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Background: Like many health library associations, the Medical Library Association (MLA) developed competencies guiding lifelong learning and competence for medical librarians. Medical librarians should be able to develop skills in identified areas. One MLA indicator of organising resources defines expert skill as the ability to develop classification and metadata schemes for unique collections. Objectives: This manuscript reviews available curricula for selected library programmes in the United States and Canada, along with professional development and informal opportunities for skill development to identify how medical librarians, who are not experts in cataloging or metadata and not employed as cataloging or metadata librarians, can progress in competency. Methods: The authors reviewed library school and continuing education programming around metadata, along with answers from a pre‐existing informal poll regarding cataloging and metadata roles in health sciences libraries. Data were collected and examined using descriptive statistics. Discussion: Gaps and opportunities for education around organising resources are discussed, including library school courses, formal continuing education opportunities and informal learning (e.g. peer support networks, on‐the‐job learning). Conclusion: Education in organising resources should be created throughout the educational journey of librarianship. Continuing educational opportunities in organising resources should be created by professional organisations that expect competency in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive feedbacks in climate processes can make it difficult to identify the primary drivers of climate phenomena. Some recent global climate model (GCM) studies address this issue by controlling the wind stress felt by the surface ocean such that the atmosphere and ocean become mechanically decoupled. Most mechanical decoupling studies have chosen to override wind stress with an annual climatology. In this study we introduce an alternative method of interannually varying overriding which maintains higher frequency momentum forcing of the surface ocean. Using a GCM (NCAR CESM1), we then assess the size of the biases associated with these two methods of overriding by comparing with a freely evolving control integration. We find that overriding with a climatology creates sea surface temperature (SST) biases throughout the global oceans on the order of ±1°C. This is substantially larger than the biases introduced by interannually varying overriding, especially in the tropical Pacific. We attribute the climatological overriding SST biases to a lack of synoptic and subseasonal variability, which causes the mixed layer to be too shallow throughout the global surface ocean. This shoaling of the mixed layer reduces the effective heat capacity of the surface ocean such that SST biases excite atmospheric feedbacks. These results have implications for the reinterpretation of past climatological wind stress overriding studies: past climate signals attributed to momentum coupling may in fact be spurious responses to SST biases. Plain Language Summary: Because the ocean influences the atmosphere and vice versa, chicken‐or‐egg type problems abound throughout the climate system. Some studies have addressed this by controlling the wind stress field felt by the ocean in climate models in order to mechanically decouple the ocean from the atmosphere and thus determine the surface ocean response to a change in momentum forcing. Most previous studies that override wind stress have fed the ocean a mean annual cycle; however, this method removes the effect of shorter‐term events like storms. We compare how well overriding experiments, forced either with the mean annual cycle of wind stress or with year‐to‐year varying wind stress, agree with a freely evolving control simulation. We find substantially larger sea surface temperature biases in the simulation forced with the mean annual cycle of wind stress. We attribute these biases to the lack of short‐term weather events which mix the surface ocean. Key Points: Most previous wind stress overriding simulations have disabled momentum feedbacks in global climate models by overriding with a climatologyWe introduce a protocol to override with interannually varying wind stress, which leads to smaller biases than climatological overridingWe attribute this difference to a lack of synoptic variability in climatological overriding which shoals the mixed layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copepods are the most abundant metazoans on Earth, driving cycles of key elements in aquatic systems, most prominently carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). One key factor determining nutrient cycling is copepod somatic stoichiometry, which can reflect ecological strategy. We conducted a systematic review that updates the seminal work of Båmstedt (1986) by summarizing the effects of latitude, habitat, life history stage, and taxonomy on C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of field‐collected copepods. We found that differences among copepod families accounted for the greatest variation, with the Rhincalanidae and Diaptomidae being particularly C‐rich, while the Calanidae were more N‐ and P‐rich. Copepod C:N was higher in inland waters compared with animals from marine environments in both copepodites and adult females, matching the higher C content of seston in many inland freshwaters. For both copepodites and adult females, mid‐latitude animals had higher C:N and C:P than high‐latitude animals, which matched predictions based on the availability of nutrients or adaptation to cold environments. More data must be gathered to fill gaps in our knowledge of copepod stoichiometry, focusing particularly on younger life stages, non‐calanoids, low and high latitudes, the southern hemisphere, and estuarine and some inland water habitats, including large lakes. Such information will help better parameterize models of aquatic ecosystems and improve our understanding of how copepods influence consumer‐driven nutrient cycling and food web dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loneliness and social isolation are currently among the most challenging social issues. Given their detrimental impact on physical and mental health, identifying feasible and sustainable interventions to alleviate them is highly important. Friendly visiting, a befriending intervention whereby older persons are matched with someone who visits them on a regular basis, seems promising. However, it is unclear if face‐to‐face (F2F) friendly visiting by a volunteer (FVV) is effective at reducing loneliness or social isolation, or both. Objectives: To assess the effect of F2F FVV on feelings of loneliness, social isolation (primary outcomes) and wellbeing (i.e., life satisfaction, depressive symptom experiencing and mental health; secondary outcomes) in older adults. Search Methods: We searched six electronic databases up until 11 August 2021. We also consulted 15 other resources, including grey literature sources and websites of organizations devoted to loneliness and ageing, between 25 October and 29 November 2021. Selection Criteria: We included experimental and observational studies that quantitatively measured the effect of F2F FVV, compared to no friendly visiting, on at least one of following outcomes in older adults (≥60 years of age): loneliness, social isolation or wellbeing. Data Collection and Analysis: Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and synthesis, risk of bias and GRADE assessment. If outcomes were measured multiple times, we extracted data for one short‐term (≤1 month after the intervention had ended), one intermediate‐term (>1 and ≤6 months), and one long‐term time point (>6 months). Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐RCTs were presented and synthesized separately. Synthesis was done using vote counting based on the direction of effect. Main Results: Nine RCTs and four non‐RCTs, conducted primarily in the United States and involving a total of 470 older adults (mean or median ages: 72–83 years), were included. All studies were limited in size (20–88 participants each). Programmes lasted 6–12 weeks and mostly involved weekly visits by undergraduate students to community‐dwelling older adults. Visits consisted mainly of casual conversation, but sometimes involved gameplaying and TV‐watching. All studies had major shortcomings in design and execution. The current evidence about the effect of F2F FVV on loneliness in older adults is very uncertain, both in the short (one RCT in 88, and one non‐RCT in 35 participants) and intermediate term (one RCT in 86 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). The same goes for the effects on social isolation, again both in the short (one RCT in 88, and two non‐RCTs in 46 participants) and intermediate term (two non‐RCTs in 99 participants) (both very low‐certainty evidence). Similarly, there is a lot of uncertainty about the effect of F2F FVV on outcomes related to wellbeing (all very low‐certainty evidence). Authors' Conclusions: Due to the very low‐certainty evidence, we are unsure about the effectiveness of F2F FVV with regard to improving loneliness, social isolation, or wellbeing in older adults. Decision‐makers considering implementing FVV should take into account this uncertainty. More and larger high‐quality studies that are better designed and executed, and preferably conducted in various settings, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic stressors are exacerbating the emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. In regions like the Arctic, where ecosystems are particularly susceptible, marked changes are predicted in regional diversity, intensity, and patterns of infectious diseases. To understand such rapidly changing host‐pathogen dynamics and mitigate the impacts of novel pathogens, we need sensitive disease surveillance tools. We developed and validated a novel multiplexed, magnetic capture, and ddPCR tool for the surveillance of multiple pathogens in polar bears, a sentinel species that is considered susceptible to climate change and other stressors with a pan‐Arctic distribution. Through sequence‐specific magnetic capture, we concentrated five target template sequences from three zoonotic bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and two parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.) pathogens from large quantities (<100 g) of host tissue. We then designed and validated two multiplexed probe‐based ddPCR assays for the amplification and detection of the low‐concentration target DNA. Validations used 48 polar bear tissues (muscle and liver). We detected 14, 1, 3, 4, and 22 tissue positives for E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, M. tuberculosis complex, T. gondii, and Trichinella