanism, thereby endowing them with excellent rate performance. In addition, a larger and more dense two-dimensional hydrogen-bond network can be constructed through multiple hydroxyl groups, further enhancing the structural stability of organic small-molecule cathodes, giving them better cycle tolerance, excellent rate performance, and extreme environmental tolerance., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Redox-active organic compounds gather significant attention for their potential application as electrodes in alkali ion batteries, owing to the structural versatility, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. However, their practical applications of such compounds are impeded by insufficient active sites with limited capacity, dissolution in electrolytes, and sluggish kinetics. To address these issues, a naphthol group-containing triarylamine polymer, namely poly[6,6'-(phenylazanediyl)bis(naphthol)] (poly(DNap-OH)) is rationally designed and synthesized, via oxidative coupling polymerization. It is capable of endowing favorable steric structures that facilitate fast ion diffusion, excellent chemical stability in organic electrolytes, and additional redox-active sites that enable a bipolar redox reaction. By exploiting these advantages, poly(DNap-OH) cathodes demonstrate remarkable cycling stability in both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), showcasing enhanced specific capacity and redox reaction kinetics in comparison to the conventional poly(4-methyltriphenylamine) cathodes. Overall, this work offers insights into molecular design strategies for the development of high-performance organic cathodes in alkali-ion batteries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The emergence of solid-state battery technology presents a potential solution to the dissolution challenges of high-capacity small molecule quinone redox systems. Nonetheless, the successful integration of argyrodite-type Li 6 PS 5 Cl, the most promising solid-state electrolyte system, and quinone redox systems remains elusive due to their inherent reactivity. Here, a library of quinone derivatives is selected as model electrode materials to ascertain the critical descriptors governing the (electro)chemical compatibility and subsequently the performances of Li 6 PS 5 Cl-based solid-state organic lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Compatibility is attained if the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of the quinone derivative is sufficiently higher than the highest occupied molecular orbital level of Li 6 PS 5 Cl. The energy difference is demonstrated to be critical in ensuring chemical compatibility during composite electrode preparation and enable high-efficiency operation of solid-state organic LMBs. Considering these findings, a general principle is proposed for the selection of quinone derivatives to be integrated with Li 6 PS 5 Cl, and two solid-state organic LMBs, based on 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3,5,6-tetraamino-1,4-benzoquinone, are successfully developed and tested for the first time. Validating critical factors for the design of organic battery electrode materials is expected to pave the way for advancing the development of high-efficiency and long cycle life solid-state organic batteries based on sulfides electrolytes., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The evolution of inorganic solid electrolytes has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic cathode materials, particularly by addressing the dissolution problems in traditional liquid electrolytes. However, current sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium-organic batteries still face challenges such as high working temperatures, high costs, and low voltages. Here, we design an all-solid-state lithium battery based on a cost-effective organic cathode material phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and a halide solid electrolyte Li 2 ZrCl 6 . Thanks to the good compatibility between PQ and Li 2 ZrCl 6 , the PQ cathode achieved a high specific capacity of 248 mAh g -1 (96 % of the theoretical capacity), a high average discharge voltage of 2.74 V (vs. Li + /Li), and a good capacity retention of 95 % after 100 cycles at room temperature (25 °C). Furthermore, the interactions between the high-voltage carbonyl PQ cathode and both sulfide and halide solid electrolytes, as well as the redox mechanism of the PQ cathode in all-solid-state batteries, were carefully studied by a variety of advanced characterizations. We believe such a design and the corresponding investigations into the underlying chemistry give insights for the further development of practical all-solid-state lithium-organic batteries., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Organic electrodes that embrace multiple electron transfer and efficient redox reactions are desirable for green energy storage batteries. Here, a novel organic electrode material is synthesized, i.e., 2, 2'-((disulfanediylbis (4, 1-phenylene)) bis(azanediyl)) bis (naphthalene-1, 4-dione) (MNQ), through a simple click reaction between common carbonyl and organosulfur compounds and demonstrate its application potential as a high-performance cathode material in rechargeable lithium batteries. MNQ exhibits the aggregation effect of redox-active functional groups, the advantage of fast reaction kinetics from molecular structure evolution, and the decreased solubility in aprotic electrolytes resulting