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Molybdenum diphosphide (MoP 2 ), a topological semimetal, possesses distinctive properties and applications in catalysis, energy storage, and condensed matter physics. However, synthesizing high-purity MoP 2 is complex and often results in undesired stoichiometric by-products. Additionally, the intrinsic orthorhombic crystal structure makes it difficult to synthesize MoP 2 in a 2D morphology, which is desirable for device and energy applications. Here, the robust synthesis of MoP 2 with a well-defined 2D morphology is achieved using the confined gas-solid phosphorization of a MoS 2 precursor on substrates. The use of 2D precursors and the surface confinement provided by the substrate maintain the 2D morphology and result in a thickness-dependent stoichiometry of the phosphorization products. The chemical composition and crystal structure of MoP 2 nanosheets are comprehensively characterized. At room temperature, MoP 2 nanosheets exhibit metallic transport with high conductivity over 5500 S cm -1 . Furthermore, MoP 2 nanosheets demonstrate excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability for hydrogen evolution in both neutral and acid mediums. Notably, MoP 2 nanosheets possess better durability than amorphous Pt film and commercial Pt/C, positioning MoP 2 as a promising catalyst for hydrogen evolution in neutral mediums. This work advances the synthetic chemistry of 2D MoP 2 and provides 2D semimetals with a novel member for future explorations in diverse fields., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Constructing built-in electric field (BIEF) in heterojunction catalyst is an effective way to optimize adsorption/desorption of reaction intermediates, while its precise tailor to achieve efficient bifunctional electrocatalysis remains great challenge. Herein, the hollow Mo/MoS Vn nanoreactors with tunable BIEFs are elaborately prepared to simultaneously promote hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) for sustainable hydrogen production. The BIEF induced by sulfur vacancies can be modulated from 0.79 to 0.57 to 0.42 mV nm -1 , and exhibits a parabola-shaped relationship with HER and UOR activities, the Mo/MoS V1 nanoreactor with moderate BIEF presents the best bifunctional activity. Theoretical calculations reveal that the moderate BIEF can evidently facilitate the hydrogen adsorption/desorption in the HER and the breakage of N─H bond in the UOR. The electrolyzer assembled with Mo/MoS V1 delivers a cell voltage of 1.49 V at 100 mA cm -2 , which is 437 mV lower than that of traditional water electrolysis, and also presents excellent durability at 200 mA cm -2 for 200 h. Life cycle assessment indicates the HER||UOR system possesses notable superiority across various environment impact and energy consumption. This work can provide theoretical and experimental direction on the rational design of advanced materials for energy-saving and eco-friendly hydrogen production., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The cGAS-STING pathway is pivotal in initiating antitumor immunity. However, tumor metabolism, particularly glycolysis, negatively regulates the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Herein, Mn galvanic cells (MnG) are prepared via liquid-phase exfoliation and in situ galvanic replacement to modulate tumor metabolism, thereby enhancing cGAS-STING activation for bidirectional synergistic H 2 -immunotherapy. The obtained MnG can be etched by water, enabling efficient and sustained generation of H 2 gas and Mn 2+ . MnG not only activated and amplified the cGAS-STING pathway through the sustained release of Mn 2+ but also regulated tumor glucose metabolism to inhibit the expression of three prime repair exonuclease 2 (TREX2), thereby synergistically enhancing the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. The injection of MnG into tumors resulted in a robust immune response, thereby providing favorable support for antitumor therapy. Consequently, the combination of MnG with immune checkpoint blockade therapy resulted in significant suppression of both primary tumors and distant tumors. Furthermore, the MnG-lipiodol dispersion exhibited remarkable efficacy in combination with transarterial embolization (TAE)-gas-immunotherapy in a rabbit orthotopic liver tumor model. The present study underscores the significance of employing a metal galvanic cell strategy for enhanced immunotherapy, thereby offering a novel approach for rational design of bioactive materials to augment immunotherapeutic effectiveness., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Renewable energy-powered seawater electrolysis is a green and attractive technique for producing high-purity hydrogen. However, severe chlorideions (Cl - ) and their derivatives tend to corrode anodic catalysts at ampere-level current densities and hinder the application of seawater-to-H 2 systems. Herein, a polycalmagite (PCM)-coated NiFe layered double hydroxide is presented on Ni foam (NiFe LDH@PCM/NF) that exhibits exceptional stability in alkaline seawater. PCM not only acts as a conductive layer to reduce charge transfer resistance of the anodes but also as a polymer-based protective layer to inhibit Cl - adsorption and stabilize metal ions oxidation due to its own anions and strong adhesion, thereby increasing activity and stability during alkaline seawater. Thus, NiFe LDH@PCM/NF only needs a low overpotential of 364 mV to reach up to 1000 mA cm -2 and maintains operation for 500 h without activity degradation. Moreover, a minimal amount of hypochlorite can be detected in electrolyte after a 500-h stability test. This development affords a significant exploration in creating durable and efficient anodes, highlighting the importance of polymer coating toward anti-corrosion in alkaline seawater oxidation., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Hydrogen is an essential energy resource, playing a pivotal role in advancing a sustainable future. Electrolysis of seawater shows great potential for large-scale hydrogen production but encounters challenges such as electrode corrosion caused by chlorine evolution. Herein, a durable CoCO 3 /CoFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalyst is presented for alkaline seawater oxidation, showcasing resistance to corrosion and stable operation exceeding 1,000 h at a high current density of 1 A cm -2 . The results indicate that CoCO 3 within the electrocatalyst undergoes conversion into CoOOH and releases CO 3 2- during electrolysis. The incorporation of CO 3 2- within its layers and the anchoring of the electrocatalyst's surface prevent the adverse adsorption of chloride ions, enhancing resistance to chloride ion corrosion, thereby protecting the active sites of the electrocatalyst effectively., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Osteomyelitis with high mortality and disability rates is a common clinical disease caused by a bacterial infection that is difficult to cure. Considering the stubborn nature and depth of tissue infection, rapid and effective treatments for osteomyelitis remain an enormous challenge. Calcium hydride (CaH 2 ), as efficient hydrogen/alkaline/calcium donors, is employed