spp., respectively. These multiplexed assays offer a rapid, specific tool for quantifying and monitoring the changing geographical and host distributions of pathogens relevant to human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean dynamics at the submesoscale play a key role in mediating upper‐ocean energy dissipation and dispersion of tracers. Observations of ocean currents from synoptic mesoscale surveys at submesoscale resolution (250 m–100 km) from a novel airborne instrument (MASS DoppVis) reveal that the kinetic energy spectrum in the California Current System is nearly continuous from 100 km to sub‐kilometer scales, with a k−2 spectral slope. Although there is not a transition in the kinetic energy spectral slope, there is a transition in the dynamics to non‐linear ageostrophic interactions at scales of O $\mathcal{O}$(1 km). Kinetic energy transfer across spatial scales is enabled by interactions between the rotational and divergent components of the flow field at the submesoscale. Kinetic energy flux is patchy and localized at submesoscale fronts. Kinetic energy is transferred both downscale and upscale from 1 km in the observations of a cold filament. Plain Language Summary: Ocean dynamics at scales of 100 m–10 km, called the submesoscale, are important because they are associated with large velocity gradients and non‐linear interactions. Large gradients lead to vertical velocity, which facilitates ocean‐atmosphere interactions and ocean biological processes. Velocity gradients and non‐linear processes combine to transfer kinetic energy from the large‐scale flow to small‐scale perturbations. This can lead to instabilities that dissipate energy in the ocean surface layer (rather than the seafloor). Here we analyze novel observations that provide insight into ocean dynamics through the distributions of velocity gradients and energy transfer at 1 km scale. Dynamics at these scales have previously been modeled, but have not been observed directly. We observe a transition where non‐linear dynamics become more important at scales of order 10 km. We also introduce new interpretations of spectral analysis (analysis of energy and correlations across scales). Moreover, we analyze covariance of velocity gradient quantities and flow energetics to demonstrate that energy flux is episodic and localized at fronts. Together, these observations demonstrate that fronts play an important role in boundary‐layer kinetic energy processes and highlight the evolution of upwelling filaments. Key Points: Remote sensing observations reveal a kinetic energy spectrum with a continuous slope from 100 to 1 km in an eastern boundary regionBetween 1 and 10 km, ageostrophic non‐linear interactions become dynamically importantCross‐scale kinetic energy transfers computed from 2D velocity observations are associated with shear strain in the observed front [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans possess an intuitive understanding of the environment's physical properties and dynamics, which allows them to predict the outcomes of physical scenarios and successfully interact with the physical world. This predictive ability is thought to rely on mental simulations and has been shown to involve frontoparietal areas. Here, we investigate whether such mental simulations may be accompanied by visual imagery of the predicted physical scene. We designed an intuitive physical inference task requiring participants to infer the parabolic trajectory of an occluded ball falling in accordance with Newtonian physics. Participants underwent fMRI while (i) performing the physical inference task alternately with a visually matched control task, and (ii) passively observing falling balls depicting the trajectories that had to be inferred during the physical inference task. We found that performing the physical inference task activates early visual areas together with a frontoparietal network when compared with the control task. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we show that these regions contain information specific to the trajectory of the occluded ball (i.e., fall direction), despite the absence of visual inputs. Using a cross‐classification approach, we further show that in early visual areas, trajectory‐specific activity patterns evoked by the physical inference task resemble those evoked by the passive observation of falling balls. Together, our findings suggest that participants simulated the ball trajectory when solving the task, and that the outcome of these simulations may be represented in form of the perceivable sensory consequences in early visual areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This guide accompanies the following article: Christopher R. Freed, 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems', Sociology Compass 4/10 (2010): 856-868, 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00325.x. Author's introduction In 1943, the sociologist Selden Bacon proposed studying drinking behavior from a 'sociologic' perspective. Since then a problem-oriented approach - a sociology of problem drinking and problem drug use, not a sociology of drinking and drug use behavior - has dominated the literature on alcohol and other drugs. However, the literature reveals a sociology of drinking and drug problems in the spirit of the research that Bacon proposed. The sociology of drinking and drug problems exposes the considerable influence of 'sociologic' factors on problem drinking and problem drug use and, in particular, that problem drinking and problem drug use are not caused exclusively by biologic traits. However, more research needs to analyze the normal use of alcohol and other drugs to better understand the connection between substance use and social life. Author recommends Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4 : 402-45. In this seminal article, Bacon proposes a research plan for the 'sociologic' study of drinking behavior. Bacon urges sociologists to examine the functions of alcohol consumption; the manner and method by which alcohol is consumed, including where, when, and with whom; and drinking norms, sanctions, and sanctioning agents. Bacon also recommends that sociologists who study alcohol consider race, socio-economic status, and occupation, social and cultural mores and institutional demands, social change, and how drinking comportment, habits, customs, and roles are learned. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Becker argues that regular marijuana use is a learned behavior. Based on 50 interviews with musicians, laborers, and white-collar professionals who use marijuana, Becker suggests that novice marijuana users do not continue to use marijuana unless they learn from experienced users: (i) how to properly smoke marijuana, (ii) how to recognize its effects, and (iii) how to enjoy those effects. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fingarette proposes that Americans have been so inundated with the idea that alcoholism is a disease that they overlook personal and scientific observations that indicate heavy drinkers can control their alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking is not a disease, Fingarette states, but a 'central activity' in the lives of some drinkers: heavy drinkers organize their daily life around drinking and look for settings that promise and promote heavy drinking. Heavy drinking, similar to all central activities, carries momentum and becomes a difficult pattern to break. Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. In this classic article, Levine argues that the mid-19th century development of market capitalism and middle-class society in America led to the discovery of addiction. Rapid social change and related social problems prompted medical professionals, religious leaders, and the American public to regard alcohol as inherently addicting and alcohol consumption as dangerous for society. Levine also traces the historical evolution of ideas concerning the cause and nature of alcohol addiction. Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. Addiction and Opiates, Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Lindesmith finds that opiate users experience addiction only if they learn by observation or experience how to recognize opiate withdrawal, link withdrawal to their opiate use, and then use opiates again to relieve their withdrawal distress. According to Lindesmith, persons who do not become 'enlightened' about the symptoms of opiate withdrawal do not become addicted to opiates. MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. MacAndrew and Edgerton question the conventional wisdom that drinkers lose control when they consume alcohol. MacAndrew and Edgerton acknowledge that alcohol affects drinkers pharmacologically, but they also provide a wealth of anthropological evidence that reveals drunken comportment is 'societally sanctioned.' Cultural norms and values socialize individuals how to behave during different drinking situations. Pittman, David J. and Charles R. Snyder. (eds) 1962. Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This volume consists of some of the most influential analyses of alcohol consumption and alcoholism in the social science literature, organized under five different themes: (i) the anthropology of drinking, (ii) modern setting, (iii) social structure and subcultures, (iv) the origin and patterns of alcoholism, and (v) responsive movements and systems of control. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. (eds) 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Reinarman and Levine bring together essays about the crack scare in America that occurred during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. This important work in the sociology of alcohol and other drugs covers four broad areas: (i) myths and realities, (ii) crack in comparable societies, (iii) the price of repression, and (iv) punitive prohibition and harm reduction. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Waldorf, Reinarman, and Murphy suggest that a 'stake in conventional life'- a family, finances, a job, and social status, for example - helps heavy cocaine users control their use or even quit using cocaine. Health problems and diminishing pleasure from cocaine also help control use. Whatever cocaine users value and prioritize in their lives can be more powerful than the pharmacological effects of cocaine. Online materials Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library The Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies Library holds a wide-ranging collection of resources on the medical, psychological, and social aspects of alcohol and other drug use and abuse. The library's Alcohol Studies Database provides searchable access to over 80,000 works on alcohol and other drugs, including audio-visual materials. The Alcohol History Database covers alcohol-related subjects from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 2009). Alcohol Research Group Library, Public Health Institute The Alcohol Research Group Library contains almost 70,000 works on alcohol and other drugs from social, cultural, and legal perspectives. The library also holds items related to treatment and prevention (Public Health Institute 2010). The New York Academy of Medicine Library The New York Academy of Medicine Library houses a medical collection of over 550,000 works, a portion of which will soon be directly available online. The library's historical collection consists of resources from as early as 1700 BC on the history of medicine, public health, and other health care fields. Researchers and the general public can search most of these materials through the library's online catalog (The New York Academy of Medicine 2010). The Chester H. Kirk Collection, Brown University Library The Chester H. Kirk Collection consists of works on alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous. Related collections at the Brown University Library include: the Robert Holbrook Smith Collection of Books, Manuscripts and Memorabilia, the Rutgers Anti-Saloon League Collection of Temperance and Addiction Studies Periodicals, the Archives of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc., the Ernest Kurtz Collection on Alcoholism, and the Clarence Snyder Alcoholics Anonymous Collection. These collections are searchable through Josiah, the online catalog of Brown University Library (Brown University Library 2010). Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School The Division on Addictions provides researchers, policy advocates, and the public with information about addiction to alcohol, drugs, and gambling. Through its Library and Archives portal, the Division offers access to scholarly articles authored by its staff and to the weekly BASIS, the Brief Addiction Science Information Source, a web-based publication that summarizes and analyzes the latest scientific research on various addiction-related topics. Other resources of the Division include Expressions of Addiction, a photographic essay that documents individuals during different stages of addiction (Division on Addictions 2010). Alcohol and Drugs History Society The Alcohol and Drugs History Society provides scholarly and popular information about the history of alcohol and other drugs. Its website consists of interest categories that range in subject from alcohol, to inhalants, to tea. The Alcohol and Drugs History Society website also provides access to back issues of The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs: An Interdisciplinary Journal, the official publication of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society (Alcohol and Drugs History Society 2010). Sample syllabus Weeks 1 and 2: Introduction Bacon, Selden D. 1943. 'Sociology and the Problems of Alcohol: Foundations for a Sociologic Study of Drinking Behavior.' Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4: 402-45. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'In the Spirit of Selden Bacon: The Sociology of Drinking and Drug Problems.' Sociology Compass 4: 856-68. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Crack in Context: America's Latest Demon Drug.' Pp. 1-17 and 'The Crack Attack: Politics and Media in the Crack Scare.' Pp. 18-51 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 3: Different people, different 'genussmittel' Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1992. 'Preface.' Pp. xiii-xiv,'Spices, or the Dawn of the Modern Age.' Pp. 3-14, 'Coffee and the Protestant Ethic.' Pp. 15-84, and 'Chocolate, Catholicism, Ancien Regime.' Pp. 85-95 in Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants, translated by David Jacobson. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Weeks 4 and 5: Constructing and deconstructing the disease concept of alcoholism Levine, Harry G. 1978. 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America.' Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39: 143-74. Kurtz, Ernest. 1979. 'Beginnings: November 1934-June 1935. The Limitations of the Drinking Alcoholic.' Pp. 7-36 in Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, MN: Hazelden. Seeley, John R. 1962. 'Alcoholism is a Disease: Implications for Social Policy.' Pp. 586-93 in Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns, edited by David J. Pittman and Charles R. Snyder. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rudy, David R. 1986. 'A Typology of Careers.' Pp. 55-69 in Becoming Alcoholic: Alcoholics Anonymous and the Reality of Alcoholism. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Fingarette, Herbert. 1988. 'What Science Now Knows, but the Public Doesn't.' Pp. 1-9, 'Can Alcoholics Control Their Drinking?' Pp. 31-47, and 'Understanding Heavy Drinking as a Way of Life.' Pp. 99-113 in Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 6: Pharmacological fallacy: The socio-cultural effect MacAndrew, Craig and Robert B. Edgerton. 1969. 'The Conventional Wisdom.' Pp. 1-12 and 'Drunkenness as Time Out: An Alternative Solution to the Problem of Drunken Changes-for-the-Worse.' Pp. 83-99 in Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Morgan, John P. and Lynn Zimmer. 1997. 'The Social Pharmacology of Smokeable Cocaine: Not All It's Cracked Up to Be.' Pp. 131-70 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Week 7: Using and quitting Lindesmith, Alfred R. 1968. 'The Nature of Addiction.' Pp. 69-96 in Addiction and Opiates. Rev. edn. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. Becker, Howard S. 1953. 'Becoming a Marihuana User.' American Journal of Sociology 59: 235-42. Schaler, Jeffrey A. 2000. 'Do Drug Addicts Lose It?' Pp. 21-36 in Addiction Is a Choice. Chicago, IL: Open Court. Waldorf, Dan, Craig Reinarman, and Sheigla Murphy. 1991. 'Making Sense of Cessation: A Synthesis.' Pp. 218-41 in Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Philadelphia. PA: Temple University Press. Week 8: The medical treatment of addiction White, William L. 2003. 'The History of 'Medicinal Specifics' as Addiction Cures in the United States.' Addiction 98: 261-67. Armstrong, Elizabeth M. 2003. 'Medical-Moral Authority and the Redefinition of Risk in the Twentieth Century.' Pp. 189-212 in Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Freed, Christopher R. 2007. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: The Impact of Physicians in Recovery on the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 34: 111-35. Freed, Christopher R. 2010. 'Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: Commonalities in the Medical Treatment of Addiction.' Contemporary Drug Problems 37: 139-63. Week 9: The origins, consequences, and value of punitive prohibition Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'Punitive Prohibition in America.' Pp. 321-33, Siegel, Loren. 1997. 'The Pregnancy Police Fight the War on Drugs.' Pp. 249-59, and Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. 1997. 'The Cultural Contradictions of Punitive Prohibition.' Pp. 334-44 in Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, Harry G. 2002. 'The Secret of Worldwide Drug Prohibition: The Varieties and Uses of Drug Prohibition.' The Independent Review 7: 165-80. Week 10: Drug, set, and setting Zinberg, Norman E. 1984. 'Preface.' Pp. vii-xiii in Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zinberg, Norman E. 1972. 'Heroin Use in Vietnam and the United States: A Contrast and a Critique.' Archives of General Psychiatry 26: 486-88. Shaffer, Howard J. 1996. 'Understanding the Means and Objects of Addiction: Technology, the Internet, and Gambling.' Journal of Gambling Studies 12: 461-69. Room, Robin. 2003. 'The Cultural Framing of Addiction.' Janus Head 6: 221-34. Focus topics/questions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Charlemagne's, King of Franks, court library. The penultimate section of the Emperor's testamentary "breviarium," with which the "Life" concludes records that: 'he decreed that the books of which he had assembled a great collection in his library' (magnam in bibliotheca sua copiam congregavit) were to be available for purchase at the appropriate price by anyone who wanted them, and the proceeds distributed to the poor. Most of those luxury books were, almost certainly, created to be given away to specially favoured recipients, like gold rings and jewelled belts.

In this work we present a unique set of coincident and collocated high‐resolution observations of surface currents and directional properties of surface waves collected from an airborne instrument, the Modular Aerial Sensing System, collected off the coast of Southern California. High‐resolution observations of near surface current profiles and shear are obtained using a new instrument, "DoppVis", capable of capturing horizontal spatial current variability down to 128 m resolution. This data set provides a unique opportunity to examine how currents at scales ranging from 1 to 100 km modulate bulk (e.g., significant wave height), directional and spectral properties of surface gravity waves. Such observations are a step toward developing better understanding of the underlying physics of submesoscale processes (e.g., frontogenesis and frontal arrest) and the nature of transitions between mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics. Plain Language Summary: In recent years, through improvement of computational resolution of global ocean models, scientists have begun to suspect that kilometer‐scale eddies, whirlpools and fronts, called "submesoscale" variability, make important contributions to horizontal and vertical exchange of climate and biological variables in the upper ocean. Such features are challenging to analyze, because of their size (and how quickly they evolve; within hours), they are too large to study from a research vessel but smaller than regions typically studied with satellite measurements. In this work, we use a research aircraft instrumented to characterize ocean currents, temperature, color (in turn chlorophyll concentration) and the properties of surface waves over an area large enough to capture submesoscale processes. This approach is a step forward in understanding and quantifying the underlying physics of submesoscale processes, and in turn develops parameterization that can help improve the fidelity of weather and climate models. Key Points: Unique coincident and collocated airborne observations of Sea Surface Temperature, surface currents and properties of surface waves across submesoscales featuresA new airborne instrument enables observations of surface currents, vertical and horizontal shear to capture quickly evolving ocean featuresSuch observations are crucial to develop better understanding of the physics of submesoscale processes and wave‐current interaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the debates around the "miracle of Maglavit", a