from intermolecular interactions. As expected, the MNQ electrode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 281.2 mA h g -1 at 0.5 C, equivalent to 97.9% of its theoretical capacity, and sustains stable long-term cycling performance of over 1000 cycles at 1 C. This work adds a new member to the family of organic electrode materials, providing performance-efficient organic molecules for the design of rechargeable battery systems, which will undoubtedly spark great interest in their applications., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are gradually gaining attention owing to their natural abundance, excellent security, and high energy density. However, developing excellent organic cathode materials for PIBs to overcome the poor cycling stability and slow kinetics caused by the large radii of K + ions is challenging. This study demonstrates for the first time the application of a hexaazanonaphthalene (HATN)-based 2D π-d conjugated metal-organic framework (2D c-MOF) with dual-active centers (Cu-HATNH) and integrates Cu-HATNH with carbon nanotubes (Cu-HATNH@CNT) as the cathode material for PIBs. Owing to this systematic module integration and more exposed active sites with high utilization, Cu-HATNH@CNT exhibits a high initial capacity (317.5 mA h g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 ), excellent long-term cycling stability (capacity retention of 96.8% at 5 A g -1 after 2200 cycles), and outstanding rate capacity (147.1 mA h g -1 at 10 A g -1 ). The reaction mechanism and performance are determined by combining experimental characterization and density functional theory calculations. This contribution provides new opportunities for designing high-performance 2D c-MOF cathodes with multiple active sites for PIBs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In the emerging aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs), proton (H + ) with the smallest molar mass and fast (de)coordination kinetics is considered as the most ideal charge carrier compared with Zn 2+ counterpart, however, searching for new hosting materials for H + storage is still at its infancy. Herein, redox-active hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) assembled from diaminotriazine moiety decorated hexaazatrinnphthalene (HOF-HATN) are for the first time developed as the stable cathode hosting material for boosting H + storage in AZIBs. The unique integration of hydrogen-bonding networks and strong π-π stacking endow it rapid Grotthuss proton conduction, stable supramolecular structure and inclined H + storage. As a consequence, HOF-HATN displays a high capacity (320 mAh g -1 at 0.05 A g -1 ) and robust cyclability of (>10000 cycles at 5 A g -1 ) based on three-step cation coordination storage. These findings get insight into the proton transport and storage behavior in HOFs and provide the molecular engineering strategy for constructing well-defined cathode hosting materials for rechargeable aqueous batteries., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are gaining popularity as advanced energy storage devices that are economical, safe, and use resource-abundant storage options. In this study, we have synthesized a bipolar phenothiazine organic scaffold known as 3,7-bis(melaminyl)phenothiazin-5-ium iodide (PTDM), which is obtained by undergoing nucleophilic substitution through phenothiazinium tetraiodide hydrate (PTD) and melamine. Electrochemical results indicate that PTDM can act as a high-potential cathode material for rechargeable AZIBs. In detail, the aqueous PTDM//Zn full cell exhibits a high average voltage of approximate 1.13 V, along with a specific capacity of 118.3 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 . Furthermore, this demonstrated cell displays moderate long-term cycling stability over 6400 cycles, which is encouraging and suggests potential for developing advanced organic electrode materials for rechargeable AZIBs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The practical applications of aqueous zinc ion batteries are hindered by the formation of dendrites on the anode, the narrow electrochemical window of electrolyte, and the instability of the cathode. To address all these challenges simultaneously, a multi-functional electrolyte additive of 1-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA) is developed for aqueous zinc ion batteries based on polyaniline (PANI) cathode. Experiments and theoretical calculations confirm that the PEA additive can regulate the solvation sheath of Zn 2+ and form a protective layer on the surface of the Zn metal anode. This broadens the electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolyte and enables uniform deposition of Zn. On the cathode side, the Cl - anions from PEA enter the PANI chain during charge and release fewer water molecules surrounding the oxidized PANI, thus suppressing harmful side reactions. When used in a Zn||PANI battery, this cathode/anode compatible electrolyte exhibits excellent rate performance and long cycle life, making it highly attractive for practical applications., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising for next-generation energy storage. However, the reported electrode materials for ZIBs are facing shortcomings including low capacity and unsatisfactory cycling stability etc. Herein, hexaazatrinaphthalene-quione (HATNQ) is reported for aqueous ZIBs. The HATNQ electrodes delivered an ultrahigh capacity (482.5 mAh g -1 at 0.2 A g -1 ) and outstanding