for combined osteomyelitis therapy. CaH 2 reacts with water to sufficiently generate a strong alkali environment with hydroxide anions (OH - ) to inhibit bacterial proliferation and induce bacterial death. The released calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) induce calcium overload to kill bacteria first and then serves as calcium source to promote new bone formation. Another byproduct, hydrogen enhances the bacterial membrane permeability and scavenges excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). After incubation with bacteria, CaH 2 significantly increases the permeability of the bacterial membrane, therefore increasing the entry of OH - and Ca 2+ into bacterial cells, thereby leading to significant bacterial death. After being applied to S. aureus-infected mouse tibia osteomyelitis, CaH 2 materials efficiently kill bacteria, relieve local inflammation, and promote new bone formation in a short time. Overall, bioactive metal hydride-associated "triple" hydrogen/alkaline/calcium therapy provides a new idea for the treatment of deep-site bacterial infection, which is beneficial for relieving the pressure caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

High tap density electrodes play a vital role in developing rechargeable batteries with high volumetric capacities, however, developing advanced electrodes with satisfied capacity, excellent structural stability, and achieving the resulted batteries with a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and good rate capability with long lifespan simultaneously, are still an intractable challenge. Herein, an ultrahigh ICE of 94.1% and stable cycling of carbon-free iron selenides anode is enabled with a high tap density of 2.57 g cm -3 up to 4000 cycles at 5 A g -1 through strain-modulating by constructing a homologous heterostructure. Systematical characterization and theoretical calculation show that the self-adaptive homologous heterointerface alleviates the stress of the iron selenide anodes during cycling processes and subsequently improves the stability of the assembled batteries. Additionally, the well-formed homologous heterostructure also contributes to the rapid Na + diffusion kinetic, increased charge transfer, and good reversibility of the transformation reactions, endowing the appealing rate capability of carbon-free iron selenides. The proposed design strategy provides new insight and inspiration to aid in the ongoing quest for advanced electrode materials with high tap densities and excellent stability., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Renewable electricity-driven seawater splitting presents a green, effective, and promising strategy for building hydrogen (H 2 )-based energy systems (e.g., storing wind power as H 2 ), especially in many coastal cities. The abundance of Cl - in seawater, however, will cause severe corrosion of anode catalyst during the seawater electrolysis, and thus affect the long-term stability of the catalyst. Herein, seawater oxidation performances of NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDH), a classic oxygen (O 2 ) evolution material, can be boosted by employing tungstate (WO 4 2- ) as the intercalated guest. Notably, insertion of WO 4 2- to LDH layers upgrades the reaction kinetics and selectivity, attaining higher current densities with ≈100% O 2 generation efficiency in alkaline seawater. Moreover, after a 350 h test at 1000 mA cm -2 , only trace active chlorine can be detected in the electrolyte. Additionally, O 2 evolution follows lattice oxygen mechanism on NiFe LDH with intercalated WO 4 2- ., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The advancement of message RNA (mRNA) -based immunotherapies for cancer is highly dependent on the effective delivery of RNA (Ribonucleic) payloads using ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). However, the clinical application of these therapies is hindered by variable mRNA expression among different cancer types and the risk of systemic toxicity. The transient expression profile of mRNA further complicates this issue, necessitating frequent dosing and thus increasing the potential for adverse effects. Addressing these challenges, a high-throughput combinatorial method is utilized to synthesize and screen LNPs that efficiently deliver circular RNA (circRNA) to lung tumors. The lead LNP, H1L1A1B3, demonstrates a fourfold increase in circRNA transfection efficiency in lung cancer cells over ALC-0315, the industry-standard LNPs, while providing potent immune activation. A single intratumoral injection of H1L1A1B3 LNPs, loaded with circRNA encoding interleukin-12 (IL-12), induces a robust immune response in a Lewis lung carcinoma model, leading to marked tumor regression. Immunological profiling of treated tumors reveals substantial increments in CD45 + leukocytes and enhances infiltration of CD8 + T cells, underscoring the ability of H1L1A1B3 LNPs to modulate the tumor microenvironment favorably. These results highlight the potential of tailored LNP platforms to advance RNA drug delivery for cancer therapy, broadening the prospects for RNA immunotherapeutics., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Ruthenium (Ru) is a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), despite suffering from low activity in non-acidic conditions due to the high kinetic energy barrier of H 2 O dissociation. Herein, the synthesis of carbon nanosheet-supported RuP/Ru heterostructures (RuP/Ru@CNS) from a natural polysaccharide is reported and demonstrates its behavior as an effective HER electrocatalyst in non-acidic conditions. The RuP/Ru@CNS exhibits low overpotential (106 mV at 200 mA·cm -2 ) in alkaline electrolyte, exceeding most reported Ru-based electrocatalysts. The electron shuttling between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface results in a lowered energy barrier for H 2 O dissociation by electron-deficient Ru atoms in the pure Ru phase, as well as optimized H * adsorption of electron-gaining Ru atoms in the neighboring RuP. A low H * spillover energy barrier between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface further boosts HER kinetics. This study demonstrates a sustainable method for the fabrication of efficient Ru-based electrocatalysts and provides a more detailed understanding of interface effects in HER catalysis., (© 2024 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The volume collapse and slow kinetics reaction of anode materials are two key issues for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an "embryo" strategy is proposed for synthesis of nanorod-embedded MoO 2 /MoS 2 /C network nanoarchitecture as anode for SIBs with high-rate performance. Interestingly, L-cysteine which plays triple roles including sulfur source, reductant, and carbon source can be utilized to produce the sulfur vacancy-enriched heterostructure. Specifically, L-cysteine can combine with metastable monoclinic MoO 3 nanorods at room temperature to encapsulate the "nutrient" of MoO x analogues (MoO 2.5 (OH) 0.5 and MoO 3 ·0.5H 2 O) and hydrogen-deficient L-cysteine in the "embryo" precursor affording for subsequent in situ multistep heating treatment. The resultant MoO 2 /MoS 2 /C presents a high-rate capability of 875 and 420 mAh g -1 at 0.5 and 10 A g -1 , respectively, which are much better than the MoS 2 -based anode materials reported by far. Finite element simulation and analysis results verify that the volume expansion can be reduced to 42.8% from 88.8% when building nanorod-embedded porous network structure. Theoretical calculations reveal that the sulfur vacancies and heterointerface engineering can promote the adsorption and migration of Na + leading to highly enhanced thermodynamic and kinetic reaction. The work provides an efficient approach to develop advanced electrode materials for energy storage., (© 2024 The Authors. Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Renewable electricity-powered nitrate/carbon dioxide co-reduction reaction toward urea production paves an attractive alternative to industrial urea processes and offers a clean on-site approach to closing the global nitrogen cycle. However, its large-scale implantation is severely impeded by challenging C-N coupling and requires electrocatalysts with high activity/selectivity. Here, cobalt-nanoparticles anchored on carbon nanosheet (Co NPs@C) are proposed as a catalyst electrode to boost yield and Faradaic efficiency (FE) toward urea electrosynthesis with enhanced C-N coupling. Such Co NPs@C renders superb urea-producing activity with a high FE reaching 54.3% and a urea yield of 2217.5 µg h -1 mg cat. -1 , much superior to the Co NPs and C nanosheet counterparts, and meanwhile shows strong stability. The Co NPs@C affords rich catalytically active sites, fast reactant diffusion, and sufficient catalytic surfaces-electrolyte contacts with favored charge and ion transfer efficiencies. The theoretical calculations reveal that the high-rate formation of *CO and *NH 2 intermediates is crucial for facilitating urea synthesis., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Seawater electrolysis is an attractive way of making H 2 in coastal areas, and NiFe-based materials are among the top options for alkaline seawater oxidation (ASO). However, ample Cl - in seawater can severely corrode catalytic sites and lead to limited lifespans. Herein, we report that in situ carbon oxyanion self-transformation (COST) from oxalate to carbonate on a monolithic NiFe oxalate micropillar electrode allows safeguard of high-valence metal reaction sites in ASO. In situ/ex situ studies show that spontaneous, timely, and appropriate COST safeguards active sites against Cl - attack during ASO even at an ampere-level current density (j). Our NiFe catalyst shows efficient and stable ASO performance, which requires an overpotential as low as 349 mV to attain a j of 1 A cm -2 . Moreover, the NiFe catalyst with protective surface CO 3 2- exhibits a slight activity degradation after 600 h of electrolysis under 1 A cm -2 in alkaline seawater. This work reports effective catalyst surface design concepts at the level of oxyanion self-transformation, acting as a momentous step toward defending active sites in seawater-to-H 2 conversion systems., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Ammonia is an efficient and clean hydrogen carrier that promises to tackle the increasing energy and environmental problems. However, more than 90% of ammonia is produced by the Haber-Bosch process, and its enormous energy consumption and CO 2 emissions require the development of novel alternatives. Chemical looping technology can decouple the one-step ammonia synthesis reaction into separated nitridation and hydrogenation processes at atmospheric pressure, thereby achieving the mild ammonia synthesis based on renewable energy. The strategy of stepwise reactions circumvents the problem of competing adsorption of N 2 and H 2 /H 2 O at the active sites and provides additive freedom for optimal regulation of sub-reactions. This review introduces the concept and mechanism of chemical looping ammonia production (CLAP), and comprehensively summarizes the state-of-art research from the perspective of reaction pathways and nitrogen carriers. The challenges faced by CLAP and strategies to address them in terms of nitrogen carriers, methods, equipment, and technological processes are also proposed., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

As a high energy density power system, lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO 2 ) batteries play an important role in addressing the fossil fuel crisis issues and alleviating the greenhouse effect. However, the sluggish transformation kinetic of CO 2 and the difficult decomposition of discharge products impede the achievement of large capacity, small overpotential, and long life span of the batteries, which require exploring efficient catalysts to resolve these problems. In this review, the main focus is on the hot spot regulation strategies of the catalysts, which include the modulation of the active sites, the designing of microstructure, and the construction of composition. The recent progress of promising catalysis with hot spot regulated strategies is systematically addressed. Critical challenges are also presented and perspectives to provide useful guidance for the rational design of highly efficient catalysts for practical advanced Li-CO 2 batteries are proposed., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The coordination structure determines the electrocatalytic performances of single atom catalysts (SACs), while it remains a challenge to precisely regulate their spatial location and coordination environment. Herein, we report a universal sub-nanoreactor strategy for synthesis of yolk-shell MoS 2 supported single atom electrocatalysts with dual-anchored microenvironment of vacancy-enriched MoS 2 and intercalation carbon toward robust hydrogen-evolution reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that the "E-Lock" and "E-Channel" are conducive to stabilize and activate metal single atoms. A group of SACs is subsequently produced with the assistance of sulfur vacancy and intercalation carbon in the yolk-shell sub-nanoreactor. The optimized C-Co-MoS 2 yields the lowest overpotential (η 10 =17 mV) compared with previously reported MoS 2 -based electrocatalysts to date, and also affords a 5-9 fold improvement in activity even comparing with those as-prepared single-anchored analogues. Theoretical results and in situ characterizations unveil its active center and durability. This work provides a universal pathway to design efficient catalysts for electro-refinery., (© 2023 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is an indispensable feedstock for fertilizer production and one of the most ideal green hydrogen rich fuel. Electrochemical nitrate (NO 3 - ) reduction reaction (NO 3 - RR) is being explored as a promising strategy for green to synthesize industrial-scale NH 3 , which has nonetheless involved complex multi-reaction process. This work presents a Pd-doped Co 3 O 4 nanoarray on titanium mesh (Pd-Co 3 O 4 /TM) electrode for highly efficient and selective electrocatalytic NO 3 - RR to NH 3 at low onset potential. The well-designed Pd-Co 3 O 4 /TM delivers a large NH 3 yield of 745.6 µmol h -1 cm -2 and an extremely high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.7% at -0.3 V with strong