shepherd's vision of God that took place in 1935 in Romania and attracted much contemporary popular and intellectual interest. The debates drew in arguments from doctors and theologians, who discussed the psychology of divine revelation and tried to elaborate the implications that such an event could have for the life of the Romanian nation. The paper places these debates in the context of wider contemporary discussions about psychology and religion. I argue that what Maglavit shows is that, in Romania at least, public debates about visionary experience in the 1930s were not only debates about its psychology, but of a psychology thoroughly imbricated with political concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in their severity and extent in many parts of the world and pose serious threats to local aquaculture, fisheries, and public health. In many cases, the mechanisms triggering and regulating HAB events remain poorly understood. Using underwater microscopy and Residual Neural Network (ResNet‐18) to taxonomically classify imaged organisms, we developed a daily abundance record of four potentially harmful algae (Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella spp., Dinophysis spp., and Lingulodinium polyedra) and major grazer groups (ciliates, copepod nauplii, and copepods) from August 2017 to November 2020 at Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier, a coastal location in the Southern California Bight. Random Forest algorithms were used to identify the optimal combination of environmental and ecological variables that produced the most accurate abundance predictions for each taxon. We developed models with high prediction accuracy for A. sanguinea (R2=0.79±0.06), Chattonella spp. (R2=0.63±0.06), and L. polyedra (R2=0.72±0.08), whereas models for Dinophysis spp. showed lower prediction accuracy (R2=0.24±0.07). Offshore nutricline depth and indices describing climate variability, including El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, that influence regional‐scale ocean circulation patterns and environmental conditions, were key predictor variables for these HAB taxa. These metrics of regional‐scale processes were generally better predictors of HAB taxa abundances at this coastal location than the in situ environmental measurements. Ciliate abundance was an important predictor of Chattonella and Dinophysis spp., but not of A. sanguinea and L. polyedra. Our findings indicate that combining regional and local environmental factors with microzooplankton populations dynamics can improve real‐time HAB abundance forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing wildfire and declining snowpacks in mountain regions threaten water availability. We combine satellite‐based fire detections with snow seasonality classifications to examine fire activity in California's seasonal and ephemeral snow zones. We find a nearly tenfold increase in fire activity during 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019. Accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71% at two burned sites (2021 and 2022) according to in‐situ data relative to un‐burned conditions, with greater declines associated with increased burn severity. By enhancing snowpack susceptibility to melt, both decreased snow albedo and canopy drove midwinter melt during a multi‐week dry spell in 2022. Despite similar meteorological conditions in December–February 2013 and 2022–linked to persistent high pressure weather regimes–minimal melt occurred in 2013. Post‐fire snowpack differences are confirmed with satellite measurements. With growing geographical overlap between wildfire and snow, our findings suggest California's snowpack is increasingly vulnerable to the compounding effects of dry spells and wildfire. Plain Language Summary: Satellite fire detections indicate substantial increases in wildfire activity in California's snow‐covered landscapes during 2020 and 2021, suggesting wildfire is increasingly altering mountain hydrology. During 2022, a multi‐week mid‐winter drought, or dry spell, occurred. A meteorologically‐similar dry spell occurred in 2013, and the 2022 event provides a test case to examine how post‐fire changes (canopy loss and deposition of burned dark material on snowpack) alter snowmelt patterns. Using field observations, weather station data, and satellite remote sensing of snow, we find large reductions in snow albedo and canopy cover drove rapid melt during the 2022 dry spell in burned areas whereas during 2013, minimal melt occurred. The societal connection between mountains and humans will be strained as mountains face increasing climate‐related stressors. Midwinter drought, snow loss, and increasing wildfire are expectations of a warming world. Addressing these challenges requires innovative water and forest management paradigms. Our findings motivate additional research into assessing and planning for post‐fire hydrologic changes in snow‐dominated landscapes as both wildfire and dry spells will increase in frequency with climate warming. Key Points: A 9.8x increase in satellite fire detections in California's snow zones in 2020–2021 versus 2001–2019 implies growing overlap in fire and snowPost‐fire accumulation season broadband snow albedo declined 25%–71%, driving fewer snow‐covered days and lower snow‐cover fractionCompared with the meteorologically similar 2013 dry spell, albedo and canopy declines led to rapid midwinter melt in 2022 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most used drugs in the UK. PPI use has been associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, although these results have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that PPI could modulate BMD by altering gut and/or host systemic metabolic environments. Using data from more than 5000 British male and female individuals, we confirmed that PPI use is associated with decreased lumbar spine and total hip BMD. This effect was not mediated through the gut microbiome. We suggest here that PPI use may influence total hip BMD, both directly and indirectly, via plasma metabolites involved in the sex hormone pathway. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high‐resolution coupled ocean‐sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10° Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12° HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on‐shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi‐day variability in the cross‐shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high‐frequency signal results in net on‐shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off‐shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break. Plain Language Summary: Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been accelerating in recent decades because of rising ocean and air temperatures. Warm ocean water in the deep basin from the subtropical North Atlantic is separated from the ice sheet margin (glacier termini in the Greenland fjords) by the shallower continental shelf region. In this study we compare two simulations of the ocean and sea ice that represent the currents and eddying motions around Greenland realistically. We identify how and where heat is moved on and off the southern Greenland shelf and consider the results to be robust when they are common to both simulations. Warm water mainly moves onto the southeast shelf and off the southwest shelf; the currents on the shelf transport the warm water around the southern tip of Greenland. Near the Denmark Strait we identify oscillations in the warm water crossing onto the shelf that are associated with the presence of Denmark Strait Overflow eddies. On average, these eddies move heat onto the shelf in one model and off the shelf in the other. Understanding how warm water reaches the shelf allows us to better understand how the ocean contributes to the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Key Points: Cross‐shelf heat flux is strongest over the southeast continental shelf in both POP and HYCOM ocean modelsDenmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break drive multi‐day oscillations of on‐shelf heat fluxOn‐shelf heat fluxes along the wide sector of the southeast Greenland shelf are associated with the mean flow in HYCOM and eddies in POP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depictions of and references to apes (tailless hominoids) are very limited in early historical written accounts. The first known published representations of ape‐like primates appear in Medieval European books during the first century following the invention of printing. Considering the current knowledge of ape iconography, this article examines an unusual image of a couple of ape‐like creatures rendered in a European manuscript and explores the possible links of this challenging illustration with historical accounts and contexts during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The studied manuscript is known as "BL Sloane MS 4016" and is a medieval herbal manuscript (Tratactus de Herbis) of Lombardian origin dated c. 1440. The illustration in question, which also appears in similar manuscripts, represents two primates. However, these representations differ significantly from those in the other manuscripts. The individuals have physical features that suggest attribution to chimpanzees. The location and the date of the manuscript in relation to the extended merchant and travel network between Europe and Africa during the late Medieval times and earlier Renaissance most likely indicate that free‐living or traded chimpanzees or their images may have been the visual source for the illustration. The examination of early depictions and descriptions of apes helps us to understand how we, humans, have represented our own closest zoological relatives. In doing so, this study also provides a review of early ape iconography and historical accounts about African primates during the so‐called Age of Discoveries. Research highlights: ‐An exploration of the earliest depictions of African apes in Medieval times and the early Renaissance, including that of a challenging and novel image of chimpanzees.‐A revision of the historical accounts about African primate diversity during the 15th and 16th centuries.