cyclability of >10 000 cycles at 5 A g -1 . The capacity sets a new record for organic cathodes in aqueous ZIBs. The high performances are ascribed to the rich C=O and C=N groups that endowed HATNQ with a 2D layered supramolecular structure by multiple hydrogen bonds in plane with π-π interactions out-of-plane, leading to enhanced charge transfer, insolubility, and rapid ion transport for fast-charge and -discharge batteries. Moreover, the 2D supramolecular structure boosted the storage of Zn 2+ /H + , particularly the storage of Zn 2+ , due to the more favorable O⋅⋅⋅Zn⋅⋅⋅N coordination in HATNQ., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Redox-active organic materials, as a new generation of sustainable resources, are receiving increasing attention in zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) due to their resource abundance and tunable structure. However, organic molecules with high potential are rare, and the voltage of most reported organic cathode-based ZIBs is less than 1.2 V. Herein, we explored the redox process of p-type organics and figured out the relationship between energy change and voltage output during the process. Then, we proposed a dual-step strategy to effectively tune the energy change and eventually improve the output voltage of the organic electrode. Combining the regulation of the electron cloud of organic molecules and the manipulation of the solvation structure, the output voltage of an organosulfur compound based ZIB was greatly increased from 0.8 V to 1.7 V. Our results put forward a specific pathway to improve the working voltage and lay the foundation for the practical application of organic electrodes., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Owing to undesired Zn corrosion and the formation of Zn dendrites in aqueous electrolytes, most of the examples of aqueous Zn batteries with reported excellent performance are achieved with low Zn-utilization (<0.6 %) in the anode and low mass-loading (<3 mg cm -2 ) in the cathode. Herein, we propose a new organic electrolyte for Zn batteries, which contains a zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (Zn-TFMS) salt and a mixed solvent consisting of propylene carbonate (PC) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). We demonstrate that this electrolyte with an optimized PC/TEP ratio not only exhibits high ionic conductivity and a wide stable potential window, but also facilitates dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping. In particular, the TEP solvent makes the electrolyte nonflammable. Finally, a 2 V Zn//polytriphenylamine composite (PTPAn) battery is fabricated with the optimized electrolyte; it shows a high rate and a long lifetime (2400 cycles) even with a high mass-loading (16 mg cm -2 ) of PTPAn in the cathode and with a high Zn-utilization (3.5 %)., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) configurated by organic electrodes have been identified as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Here, a porous organic Polyimide@Ketjenblack is demonstrated in PIBs as a cathode, which exhibits excellent performance with a large reversible capacity (143 mAh g -1 at 100 mA g -1 ), high rate capability (125 and 105 mAh g -1 at 1000 and 5000 mA g -1 ), and long cycling stability (76% capacity retention at 2000 mA g -1 over 1000 cycles). The domination of fast capacitive-like reaction kinetics is verified, which benefits from the porous structure synthesized using in situ polymerization. Moreover, a renewable and low-cost full cell is demonstrated with superior rate behavior (106 mAh g -1 at 3200 mA g -1 ). This work proposes a strategy to design polymer electrodes for high-performance organic PIBs., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Organic cathode materials have attracted extensive attention because of their diverse structures, facile synthesis, and environmental friendliness. However, they often suffer from insufficient cycling stability caused by the dissolution problem, poor rate performance, and low voltages. An in situ electropolymerization method was developed to stabilize and enhance organic cathodes for lithium batteries. 4,4',4''-Tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine (TCTA) was employed because carbazole groups can be polymerized under an electric field and they may serve as high-voltage redox-active centers. The electropolymerized TCTA electrodes demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with a high discharge voltage of 3.95 V, ultrafast rate capability of 20 A g -1 , and a long cycle life of 5000 cycles. Our findings provide a new strategy to address the dissolution issue and they explore the molecular design of organic electrode materials for use in rechargeable batteries., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Developing cathodes that can support high charge-discharge rates would improve the power density of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, the development of high-power cathodes without sacrificing energy density is reported. N,N'-diphenylphenazine was identified as a promising charge-storage center by electrochemical studies due to its reversible, fast electron transfer at high potentials. By incorporating the phenazine redox units in a cross-linked network, a high-capacity (223 mA h g -1 ), high-voltage (3.45 V vs. Li/Li + ) cathode material was achieved. Optimized cross-linked materials are able to deliver reversible capacities as high as 220 mA h g -1 at 120 C with minimal