stability. These calculations further indicate that the doping Co 3 O 4 with Pd improves the adsorption characteristic of Pd-Co 3 O 4 and optimizes the free energies for intermediates, thereby facilitating the kinetics of the reaction. Furthermore, assembling this catalyst in a Zn-NO 3 - battery realizes a power density of 3.9 mW cm -2 and an excellent FE of 98.8% for NH 3 ., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Sulfonated polymers have long been used as proton-conducting materials in fuel cells, and their ionic transport features are highly attractive for electrolytes in lithium-ion/metal batteries (LIBs/LMBs). However, most studies are still based on a preconceived notion of using them directly as polymeric ionic carriers, which precludes exploring them as nanoporous media to construct efficient lithium ions (Li + ) transport network. Here, effective Li + -conducting channels realized by swelling nanofibrous Nafion is demonstrated, which is a classical sulfonated polymer in fuel cells. The sulfonic acid groups, interact with LIBs liquid electrolytes to form porous ionic matrix of Nafion and assist partial desolvation of Li + -solvates to further enhance Li + transport. Li-symmetric cells and Li-metal full cells (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or high-voltage LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 as a cathode) with such membrane show excellent cycling performance and stabilized Li-metal anode. The finding provides a strategy to convert the vast sulfonated polymer family into efficient Li + electrolyte, promoting the development of high-energy-density LMBs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Synthesis of green ammonia (NH 3 ) via electrolysis of nitric oxide (NO) is extraordinarily sustainable, but multielectron/proton-involved hydrogenation steps as well as low concentrations of NO can lead to poor activities and selectivities of electrocatalysts. Herein, it is reported that oxygen-defective TiO 2 nanoarray supported on Ti plate (TiO 2- x /TP) behaves as an efficient catalyst for NO reduction to NH 3 . In 0.2 m phosphate-buffered electrolyte, such TiO 2- x /TP shows competitive electrocatalytic NH 3 synthesis activity with a maximum NH 3 yield of 1233.2 µg h -1  cm -2 and Faradaic efficiency of 92.5%. Density functional theory calculations further thermodynamically faster NO deoxygenation and protonation processes on TiO 2- x (101) compared to perfect TiO 2 (101). And the low energy barrier of 0.7 eV on TiO 2- x (101) for the potential-determining step further highlights the greatly improved intrinsic activity. In addition, a Zn-NO battery is fabricated with TiO 2- x /TP and Zn plate to obtain an NH 3 yield of 241.7 µg h -1  cm -2 while providing a peak power density of 0.84 mW cm -2 ., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Maternal messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) are driven by a highly orchestrated scheme of recruitment to polysomes and translational activation. However, selecting and regulating individual mRNAs for the translation from a competitive pool of mRNAs are little-known processes. This research shows that the maternal eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e1b (Eif4e1b) expresses during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET), and maternal deletion of Eif4e1b leads to multiple defects concerning oogenesis and embryonic developmental competence during OET. The linear amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) ends, and sequencing (LACE-seq) is used to identify the distinct subset of mRNA and its CG-rich binding sites within the 5' untranslated region (UTR) targeted by eIF4E1B. The proteomics analyses indicate that eIF4E1B-specific bound genes show stronger downregulation at the protein level, which further verify a group of proteins that plays a crucial role in oocyte maturation and embryonic developmental competence is insufficiently synthesized in Eif4e1b-cKO oocytes during OET. Moreover, the biochemical results in vitro are combined to further confirm the maternal-specific translation activation model assembled by eIF4E1B and 3'UTR-associated mRNA binding proteins. The findings demonstrate the indispensability of eIF4E1B for selective translation activation in mammalian oocytes and provide a potential network regulated by eIF4E1B in OET., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Oxygen-deficient molybdenum oxide (MoO X ) nanomaterials are prepared as novel nanosensitizers and TME-stimulants for ultrasound (US)-enhanced cancer metalloimmunotherapy. After PEGylation, MoO X -PEG exhibits efficient capability for US-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Under US irradiation, MoO X -PEG generates a massive amount of ROS to induce cancer cell damage and immunogenic cell death (ICD), which can effectively suppress tumor growth. More importantly, MoO X -PEG itself further stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and triggeres the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway to enhance the immunological effect. Due to the robust ICD induced by SDT and efficient DC maturation stimulated by MoO X -PEG, the combination treatment of MoO X -triggered SDT and aCTLA-4 further amplifies antitumor therapy, inhibits cancer metastases, and elicits robust immune responses to effectively defeat abscopal tumors., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Wound microenvironment with excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can significantly inhibit wound healing. Encouraged by hydrogen molecules (H 2 ) with effective ROS scavenging and calcium hydride (CaH 2 ) with sufficient H 2 supply, the authors for the first time employed CaH 2 as a therapeutic H 2 donor and starch as a diluent to construct CaH 2 pulvis dressing for wound healing treatment. It has been found that CaH 2 by generating H 2 exhibited excellent ROS scavenging performance, favorable for preserving the oxidative-stress-induced cell death. After being applied onto the skin wound, the CaH 2 pulvis dressing with the unique ROS-scavenging ability can accelerate skin wound healing in healthy/diabetic mice (small animal models) and Bama mini-pigs (large animal model). Such CaH 2 dressing can release H 2 to relieve the inflammation levels, decrease the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase the infiltration of inflammation-suppressive immune cells, and promote the regeneration of new blood vessels and collagens, thereby accelerating wound healing. This work highlighted that the integration of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation functions based on CaH 2 dressing endowed it with a promising possibility for the treatment of inflammatory diseases., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