‐Expanding knowledge about primates in the past serves as a tool for ultimately building more robust plans for the future conservation of all endangered primates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that Northern Hemisphere aerosol‐like cooling induces a La Niña‐like response in the tropical Indo‐Pacific. Here, we explore how a coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedback pathway communicates and sustains this response. We override ocean surface wind stress in a comprehensive climate model to decompose the total ocean‐atmosphere response to forced extratropical cooling into the response of surface buoyancy forcing alone and surface momentum forcing alone. In the subtropics, the buoyancy‐forced response dominates: the positive low cloud feedback amplifies sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies which wind‐driven evaporative cooling communicates to the tropics. In the equatorial Indo‐Pacific, buoyancy‐forced ocean dynamics cool the surface while the Bjerknes feedback creates zonally asymmetric SST patterns. Although subtropical cloud feedbacks are model‐dependent, our results suggest this feedback pathway is robust across a suite of models such that models with a stronger subtropical low cloud response exhibit a stronger La Niña response. Plain Language Summary: Anthropogenic aerosols are an important radiative forcing on the climate system contributing to observed climate variability. In prior modeling studies, idealized aerosol‐like forcing applied to Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions has resulted in a tropical La Niña‐like response in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. In this study, we investigate the pathway by which high latitude aerosol‐like cooling is communicated to the tropics via a sequence of ocean‐atmosphere positive feedback processes. We explore this pathway further by parsing out the total climate response into surface forcing which alters the buoyancy of seawater via heat or freshwater and surface wind stress forcing which alters the momentum of seawater. We find that subtropical patterns, arising from low clouds and wind‐induced evaporative cooling, are primarily buoyancy‐forced, while tropical asymmetries arise from momentum forcing. The results show that this pathway is robust across seven climate models such that stronger subtropical cloud responses elicit stronger sea surface temperature responses in the equatorial Pacific. The results highlight the important link between extratropical aerosol‐like forcing and La Niña‐like patterns via these coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks. The equatorial Pacific can drive major climate variability, suggesting global implications for these results. Key Points: A pathway of three coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks communicates extratropical anomalous cooling and sustains a tropical responseBroadly, buoyancy‐forced adjustments dominate in the subtropics while momentum‐forced adjustments create zonal asymmetries in the tropicsThis mechanistic pathway seems to be robust across several global climate models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonaceous chondrites of the Vigarano group (CV) are primitive (nearly un‐metamorphosed) meteorites that provide a wealth of information about the early solar system, including constraints on chondrule formation, origin of calcium‐aluminum inclusions, stability of organic compounds, and redox conditions. The US Antarctic meteorite collection contains 119 CV samples from 15 dense collection areas (DCAs) from the TransAntarctic Mountains; these samples have been assigned a preliminary classification as CVs, but not to the subgroups oxidized A, oxidized B, and reduced. Furthermore, variation in petrologic grade can be determined non‐destructively using Raman spectroscopy. To update the classification of both subgroups and petrologic types in the collection, we have acquired magnetic susceptibility, metal and sulfide compositions, and Raman spectra. Overall, there are 55 oxidized A samples, 18 oxidized B samples, and 46 reduced samples. Several of the CVs are quite primitive (Lewis Cliffs Ice Tongue and MacAlpine Hills) but are also very small. Multiple pairing groups have been identified in the Miller Range (MIL), Queen Alexandra Range, and Larkman Nunatak DCAs, including all of the subgroups. In MIL 090981, there is evidence for multiple lithologies. We make suggested updates for all the samples, knowing that this information will help to better guide researchers interested in studying the CV chondrites in the US Antarctic meteorite collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native plants are often promoted for gardening, biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. Native plant gardening can contribute to environmental sustainability by conserving water and creating biologically diverse habitat. Despite the many virtues of native plants, there are challenges to building relationships between people and plants, including limited plant availability and low level of general plant appreciation and literacy. Activities that foster people–plant connections can help to alleviate Plant Awareness Disparity, foster plant conservation and produce more native plants.We describe how our environmental non‐profit organization, the Kootenay Native Plant Society, has worked to encourage people–plant connections in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, over a 10‐year period. We borrowed from different disciplines, practices and theories to inform our work—from organic gardening and ecological restoration to sustainable development. Our programmes developed from outreach and educational activities to more place‐based and interactive initiatives. Initial activities, including wildflower walks and school programmes, offered plant information but more meaningful plant engagement was needed. We provided deeper knowledge through a flagship species approach showcasing a native plant, camas Camassia quamash, itxwa, resulting in greater appreciation for camas, although this strategy rarely translated to broader plant conservation by residents. We developed more specialized programmes that trained participants in native plant propagation and gardening, where they gained competence and contributed to a social group linked by community‐based conservation efforts and a passion for native plants.We learned our journey to connect more people with native species and get plants into gardens was a pathway towards a community of practice. Building lasting people–plant connections is not straightforward; it is an adaptive integrative process requiring delivery of dynamic and complementary activities developed over time from cumulative insights and organizational reflection. What we thought was simply an unavailability of native plants paired with people's lack of native plant appreciation was more complex, requiring a shift in social understanding of people's relationships with plants. The cultivation of a community of practice is an act of socio‐ecological restoration, a shared pathway that supports a self‐sustaining community practicing good stewardship and empowered to grow native plants. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense population of microorganisms whose metabolism impacts human health and physiology. The gut microbiome encodes millions of genes, the products of which endow our bodies with unique biochemical activities. In the context of drug metabolism, microbial biochemistry in the gut influences humans in two major ways: (1) by producing small molecules that modulate expression and activity of human phase I and II pathways; and (2) by directly modifying drugs administered to humans to yield active, inactive, or toxic metabolites. Although the capacity of the microbiome to modulate drug metabolism has long been known, recent studies have explored these interactions on a much broader scale and have revealed an unprecedented scope of microbial drug metabolism. The implication of this work is that we might be able to predict the capacity of an individual's microbiome to metabolize drugs and use this information to avoid toxicity and inform proper dosing. Here, we provide a tutorial of how to study the microbiome in the context of drug metabolism, focusing on in vitro, rodent, and human studies. We then highlight some limitations and opportunities for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toy Story 2 only exists because one of the movie's directors had made a backup copy of the movie while she worked from home, otherwise the movie would have been lost due to a computer malfunction. Just as though content access through the internet was intended to allow for works to become more easily accessible, there is no guarantee that they will remain this way. How, then, do we assure users and creators have not only a right to access content made available online, but also a right to preserve such access? This article intends to answer this question by analyzing US Copyright regulation, how it regulates access and preservation of works, and, especially, how it does not. I argue that a policy proposal regarding a right to preserve access could be had based on data protection regulation. Getting inspiration from the way recent data regulation legislation forced different providers that operate on the internet to adapt their terms into a regulatory "common ground," this article claims users would be benefited if they could preserve the right of access to works they legally acquired the same way as they have access to and can make copies of their personal data in these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No, Sir, the association of the London booksellers was not set on foot for the purpose of prosecuting the booksellers in the country, as the elder Mr. Merrill informed you last Tuesday, but in order to relieve the country Booksellers a subscription was made to pay all such Booksellers who had bought any pirated books through mistake, which was often done, as the pirates printed books with the proprietors names at the bottom. B I Morning Chronicle i , 29 March b : A counter petition is prepared and signed by the stall booksellers, in order to be presented to the House of Commons, against the bill for the relief of the booksellers holders of copy-right. Upon a cross-examination Mr. Wilkie's replies to the questions put to him gave the House the following information: - That in 1759 he signed a circular letter to the Country Booksellers at the instance of a Committee of the London Booksellers, who had entered into an association, not for the purpose of prosecuting the Country Booksellers, as the elder Mr. Merrill had informed the House on the Tuesday before; but in order to relieve the Country Booksellers a subscription was made to pay all such Booksellers who had bought any pirated books through mistake, which was often done, as the Pirates printed books with the proprietors names at the bottom. This Part comprises all the known reports of the parliamentary debates on the Booksellers' Bill in the London, Edinburgh and Glasgow newspapers and monthly magazines. B I Middlesex Journal i , 31 May-2 June b : The Booksellers bill was presented to the House of Lords, yesterday, by Mr. Feilde, Mr. Burke, Col. Onslow, &c. B I Public Ledger i , 2 June b : Read a first time the Booksellers Bill, relative to Literary Property, and after a debate, the Bill was rejected on a division 21 against 11. [Extracted from the article]