degradation over 1000 cycles. The work presented herein highlights the fast ionic transport and rate capabilities of amorphous organic materials and demonstrates their potential as materials with high energy and power density for next-generation electrical energy-storage technologies., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Several forms of organic materials have arisen as promising candidates for future active electrode materials for Li-ion and post-Li-ion batteries, owing to a series of key features that encompasses sustainability, accessibility, and tunable electrochemical properties by molecular modifications. In this context, a series of organic electrode materials (OEMs) are investigated to further understand their thermodynamic and electronic properties. Through an evolutionary algorithm approach combined with first-principles calculations, the crystal structure of lithiated and delithiated phases of these OEMs and their respective NO 2 -substituted analogues are predicted. This framework allows a first assessment of their electrochemical and electronic properties and further understanding on the effects of the nitro group in the substituted compounds. NO 2 is found to strongly affect structural and thermodynamic aspects during the electrochemical reaction with the reducing equivalents (Li + +e - ), changing the OEM's character from a low-potential anode to a high-potential cathode by creating a localization of the additional electrons, thus resulting in a better-defined redox-active center and leading to a shift in the potential from 0.92 V to 2.66 V vs. Li/Li + ., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

An organic Na-ion battery is reported with a polyanionic 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (Na 2 AQ26DS, 130 mAh g -1 ) cathode and the Na-intercalated state (Na 4 TP) of sodium terephthalate (Na 2 TP, 255 mAh g -1 ) as the anode. The resulting full cells deliver the maximum discharge capacity of 131 mAh g -1 cathode in 0.5-3.2 V, simultaneously maintaining the average value of ≈62 mAh g -1 cathode during 1200 cycles (0.5 A g -1 , ≈4 C). These results are among the best performing organic sodium-ion full cells reported to date., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The preparation of organic small-molecule cathodes is simple and low-cost; however, their low conductivity and molecular dissolution are two key issues that mean their energy density and power performance are far lower than those of inorganic batteries, thus hindering their practical application. To develop an effective coating technology is the key to obtain high-performance organic batteries. A general method of in situ weaving all-carbon graphdiyne nanocoatings is demonstrated. The graphdiyne can be conformally weaved on organic particles under mild conditions so that the conductivity is increased and the dissolution is suppressed. After weaving graphdiyne nanocoat, the active mass of the small-molecule organic cathodes rise to 93%, thus delivering a higher energy density of 310 W h kg -1 than previously reported, and the power performance and long-term stability are greatly improved. Additionally, this method shows great potential to become the crucial technology for fabricating organic batteries with energy density close to prevailing lithium-ion batteries., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Herein, graphite is proposed as a reliable Ca 2+ -intercalation anode in tetraglyme (G 4 ). When charged (reduced), graphite accommodates solvated Ca 2+ -ions (Ca-G 4 ) and delivers a reversible capacity of 62 mAh g -1 that signifies the formation of a ternary intercalation compound, Ca-G 4 ·C 72 . Mass/volume changes during Ca-G 4 intercalation and the evolution of in operando X-ray diffraction studies both suggest that Ca-G 4 intercalation results in the formation of an intermediate phase between stage-III and stage-II with a gallery height of 11.41 Å. Density functional theory calculations also reveal that the most stable conformation of Ca-G 4 has a planar structure with Ca 2+ surrounded by G 4 , which eventually forms a double stack that aligns with graphene layers after intercalation. Despite large dimensional changes during charge/discharge (C/D), both rate performance and cyclic stability are excellent. Graphite retains a substantial capacity at high C/D rates (e.g., 47 mAh g -1 at 1.0 A g -1 s vs 62 mAh g -1 at 0.05 A g -1 ) and shows no capacity decay during as many as 2000 C/D cycles. As the first Ca 2+ -shuttling calcium-ion batteries with a graphite anode, a full-cell is constructed by coupling with an organic cathode and its electrochemical performance is presented., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Potassium-organic batteries have a great potential for applications in the grid-scale energy storage owing to their low cost and abundant resources, although they suffer from the inferior cycle stability, fast capacity decay, and low power density. A highly reversible phase transformation of the organic cathode during potassiation/depotassiation is the key factor for the capacity retention, as revealed here. Consequently, the potassium-organic battery achieves a high power density of 9796 W kg -1 , a remarkable energy efficiency of 89%, a long cycle stability for 1000 cycles, a superior areal capacity around 2 mA h cm -2 , and a long-term cycling time over 8 months. Besides, the full cells also exhibit a superior rate performance and good cycle stability over 3000 