We found an elevation of circulating TFH13 cell subset in asthmatic children and the frequency of TFH13 cells positively correlated with the plasma dust mite-specific IgE levels. These results indicated that TFH13 cell subset may be responsible for the immunopathogenesis of excessive IgE accumulation in children with allergic asthma., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Gas-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has the potential to become an effective strategy to improve the therapeutic outcome and survival rate of cancer patients. Herein, titanium sulfide nanosheets (TiS X NSs) are prepared as cascade bioreactors for sequential gas-sonodynamic cancer therapy. TiS X NSs themselves as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) donors can burst release H 2 S gas. Following H 2 S generation, TiS X NSs are gradually degraded to become S-defective and partly oxidized into TiO X on their surface, which endows TiS X NSs with high sonodynamic properties under ultrasound (US) irradiation. In vitro and in vivo experiments show the excellent therapeutic effects of TiS X NSs. In detail, large amounts of H 2 S gas and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can simultaneously inhibit mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis, leading to cancer cell apoptosis. Of note, H 2 S gas also plays important roles in modulating and activating the immune system to effectively inhibit pulmonary metastasis. Finally, the metabolizable TiS X NSs are excreted out of the body without inducing any significant long-term toxicity. Collectively, this work establishes a cascade bioreactor of TiS X NSs with satisfactory H 2 S release ability and excellent ROS generation properties under US irradiation for programmed gas-sonodynamic cancer therapy., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Multiple amplification of tumor oxidative stress has been demonstrated as efficient strategy to enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cancer therapy. Herein, vanadium-based nanocatalysts, hydrogen vanadium bronzes (H X V 2 O 5 , for short HVO), were constructed and employed as novel biocatalysts for amplifying tumor oxidative stress and enhancing cancer catalytic therapy. Such HVO nanocatalysts harboring multivalent V element possessed multi-functional catalytic activity in decomposing H 2 O 2 into ⋅OH and depleting endogenous glutathione (GSH) to dually amplify tumor oxidative stress. Meanwhile, HVO nanocatalysts could also be activated by ultrasound to further triply amplify oxidative stress. The massive intracellular ROS caused mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and cell proliferation inhibition, further realizing cancer cell death and tumor growth inhibition. Collectively, HVO nanocatalysts highlight the remarkable value of ROS-mediated cancer therapies., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The emerging data-intensive applications in optoelectronics are driving innovation toward the fused integration of sensing, memory, and computing to break through the restrictions of the von Neumann architecture. However, the present photodetectors with only optoelectronic conversion functions cannot satisfy the growing demands of the multifunctions required in single devices. Here, a novel route for the integration of non-volatile memory into a photodetector is proposed, with a WSe 2 /h-BN van der Waals heterostructure on a Si/SiO 2 substrate to realize in-memory photodetection. This photodetector exhibits an ultrahigh readout photocurrent of 3.4 µA and photoresponsivity of 337.8 A W -1 in the solar-blind wavelength region, together with an extended retention time of more than 10 years. Furthermore, the charge-storage-based non-volatile mechanism of h-BN/SiO 2 is successfully proven through a novel analysis of in situ optoelectronic electron energy-loss spectroscopy. These results represent a leap forward to future applications and insightful mechanisms of in-memory photodetection., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Purposefully developing crystalline materials at molecular level to improve the selectivity of electroreduction CO 2 to CH 4 is still rarely studied. Herein, a single crystal of copper(II) complex with hydroxy groups was designed and synthesized, namely 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin copper(II) (Cu-PorOH), which could serve as a highly efficient heterogeneous electrocatalyst for electroreduction of CO 2 toward CH 4 . In 0.5 m KHCO 3 , Cu-PorOH gave a high faradaic efficiency of 51.3 % for CH 4 and drove a partial current density of 23.2 mA cm -2 at -1.5 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode in H-cell. The high performance was greatly promoted by the hydroxy groups in Cu-PorOH, which could not only form stable three-dimensional frameworks through hydrogen-bonding interactions but also stabilize the intermediate species by hydrogen bonds, as supported by density functional theory calculations. This work provides an effective avenue in exploring crystalline catalysts for CO 2 reduction at molecular level., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Conventional approaches (e.g., pyrolysis) for managing waste polymer foams typically require highly technical skills and consume large amounts of energy resources. This paper presents an ultrafacile, cost-effective, and highly efficient alternative method for recycling waste packaging and cleaning foam (e.g., polymelamine-formaldehyde foam). The designed solar absorber, a polypyrrole-coated melamine foam (PMF), features a highly porous structure, excellent mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, and rapid water transport capacity. These exceptional properties render the PMF suitable for multiple applications, including energy-efficient solar-powered water purification, ethanol distillation, and oil absorption. In water purification, the PMF yields a solar-thermal conversion efficiency as high as 87.7%, stability that is maintained for more than 35 operation cycles, and antifouling capabilities (when purifying different water types). In solar distillation, the PMF achieves a concentration increase up to 75 vol% when distilling a 10 vol% ethanol solution. In oil absorption, the PMF offers an oil-absorption capacity of ≈70 g g -1 with only a 7% loss in capacity after 100 absorbing-squeezing cycles. Thus, systems combining solar energy with various waste foams are highly promising as durable, renewable, and portable systems for water purification, organic distillation, and oil absorption, especially in remote regions or emergency situations., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Vanadates have received booming attention recently as promising materials for extensive electrochemical devices such as batteries and electrocatalysis. However, the enormous difficulties of achieving pure-phase transition metal vanadates, especially for nickel-based, hinder their exploitations. Herein, for the first time, by controlling the amount of ethylene glycol (EG) and reaction time, grape-like Ni 2 V 2 O 7 (or V 2 O 5 /Ni 2 V 2 O 7 ) microspheres were rationally fabricated. It is demonstrated that the EG can chelate both Ni 2+ and VO 3 - to form organometallic precursors. As anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it could deliver superior reversible capacity of 1050 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and excellent rate capability of 600 mAh/g at 4 A/g. The facile hydrothermal synthesis broadens the material variety of nickel vanadates and offers new opportunities for their wider applications in electrochemistry., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Radiodynamic