The Musée du Quai Branly Jacques Chirac (MQBJC) in Paris includes a commissioned ceiling mural by Australian artist John Mawurndjul. Neither the identity of the artist nor the cultural meaning of the work features strongly as part of the visitor experience for this work. Such interpretation is, in general, pushed to the margins in the museum's permanent exhibits. Paradoxically, the temporary exhibits are treated differently. The paper details how the power of John Mawurndjul's art is developed in relation to social activities on his own country as well as his cross‐cultural engagements with the broader art world. Cultural meaning and strong principles of aesthetics are developed through this creativity. The paper presents these insights as interpretational possibilities for Mawurndjul's mural and questions whether an avowed museum of world arts can continue to ignore the development of a more cross‐cultural definition of aesthetics and a relational approach to develop and interpret its permanent exhibits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Microalgae accumulate high levels of oil under stress, but the underlying biosynthetic pathways are not fully understood. We sought to identify key regulators of lipid metabolism under stress conditions.We found that the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene encoding the MYB‐type transcription factor MYB1 is highly induced under stress conditions. Two myb1 mutants accumulated less total fatty acids and storage lipids than their parental strain upon nitrogen (N) depletion.Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched in the wild‐type but not in the myb1‐1 mutant after 4 h of N depletion. Among these genes were several involved in the transport of fatty acids from the chloroplast to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): acyl‐ACP thioesterase (FAT1), Fatty Acid EXporters (FAX1, FAX2), and long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetase1 (LACS1). Furthermore, overexpression of FAT1 in the chloroplast increased lipid production. These results suggest that, upon N depletion, MYB1 promotes lipid accumulation by facilitating fatty acid transport from the chloroplast to the ER.This study identifies MYB1 as an important positive regulator of lipid accumulation in C. reinhardtii upon N depletion, adding another player to the established regulators of this process, including NITROGEN RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (NRR1) and TRIACYLGLYCEROL ACCUMULATION REGULATOR 1 (TAR1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing number of medical students and limited availability of cadavers have led to a reduction in anatomy teaching through human cadaveric dissection. These changes triggered the emergence of innovative teaching and learning strategies in order to maximize students learning of anatomy. An alternative approach to traditional dissection was presented in an effort to improve content delivery and student satisfaction. The objective of this study is to acquire three‐dimensional (3D) anatomical data using structured‐light surface scanning to create a dynamic four‐dimensional (4D) dissection tool of four regions: neck, male inguinal and femoral areas, female perineum, and brachial plexus. At each dissection step, identified anatomical structures were scanned using a 3D surface scanner (Artec Spider™). Resulting 3D color meshes were overlaid to create a 4D (3D+time) environment. An educational interface was created for neck dissection. Its implementation in the visualization platform allowed 4D virtual dissection by navigating from surface to deep layers and vice versa. A group of 28 second‐year medical students and 17 first‐year surgery residents completed a satisfaction survey. A majority of medical students (96.4%) and 100% of surgery residents said that they would recommend this tool to their colleagues. According to surgery residents, the main elements of this virtual tool were the realistic high‐quality of 3D acquisitions and possibility to focus on each anatomical structure. As for medical students, major elements were the interactivity and entertainment aspect, precision, and accuracy of anatomical structures. This approach proves that innovative solutions to anatomy education can be found to help to maintain critical content and student satisfaction in anatomy curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First Aid Kits are collections of the most important medical equipment required for quick medical assistance. Similarly, enzyme kits can provide a proficient, ready‐ and easy‐to‐use collection of biocatalysts that can be applied with high reproducibility. In this article, we illustrate how kits of oxyfunctionalisation enzymes could operate as synthetic 'First Aid' for chemists working on complex natural product total synthesis in an early‐ or late‐stage fashion, as well as in lead diversification in drug discovery processes. We reason that enzyme kits could catalyse the integration of biocatalysis into (synthetic) organic chemistry and describe how we envision their future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some decades now, galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) institutions have provided access to information resources in digital format. Although some datasets are openly available, they are often not used to their full potential. Recently, approaches such as the so‐called Labs within GLAM institutions promote the reuse of digital collections in innovative and inspiring ways. In this article, we explore a straightforward computational procedure to identify emerging topics in periodical materials such as newspapers, bibliographies, and journals. The method is illustrated in three use cases based on public digital collections. This type of tools are expected to promote further usage by researchers of the digital collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the quantitative regulatory function of transcription factors (TFs) based on factors such as binding sequence, binding location, and promoter type is not possible. The interconnected nature of gene networks and the difficulty in tuning individual TF concentrations make the isolated study of TF function challenging. Here, we present a library of Escherichia coli strains designed to allow for precise control of the concentration of individual TFs enabling the study of the role of TF concentration on physiology and regulation. We demonstrate the usefulness of this resource by measuring the regulatory function of the zinc‐responsive TF, ZntR, and the paralogous TF pair, GalR/GalS. For ZntR, we find that zinc alters ZntR regulatory function in a way that enables activation of the regulated gene to be robust with respect to ZntR concentration. For GalR and GalS, we are able to demonstrate that these paralogous TFs have fundamentally distinct regulatory roles beyond differences in binding affinity. Synopsis: This study presents a library of Escherichia coli strains where the concentration of individual transcription factors (TF) can be independently tuned and measured, allowing the analysis of copy number dependent TF roles in regulatory networks and cellular physiology. A library is constructed, with the ability to titrate the expression level of any of the nearly 200 TFs in E. coli.Independent control of TF levels enables the focused analysis of TF function and role in physiology, in isolation from the native network.The usefulness in dissecting gene regulatory functions of TFs is demonstrated for a metal responsive TF (ZntR) as well as a paralogous TF pair (GalR and GalS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of epigenetic drug and probe discovery is on the rise. This is not only paramount to identify and develop therapeutic treatments associated with epigenetic processes but also to understand the underlying epigenetic mechanisms involved in biological processes. To this end, chemical vendors have been developing synthetic compound libraries focused on epigenetic targets to increase the probabilities of identifying promising starting points for drug or probe candidates. However, the chemical contents of these data sets, the distribution of their physicochemical properties, and diversity remain unknown. To fill this gap and make this information available to the scientific community, we report a comprehensive analysis of eleven libraries focused on epigenetic targets containing more than 50,000 compounds. We used well‐validated chemoinformatics approaches to characterize these sets, including novel methods such as automated detection of analog series and visual representations of the chemical space based on Constellation Plots and Chemical Library Networks. This work will guide the efforts of experimental groups working on high‐throughput and medium‐throughput screening of epigenetic‐focused libraries. The outcome of this work can also be used as a reference to design and describe novel focused epigenetic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the use of a four‐beam, Janus‐type ADCP for the measurement of lateral Reynolds stress (u′v′¯) in wavy coastal environments. The calculation of u′v′¯ derives either from the fluctuating beam velocity equations or directly from the fluctuating part of the Cartesian velocities (u′,v′), with each requiring different assumptions. We adapt existing wave‐turbulence decomposition strategies to isolate the lateral turbulent motions at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated via comparisons with independent ADV‐based stress estimates at two sites. Comparisons show good quantitative agreement over the tidal cycle, and indicate that ADCPs can effectively resolve lateral turbulent fluxes via ensemble‐averaging. Assessment of ensemble‐averaged turbulence cospectra indicates that the proposed approach is effective in isolating the low‐frequency (below the waveband) turbulent stresses from wave‐induced errors. Furthermore, the vertical structure of the turbulent Reynolds stresses is examined as a function of tidal phase in an unstratified, tidally‐driven flow over a rough coral reef seabed in weak swell conditions. Observations and analysis indicate that lateral fluxes are tied to the cross‐shore (lateral) gradient of the mean alongshore flow, though vertical and lateral stresses are primarily driven by bottom‐generated turbulence. Scaling considerations indicate that cross‐shore transport by lateral turbulent mixing could be relevant to coral reef shelves with steep cross‐reef slopes and rough bottoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study diagnoses the drivers of intraseasonal variability of mixed layer chlorophyll‐a (Chl) concentration in the tropical Indian Ocean during boreal summer (June–September) using a well‐tested coupled ocean‐ecosystem model. Results show that wind forcing is the primary source for energetic intraseasonal Chl concentration variability in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal (BoB) modulated by