cycles. This work provides new insight into the stabilization of the organic cathode, and demonstrates the enormous potential of organic cathodes for application in high-power potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), which may bring PIBs to new heights., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A key challenge faced by organic electrodes is how to promote the redox reactions of functional groups to achieve high specific capacity and rate performance. Here, we report a two-dimensional (2D) microporous covalent-organic framework (COF), poly(imide-benzoquinone), via in situ polymerization on graphene (PIBN-G) to function as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Such a structure favors charge transfer from graphene to PIBN and full access of both electrons and Li + ions to the abundant redox-active carbonyl groups, which are essential for battery reactions. This enables large reversible specific capacities of 271.0 and 193.1 mAh g -1 at 0.1 and 10 C, respectively, and retention of more than 86 % after 300 cycles. The discharging/charging process successively involves 8 Li + and 2 Li + in the carbonyl groups of the respective imide and quinone groups. The structural merits of PIBN-G will trigger more investigations into the designable and versatile COFs for electrochemistry., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Low-cost multivalent battery chemistries (Mg 2+ , Al 3+ ) have been extensively investigated for large-scale energy storage applications. However, their commercialization is plagued by the poor power density and cycle life of cathodes. A universal polyimides@CNT (PI@CNT) cathode is now presented that can reversibly store various cations with different valences (Li + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ ) at an extremely fast rate. The ion-coordination charge storage mechanism of PI@CNT is systemically investigated. Full cells using PI@CNT cathodes and corresponding metal anodes exhibit long cycle life (>10000 cycles), fast kinetics (>20 C), and wide operating temperature range (-40 to 50 °C), making the low-cost industrial polyimides universal cathodes for different multivalent metal batteries. The stable ion-coordinated mechanism opens a new foundation for the development of high-energy and high-power multivalent batteries., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Magnesium metal is a superior anode which has double the volumetric capacity of lithium metal and has a negative reduction potential of -2.37 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. A major benefit of magnesium is the apparent lack of dendrite formation during charging which is one of the crucial concerns of using a lithium metal anode. In this Review, we highlight the foremost research in the development of electrolytes and cathodes and discuss some of the significant challenges which must be overcome in realizing a practical magnesium battery., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Compared to anode materials in Li-ion batteries, the research on cathode materials is far behind, and their capacities are much smaller. Thus, in order to address these issues, we believe that organic conjugated materials could be a solution. In this study, we synthesized two non-polymeric dianhydrides with large aromatic structures: NDA-4N (naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with four nitrogen atoms) and PDA-4N (perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with four nitrogen atoms). Their electrochemical properties have been investigated between 2.0 and 3.9 V (vs. Li + /Li). Benefiting from multi-electron reactions, NDA-4N and PDA-4N could reversibly achieve 79.7 % and 92.3 %, respectively, of their theoretical capacity. Further cycling reveals that the organic compound with a relatively larger aromatic building block could achieve a better stability, as an obvious 36.5 % improvement of the capacity retention was obtained when the backbone was switched from naphthalene to perylene. This study proposes an opportunity to attain promising small-molecule-based cathode materials through tailoring organic structures., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In concern of resource sustainability and environmental friendliness, organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries have attracted increasing attentions in recent years. However, for many researchers, the primary impression on organic cathode materials is the poor cycling stability and low energy density, mainly due to the unfavorable dissolution and low redox potential, respectively. Herein, a novel polymer cathode material, namely poly(benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PBQS) is reported, for either rechargeable Li or Na battery. Remarkably, PBQS shows a high energy density of 734 W h kg -1 (2.67 V × 275 mA h g -1 ) in Li battery, or 557 W h kg -1 (2.08 V × 268 mA h g -1 ) in Na battery, which exceeds those of most inorganic Li or Na intercalation cathodes. Moreover, PBQS also demonstrates excellent long-term cycling stability (1000 cycles, 86%) and superior rate capability (5000 mA g -1 , 72%) in Li battery. Besides the exciting battery performance, investigations on the structure-property relationship between benzoquinone (BQ) and PBQS, and electrochemical behavior difference between Li-PBQS battery and Na-PBQS battery, also provide significant insights into developing better Li-organic and Na-organic batteries beyond conventional Li-ion batteries.