therapy (RDT), an emerging therapeutic approach for cancer treatment by employing ionizing irradiation to induce localized photodynamic therapy (PDT) can overcome the drawbacks of the limited penetration depth for traditional PDT and the unconcentrated energy in the tumor for traditional radiotherapy (RT). Taking advantage of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers with bright fluorescence and efficient singlet oxygen production in the aggregate state, Hf-AIE coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs), which show both strong RT and RDT effect under X-ray irradiation, are developed. Furthermore, to enhance the tumor accumulation and prolong the tumor retention of the CPNs, bioorthogonal click chemistry is applied in the system through coupling between dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-modified CPNs (Hf-AIE-PEG-DBCO) (PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)) and azide groups on the cell membrane formed by metabolic glycoengineering. Thanks to the high penetration of X-ray irradiation, the bioorthogonal-assisted RT and RDT combination therapy realizes significant killing of cancer cells without showing noticeable biotoxicity after intravenous administration of CPNs., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Nanozymes with high catalytic activity and great stability have attracted increasing interests as the promising alternative to natural enzymes for applications in various fields. In this study, a new type of highly efficient peroxidase-like nanozymes based on FeWO X nanosheets (NSs) synthesized by a thermal-decomposition method is reported. Owing to the sheet-structure with maximized utilization of catalytic sites (Fe atoms and oxygen vacancies), such FeWO X NSs exert efficient enzyme activity to trigger catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) into hydroxyl radicals (•OH). A nanozyme-based ratio-metric nanoprobe is then fabricated by co-loading of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and IR780 dye on FeWO X NSs to enable ratio-metric photoacoustic (PA) imaging of endogenous H 2 O 2 , as verified by imaging of the subcutaneous 4T1 xenograft tumor model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model. Moreover, FeWO X NSs could also be employed as promising nanoagents for multimodal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors, due to the strong X-ray attenuation ability of W element and high MR contrast ability of Fe element, respectively. Importantly, FeWO X NSs with good biodegradability could be cleared out from the body without any significant biotoxicity. This work highlights bimetallic oxide FeWO X NSs as an enzyme-mimetic nanoplatform for imaging of the tumor microenvironment., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

At present, AIDS drugs are typical inhibitors that cannot achieve permanent effects. Therefore, the research of blocking HIV infection is essential. Especially for people in the high-risk environment, long-term prevention is important, because HIV can easily infect cells once the drug is interrupted. However, there is still no long-acting AIDS prevention drug approved. Hence, the purpose of this study is to prepare a fusion inhibitor loaded poly(d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres as a sustained-release system for long-term AIDS prevention. As the HIV membrane fusion inhibitor (LP-98) used in this research is amphiphilic lipopeptide, W 1 /O/W 2 double-emulsion method was chosen, and premix membrane emulsification technique was used for controlling the uniformity of particle size. Several process parameters that can impact drug loading efficiency were summarized: the concentration of LP-98 and PLGA, and the preparation condition of primary emulsion. Finally, the microspheres with high loading efficiency (>8%) and encapsulation efficiency (>90%) were successfully prepared under optimum conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that LP-98-loaded microspheres were capable to continuously release for 24 days in rats. This research can promote the application of sustained-release microspheres in AIDS prevention, and the embedding technique used in this study can also provide references for the loading of other amphipathic drugs., Competing Interests: The autors have declared no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Authors. Engineering in Life Sciences published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

2D nanomaterials with unique nanosheet structures, large surface areas, and extraordinary physicochemical properties have attracted tremendous interest. In the area of nanomedicine, research on graphene and its derivatives for diverse biomedical applications began as early as 2008. Since then, many other types of 2D nanomaterials, including transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, black phosphorus nanosheets, layered double hydroxides, and metal-organic framework nanosheets, have been explored in the area of nanomedicine over the past decade. In particular, a large surface area makes 2D nanomaterials highly efficient drug delivery nanoplatforms. The unique optical and/or X-ray attenuation properties of 2D nanomaterials can be harnessed for phototherapy or radiotherapy of cancer. Furthermore, by integrating 2D nanomaterials with other functional nanoparticles or utilizing their inherent physical properties, 2D nanomaterials may also be engineered as nanoprobes for multimodal imaging of tumors. 2D nanomaterials have shown substantial potential for cancer theranostics. Herein, the latest progress in the development of 2D nanomaterials for cancer theranostic applications is summarized. Current challenges and future perspectives of 2D nanomaterials applied in nanomedicine are also discussed., (© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Assembling nanomaterials into hybrid structures provides a promising and flexible route to reach ultrahigh responsivity by introducing a trap-assisted gain ( G ) mechanism. However, the high-gain photodetectors benefitting from long carrier lifetime often possess slow response time ( t ) due to the inherent G - t tradeoff. Here, a light-driven junction field-effect transistor (LJFET), consisting of an n-type ZnO belt as the channel material and a p-type WSe 2 nanosheet as a photoactive gate material, to break the G - t tradeoff through decoupling the gain from carrier lifetime is reported. The photoactive gate material WSe 2 under illumination enables a conductive path for externally applied voltage, which modulates the depletion region within the ZnO channel efficiently. The gain and response time are separately determined by the field effect modulation and the switching speed of LJFET. As a result, a high responsivity of 4.83 × 10 3 A W -1 with a gain of ≈10 4 and a rapid response time of ≈10 µs are obtained simultaneously. The LJFET architecture offers a new approach to realize high-gain and fast-response photodetectors without the G - t tradeoff., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) triggered by ultrasound (US) has attracted increasing attention owing to its abilities to overcome critical limitations including low tissue-penetration