the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode. The atmospheric anomalous anticyclone associated with the positive phase of CIO mode drives southeastward currents in the Arabian Sea, which transport nutrient and Chl towards the east. Simultaneously, the wind‐induced offshore currents strengthen upwelling in the western boundary of BoB, resulting in enhanced Chl in the upper ocean. Conversely, because of the formation of a barrier layer, the nutrient supply is suppressed along the equator, which causes a negative correlation between the CIO mode and Chl. This study complements the Madden‐Julian Oscillation forcing on the intraseasonal Chl concentration anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean. Plain Language Summary: A close examination in Chlorophyll‐a (Chl) is essential for monitoring in ocean biodiversity as well as fisheries resources. Previous studies have reported Chl concentration variability in the tropical Indian Ocean on intraseasonal timescale associated with Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). Our study finds that the intraseasonal variability of mixed layer Chl concentration is modulated by the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode during boreal summer, which precedes monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. The CIO mode‐related winds induce anomalous currents in the upper ocean of tropical Indian Ocean, and thereby lead to nutrient supply, Chl blooms and advections. As a result, the Chl concentration is enhanced in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal, but reduced in the tropical Indian Ocean during the positive phase of CIO mode. Our results elicit the role of the oceanic processes related to the CIO mode in the intraseasonal variability of Chl concentration, which is distinct from the MJO. Key Points: The Central Indian Ocean mode plays an important role in the intraseasonal variability of chlorophyll‐a (Chl) concentration in the mixed layer of tropical Indian OceanThe wind‐driven southeastward currents bring nutrient and Chl to the eastern Arabian Sea and enhance upwelling and nutrient supply in the western Bay of BengalThe barrier layer suppresses the nutrient supply in the tropical Indian Ocean and decreases the Chl concentration in the upper ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores what it means to work with decontextualized or mysterious archival traces within collections that already contain obscured provenance. In particular, it compels us to consider what a single object can tell us about the individual, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, and what it can teach us about the larger queer community from which it may have originated. Astrology, the occult, and new forms of spirituality proliferated in Weimar Germany, emerging from the late 19th century psy sciences and evolving within Berlin's urban landscape. The extent to which these occult and alternative pathways held a queer dimension is unknown, but not improbable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has been focused on fine‐grained sediments carried as suspended load in rivers due to their potential to transport, disperse, and preserve organic carbon (OC), while the transfer and fate of OC associated with coarser‐grained sediments in fluvial systems have been less extensively studied. Here, sedimentological, geochemical, and biomolecular characteristics of sediments from river depth profiles reveal distinct hydrodynamic behavior for different pools of OC within the Mackenzie River system. Higher radiocarbon (14C) contents, low N/OC ratios, and elevated plant‐derived biomarker loadings suggest a systematic transport of submerged vascular plant debris above the active riverbed in large channels both upstream of and within the delta. Subzero temperatures hinder OC degradation promoting the accumulation and waterlogging of plant detritus within the watershed. Once entrained into a channel, sustained flow strength and buoyancy prevent plant debris from settling and keep it suspended in the water column above the riverbed. Helical flow motions within meandering river segments concentrate lithogenic and organic debris near the inner river bends forming a sediment‐laden plume. Moving offshore, we observe a lack of discrete, particulate OC in continental shelf sediments, suggesting preferential trapping of coarse debris within deltaic and neritic environments. The delivery of waterlogged plant detritus transport and high sediment loads during the spring flood may reduce oxygen exposure times and microbial decomposition, leading to enhanced sequestration of biospheric OC. Undercurrents enriched in coarse, relatively fresh plant fragments appear to be reoccurring features, highlighting a poorly understood yet significant mechanism operating within the terrestrial carbon cycle. Plain Language Summary: Coarse sediments are generally neglected as pathways and sinks of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) due to their presumed low OC contents and preservation potential. However, sedimentological and geochemical properties of sediments collected from the Mackenzie River reveal the co‐occurrence of coarse‐grained lithogenic particles with substantial quantities of pieces of plant biomass close to the riverbed. We argue that cold conditions in Arctic regions limit organic matter decomposition and favor the accumulation and water saturation of plant debris. These plant fragments will initially sink but are carried along the riverbed due to their shape, which is more elongated and planar than other particles. As rivers meander and navigate bends, water flow can divert coarser particles toward the inner bend, creating sediment‐laden undercurrents. We find that offshore in the Arctic Ocean, discrete plant detritus is apparently less common and we suggest that these particles are trapped within the Mackenzie Delta. The large amount of sediment exported during the spring flood promotes rapid burial of plant debris, likely preventing the decomposition of OC and the release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Our observations reveal a previously hidden mechanism that transports OC‐rich detritus within river systems that needs to be accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne lidar altimetry can measure the sea surface height (SSH) over scales ranging from hundreds of kilometers to a few meters. Here, we analyze the spectrum of SSH observations collected during an airborne lidar campaign conducted off the California coast. We show that the variance in the surface wave band can be over 20 times larger than the variance at submesoscales and that the observed SSH variability is sensitive to the directionality of surface waves. Our results support the hypothesis that there is a spectral gap between meso‐to‐submesoscale motions and small‐scale surface waves and also indicate that aliasing of surface waves into lower wavenumbers may complicate the interpretation of SSH spectra. These results highlight the importance of better understanding the contributions of different physics to the SSH variability and considering the SSH spectrum as a continuum in the context of future satellite altimetry missions. Plain Language Summary: Using unique measurements of the sea surface height (SSH) taken from an instrument onboard an airplane off the California coast, we examine how the variance of the SSH is distributed across different spatial scales, ranging from hundreds of kilometers to a few meters. We show that surface waves can be 20 times more energetic than motions with larger scales (known as submesocales) and that the direction of surface waves impacts the SSH variability depending on different sampling and averaging strategies. These results highlight the importance of better understanding the contributions of different types of motions and physics to the SSH variability. In particular, we advocate measuring scales from meters to hundreds of kilometers as a continuum to better inform future satellite altimetry missions. Key Points: We present unique broadband airborne lidar observations of sea surface height spanning scales from hundreds of kilometers to a few metersThe sea surface height variance due to surface waves can be over an order of magnitude larger than the variance at submesoscalesThe observed sea surface height is sensitive to the direction of waves which may impact the interpretation of remote sensing measurements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies over the last two decades have shown that submicron particulates (SMPs) can be transferred from the seawater into sea spray aerosol (SSA), potentially impacting SSA cloud seeding ability. This work reports the first concurrent bulk and sea surface microlayer (SSML) SMP (0.4–1.0 μm) measurements, made during two mesocosm phytoplankton blooms in a region devoid of active wave breaking and bubble formation, providing insight into how biological and physicochemical processes influence seawater SMP distributions. Modal analyses of the SMP size distributions revealed contributions from multiple, biologically related particulate populations that were controlled by the microbial loop. With negligible bubble scavenging occurring, SSML enrichment of SMPs remained low throughout both experiments, suggesting scavenging is vital for SMP enrichment in the SSML. Our findings are discussed in the context of SMP transfer into SSA and its potential importance for SSA cloud seeding ability. Plain Language Summary: Research has shown that particulates can be transferred from the ocean into sea spray aerosol (SSA) when bubbles burst at the ocean surface. This transfer is important because incorporation of seawater particulates into SSA can impact its ability to seed water and ice clouds. During the Sea Spray Chemistry and Particulate Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, submicron particulates (SMPs, 0.4–1.0 μm) were measured daily in the sea surface microlayer (SSML), the topmost 1–1,000 μm of the ocean surface, and the underlying bulk seawater over the course of two phytoplankton growth experiments. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of biological activity on SMP concentrations and distributions in the seawater. Our results indicate that biological growth led to increased SMP production, and the size distribution of SMPs produced was dependent on the phase of the bloom growth. Additionally, almost no SSML enrichment of SMPs occurred without active wave breaking and bubble formation, highlighting the significance of biological activity and bubble scavenging/bursting for particulate transfer into SSA. These findings are discussed in the context of potential SMP impacts on SSA cloud forming ability. Key Points: The concentration of 0.4–1.0 μm seawater particulates is higher during a phytoplankton bloomThe biologically induced increase in seawater submicron particulates is size dependent and influenced by the phase of the bloomParticulate enrichment in the sea surface microlayer is low in the absence of wave breaking and bubble scavenging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual's sense of themselves as a "STEM person" is largely formed through recognition feedback. Unfortunately, for many minoritized individuals who engage in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in formal and informal spaces, this recognition often adheres to long‐standing exclusionary expectations of what STEM participation entails and institutionalized stereotypes of what it means to be a STEM person. However, caregivers, who necessarily share cultural backgrounds, norms, and values with their children, can play an important role in recognizing their children's interest and inclination towards STEM in ways that support children's authoring of their STEM identity in the face of these marginalizing discourses. To explore this idea, we conducted phenomenological interviews with STEM students attending a Hispanic‐serving university, examining the nature of STEM‐related conversations these students had with their parents during childhood. Participant recollections provide evidence of conversational content, contexts, and structures that supported their identification with STEM even when faced with marginalizing experiences. We found that though this phenomenon was recounted across parent profiles, participant narratives also reflected differences in conversation content, context, and structure based on factors associated with STEM stereotypes, including gender, formal education or training in STEM, and parents' immigration experiences. Viewed within larger sociocultural discourses of whose knowledge "counts" in STEM, our work suggests the need for educational institutions to acknowledge and embrace families' ability to foster youths' affinity with STEM contexts, while also recognizing and responding to institutionalized impediments to authentic STEM participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the eastern Pacific green turtle (recognized as the subspecies Chelonia mydas agassizii, i.e., the black turtle) has occasionally been recorded around the Japanese Archipelago. However, whether its occurrence is a recent ecological response to global climate change or a response to oceanic conditions remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted a literature search using historical Japanese natural history documents called "Honzou Gaku," and present the first record of trans‐Pacific migration of the black turtle during the Edo period (1600–1868). This finding adds substantial knowledge to our understanding of the life history of this sea turtle species. Thus, a literature search on the historical heritage of other animal and plant species could provide more information about their past or lost biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diversity of discursive formations in the vernacular flourish on the margins of history, and even outside it. To better understand these formations, particularly in postcolonial societies such as India, I argue that it is important to eschew the sole use of the lens of veracity. I explore alternative lenses through which to more fruitfully examine historical narratives in the vernacular: the contrast between the "historical past" and the "practical past," the complexities involved in cultural translation, and the lyrical and fictionalized nature of prior accounts of the past. I employ these alternative lenses to make sense of Gujarati author Nandśaṅkar Tuḷjāśaṅkar Mehtā's use of the historical novel form in his pioneering historical work, Karaṇ Ghelo, Gujarātno chello Rajpūt rājā: ek vārtā (Karaṇ the Crazy, Gujarat's Last Rajput King: A Story), the first novel written in Gujarati. Writing at a time when the demand for histories and history textbooks was burgeoning, Mehtā made the curious choice to write a vārtā, or "story"—a choice that becomes more comprehensible when seen from the alternative perspectives I propose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Changes in bed topography that build and maintain channel morphology are driven by the displacements of individual particles, either though their entrainment or deposition. However, the linkages between these topographic changes and individual grain displacements have not been comprehensively addressed, as many historical tracer studies have not included coincident topographic data. In this study, we compare the movements of bedload tracers to the differences in repeat topographic surveys across four gravel‐bed river reaches. To do this, we apply a 1‐D Bayesian survival process model to the starting and ending locations of tracers. This model estimates downstream trapping probabilities, which represent the likelihood that a given segment of channel will "trap" an entrained particle. We then adapt this model to estimate downstream trapping probabilities using digital elevation models of difference and compare the results. The estimates from the tracer and topographic trapping models showed general alignment, meaning that tracers were preferentially trapped in segments that experienced deposition along the channel. Thus, tracers in this study were able to identify downstream differences in bedload transport. The comparison also highlighted that tracer‐estimated trapping probabilities were larger than topographically estimated ones. This supports previous observations that sediment travel distances estimated using tracers are shorter than those estimated using morphological methods. We find that the differences between these two estimates vary systematically across study environments. These variations are attributable to either study design (i.e., tracers being larger than the median size of the sediment that deforms the bed) or differences in compensating scour and fill. We explore potential causes for differences in compensating scour and fill, including hydrograph shape, sediment delivery regime, channel deformation style, and channel width, highlighting that morphodynamics needs to be considered in designing bedload tracer studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of big data in Chemistry, the need for automated tools for virtual screening is compelling. Here, we present PrepFlow a toolkit for chemical library preparation and management. Starting from a list of compounds in SMILES or 2D molecular format, PrepFlow outputs a set of 3D molecular structures ready for use in subsequent drug discovery projects. Our development stands out for speed and robustness of execution, the efficient exploitation of HPC resources, and the implementation of an archiving strategy to save computer time, storage, and human intervention. Using a random selection of 600 compounds from available drug banks, we show that the preparation time per ligand on a desktop computer is 6.6 s. Thanks to these performances and the automatic parallelization on HPC, a chemical library of the size of ChEMBL (2 M) was prepared in around 3 days on a computer cluster. PrepFlow is freely distributed at the following link: https://ifm.chimie.unistra.fr/prepflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodically flooded environments in the Amazon River basin are recognized as being highly productive because of their limnological dynamics and ecological heterogeneity. They also have been historically impacted by fishery activities, therefore being crucial ecosystems to be considered in small‐scale conservation policies. Previous studies, however, did not detect or assess significant or consistent positive effects of combinations between protected areas or environmental variables on ichthyofauna. Accordingly, the present study analysed the effects of fishery management (hereafter categorization of lakes) and environmental characteristics on the attributes of fish assemblages in 20 floodplain lakes (eight categorized as open access; 12 categorized as protected lakes) inserted in a legally protected area, the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu‐Purus (RDS‐PP) in the lower Purus River, Amazonas State, Brazil. The results of the present study indicated depth, surface area and lake categorization synergistically influenced the ichthyofauna of these floodplain lakes. It also suggests this influence should not be treated separately in management policies. It was concluded that the potential effectiveness of fishery management in floodplain lakes is closely related to small‐scale (i.e. local) interventions, with emphasis on the role of the lakes as a unit of effective management of ichthyofauna in floodplains. Furthermore, participatory decisions during the process of elaborating management plans for floodplain lakes should consider environmental attributes relevant to biological communities and traditional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) can provide as much as 50% of the total annual rainfall to the United States West Coast via orographic precipitation. Dust is thought to enhance orographic precipitation via the "seeder‐feeder" mechanism, in which ice particles from a high cloud fall through a lower orographic cloud, seeding precipitation in the low cloud. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we vary dust concentrations in simulations of two‐dimensional flow over a mountain. This idealized framework allows us to test the sensitivity of the precipitation‐dust response to a variety of different dust concentrations and initial conditions. The model is run using an ensemble of 60 radiosondes collected from Bodega Bay, CA in 2017–2018, clustered based on their vertical moisture profile into "deep moist," "shallow moist," and "subsaturated" clusters. The principle impact on precipitation is to increase the ratio of precipitation falling as snow. This produces a "spillover" effect, decreasing precipitation upwind of the peak and increasing precipitation downwind of the peak. The largest impacts on the snow/rain ratio occur at the end of the event, during cold front passage. The ensemble mean does not produce a significant seeder‐feeder response, however, in individual cases with favorable initial conditions there is a significant increase in precipitation throughout the domain due to dust effects on the seeder‐feeder mechanism. These findings afford an opportunity to build a more comprehensive understanding for the conditions under which dust aerosol can have a significant impact on precipitation during ARs, with implications for future developments in forecasting. Key Points: Dust increases the percentage of precipitation falling as snow/graupel during landfalling atmospheric riversIncreases in dust tend to decrease orographic precipitation upwind of the peak and increase orographic precipitation downwind of the peakThe sensitivity of precipitation to dust depends on the initial thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]