depth and phototoxicity in photodynamic therapy. Herein, the design of a new type of sonosensitizer is revealed, namely, ultrasmall oxygen-deficient bimetallic oxide MnWO X nanoparticles, for multimodal imaging-guided enhanced SDT against cancer. As-made MnWO X nanoparticles with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modification show high physiological stability and biocompatibility. Interestingly, such MnWO X -PEG nanoparticles exhibit highly efficient US-triggered production of 1 O 2 and •OH, higher than that of previously reported sonosensitizers (e.g., protoporphyrin IX and titanium dioxide), because the oxygen-deficient structure of MnWO X serves as an electron trap site to prevent electron-hole recombination. The glutathione depletion capability of MnWO X -PEG can also further favor SDT-triggered cancer cell killing. With efficient tumor homing as illustrated by computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, MnWO X -PEG enables effective destruction of mouse tumors under US stimulation. After accomplishing its therapeutic functions, MnWO X -PEG can be metabolized by the mouse body without any long-term toxicity. Herein, a new type of sono-sensitizing agent with high SDT efficacy, multimodal imaging functions, and rapid clearance is presented, an agent which is promising for noninvasive SDT cancer treatment., (© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

NH 3 is a valuable chemical with a wide range of applications, but the conventional Haber-Bosch process for industrial-scale NH 3 production is highly energy-intensive with serious greenhouse gas emission. Electrochemical reduction offers an environmentally benign and sustainable route to convert N 2 to NH 3 at ambient conditions, but its efficiency depends greatly on identifying earth-abundant catalysts with high activity for the N 2 reduction reaction. Here, it is reported that MnO particles act as a highly active catalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of N 2 to NH 3 with excellent selectivity. In 0.1 m Na 2 SO 4 , this catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency up to 8.02% and a NH 3 yield of 1.11 × 10 -10 mol s -1 cm -2 at -0.39 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, with great electrochemical and structural stability. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, MnO (200) surface has a smaller adsorption energy toward N than that of H with the *N 2 → *N 2 H transformation being the potential-determining step in the nitrogen reduction reaction.

The photodiode is a prevailing architecture for photodetection with the merits of fast response and low dark current. However, an ideal photodiode is also desired for both high responsivity and high external quantum efficiency (EQE), which may facilitate more applications. Here the photoconducting effect in a photodiode is discussed and an Au-PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD)-indium tin oxide Schottky junction photodiode is fabricated. The long carrier lifetime and improved carrier mobility in tetrabutylammonium iodide-modified PbS CQDs cooperating with the proper band structure and an ultrashort channel in the diode enable the photodiode with high photoconductive gain, realizing an EQE of ≈400% and a responsivity (R) of 5.15 A W -1 while simultaneously achieving a response time of 110 µs and a specific detectivity of 1.96 × 10 10 Jones under 1550 nm illumination. In addition, this CQD-based photodiode is stable, low cost, and compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. All of these promise this device great potential in applications., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

An advanced visible/infrared dual-band photodetector with high-resolution imaging at room temperature is proposed and demonstrated for intelligent identification based on the 2D GaSe/GaSb vertical heterostructure. It resolves the challenges of producing large-scale 2D growth, achieving fast response speed, outstanding detectivity, and lower manufacture cost, which are the main obstacles for industrialization of 2D-materials-based photodetection., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A sandwich-like 2D-mesoporous-carbon/MoS 2 -nanosheet heterostructure is fabricated for the first time. The hybrid structure is composed of three well-stacked monolayers: an ordered-mesoporous-carbon monolayer, a MoS 2 monolayer, and a further ordered-mesoporous-carbon monolayer. This unique heterostructure exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Under natural conditions, crop plants are frequently subjected to various abiotic environmental stresses such as drought and heat wave, which may become more prevalent in the coming decades. Plant acclimation and tolerance to an abiotic stress are always associated with significant changes in PTMs of specific proteins. PTMs are important for regulating protein function, subcellular localization and protein activity and stability. Studies of plant responses to abiotic stress at the PTMs level are essential to the process of plant phenotyping for crop improvement. The ability to identify and quantify PTMs on a large-scale will contribute to a detailed protein functional characterization that will improve our understanding of the processes of crop plant stress acclimation and stress tolerance acquisition. Hundreds of PTMs have been reported, but it is impossible to review all of the possible protein modifications. In this review, we briefly summarize several main types of PTMs regarding their characteristics and detection methods, review the advances in PTMs research of crop proteomics, and highlight the importance of specific PTMs in crop response to abiotic stress., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

An MEKC method for the analysis of goserelin and related substances has been developed using a combination of additives including CTAB, β-CD, and sodium hexanesulfonate. For this assay, the running buffer (pH and additives) and separation conditions (voltage and temperature) were optimized. The optimized system was the following: 200 mM 6-aminocaproic acid buffer (pH 4.2) supplemented with 175 mM CTAB, 3.0% w/v β-CD, and 20 mM sodium hexanesulfonate; the voltage was 10 kV in reverse polarity mode, the temperature was 20°C, and UV detection was measured at 220 nm. The method was qualified by evaluating the specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. According to validation experiments, the optimized method was specific, accurate, and repeatable and satisfied the requirements for the analysis of goserelin and related substances. Compared with the RP-HPLC method, the MEKC method better solved the problem of overlapping impurity signals, and the migration time required was shorter. This method can be used for quality control and for the analysis of goserelin and its related substances., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Basophils have been shown to contribute to anaphylaxis through either an IgE-FcεRI-dependent pathway or an IgG-FcγR pathway. However, it remains largely unclear whether basophils can be activated to promote anaphylaxis via a non-FcR pathway as well. The glycolipid receptor ASGM1 (Asialoganglioside gangliotetraosylceramide), which has an exposed GalNAcβ1-4Gal moiety and serves as a receptor for pathogen associated molecular patterns such as flagellin, was recently found to be expressed on basophils. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of basophils with anti-ASGM1 antibodies promotes platelet-activating factor (PAF) secretion in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that ASGM1 stimulation triggers basophil- and PAF-dependent anaphylactic shock in pertussis toxin (PTX)-pretreated mice. Thus, ASGM1 has a crucial role in basophil activation and basophil-mediated anaphylaxis-like shock in mice, especially when the vascular permeability is increased by PTX treatment. Our findings describe a novel anaphylaxis-associated pathway that is antigen-, antibody-, and FcR-independent., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

CIEF was developed for the rapid analysis of charge heterogeneity of trastuzumab biosimilar using commercially available fluorocarbon-coated capillary. The CIEF master mix was composed of 0.30% w/v methyl cellulose, 2.3 M urea, 56.8 mM l-arginine, 1.52 mM iminodiacetic acid, 4.5% v/v carrier ampholytes (broad-range pI 3-10 and narrow-range pI 8-10.5 with ratio of 3:1), and 0.45% v/v 10.0, 9.5, 7.0, 5.5, 4.1 pI markers. To get a robust method to analyze charge heterogeneity, some separation parameters, including focusing time and separation temperature, were investigated and optimized. The optimized method gave good precision in estimated pI values of charge variants with RSDs of not more than 0.16% intraday analysis (n = 6) and < 0.18% interday analysis (n = 9). In addition, the applications of this method including purity, stability, lot consistency, peptide N-glycosidase F digest, and C-terminal lysine variants characterization were also investigated., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Plant tissues contain large amounts of secondary compounds that significantly interfere with protein extraction and 2DE analysis. Thus, sample preparation is a crucial step prior to 2DE in plant proteomics. This tutorial highlights the guidelines that need to be followed to perform an adequate total protein extraction before 2DE in plant proteomics. We briefly describe the history, development, and feature of major sample preparation methods for the 2DE analysis of plant tissues, that is, trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation and phenol extraction. We introduce the interfering compounds in plant tissues and the general guidelines for tissue disruption, protein precipitation and resolubilization. We describe in details the advantages, limitations, and application of the trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation and phenol extraction methods to enable the readers to select the appropriate method for a specific species, tissue, or cell type. The current applications of the sample preparation methods in plant proteomics in the literature are analyzed. A comparative proteomic analysis between male and female plants of Pistacia chinensis is used as an example to represent the sample preparation methodology in 2DE-based proteomics. Finally, the current limitations and future development of these sample preparation methods are discussed. This Tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP17)., (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A novel capillary zone electrophoresis separation coupled to electro spray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six toxic alkaloids: brucine, strychnine, atropine sulfate, anisodamine hydrobromide, scopolamine hydrobromide and anisodine hydrobromide in human plasma and urine. To obtain optimal sensitivity, a solid-phase extraction method using Oasis MCX cartridges (1 mL, 30 mg; Waters, USA) for the pretreatment of samples was used. All compounds were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis at 25 kV within 12 min in an uncoated fused-silica capillary of 75 μm id × 100 cm and were detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This method was validated with regard to precision, accuracy, sensitivity, linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). In the plasma and urine samples, the linear calibration curves were obtained over the range of 0.50-100 ng/mL. The LOD and LOQ were 0.2-0.5 ng/mL and 0.5-1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra- and interday precision was better than 12% and 13%, respectively. Electrophoretic peaks could be identified by mass analysis., (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

14-3-3 proteins regulate many cellular processes that are implicated in cancer development, and the seven 14-3-3 isoforms have different expression level and isoform-specific roles in different tumors. However, the biological functions of 14-3-3 proteins and their correlations with renal carcinoma have not been investigated so far. In our study, the expression profiles and functional characterization of 14-3-3 proteins were discovered by a sensitive stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture based quantitative proteomics analysis in human renal carcinoma tissues. We found that 14-3-3epsilon was up-regulated with 1.44-fold changes in renal cancerous tissues compared with that in counterpart kidney tissues, and 14-3-3sigma was almost not detected in both tissues due to its DNA highly methylated in our previous reports. The other five isoforms almost have similar expression level in two states of renal tissues. The following RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis for specific 14-3-3 isoform expression were all consistent with the quantitative proteomic data. Furthermore, the overexpression of 14-3-3epsilon in vitro can limitedly prompt the abnormal growth of renal tumor cells.

Human 14-3-3 proteins have isoform-specific expression and functions in different kinds of normal or tumor cells and tissues. However, the expression profiling of 14-3-3 proteins and isoform-specific biological functions are unclear in human glioma so far. In our study, the expression levels and characterization of 14-3-3 isoforms in human glioma tissues were investigated by a sensitive, accurate stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomic strategy. As a result, except unexpressed 14-3-3σ, the other six isoforms, with different expression levels, were existed in glioma tissues and para-cancerous brain tissues (PBTs). 14-3-3β and η were upregulated, whereas 14-3-3ζ was downregulated in glioma tissues compared with that in PBTs. And the other three isoforms 14-3-3ε, θ, and γ had similar expression levels in human glioma tissues and PBTs. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were both consistent with the quantitative proteomic data. The loss of expression of 14-3-3σ was further discovered due to DNA high methylation in its coding region in glioma by methylation-specific PCR analysis. These results indicated that the four isoforms, including 14-3-3β, η, ζ, and σ, may play important roles in tumorigenesis of human glioma, which is probably used as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and targets for treatment of human gliomas in future., (Copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)