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Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion Most studies of device‐detected atrial fibrillation (AF) have recommended indefinite anticoagulation once a patient crosses a particular threshold for AF duration or burden. However, durations and burdens are known to fluctuate over time, but little is known about the magnitude of spontaneous fluctuations and the potential impact on anticoagulation decisions.To quantify spontaneous fluctuations in AF duration and burden in patients with implantable loop recorders (ILRs)We reviewed all ILR interrogations for patients with non‐permanent AF at our institution from 2018 to 2023. We excluded patients treated with rhythm control. The duration of longest AF episode at each interrogation was classified as < 6, 6–24, and > 24 h, and the AF burden reported at each interrogation was classified as < 2%, 2%–11.4%, and > 11.4%.Out of 156 patients, the mean age at ILR implant was 70.9 ± 12.5 years, CHA2DS2‐VASc score was 4.2 ± 1.8, duration of ILR follow‐up was 23.4 ± 11.2 months, and number of ILR interrogations per patient was 18.0 ± 8.9. The duration of longest AF episode at any point during follow‐up was < 6 , 6–24 , and > 24 h in 110, 30, and 16 patients, respectively. Among the 30 patients with a longest AF episode of 6–24 h at some point during follow‐up, out of 594 total ILR interrogations, only 75 (12%) showed a longest episode of 6–24 h. In the remaining 519 interrogations, the longest episode was < 6 h. In patients with a longest episode of > 24 h at any point during follow‐up (n = 16), only 47 out of 320 total ILR interrogations (15%) showed an episode of > 24 h. When evaluating AF burden, 96, 38, and 22 patients had maximum reported AF burdens of < 2%, 2%–11.4%, and > 11.4% at any point during ILR follow‐up. Among those with a maximum burden of 2%–11.4% at some point during follow‐up (n = 38), out of 707 ILR interrogations, only 76 (11%) showed a burden of 2%–11.4%. In the remaining 631 interrogations, the burden was < 2%. In the 22 patients with a burden > 11.4% at some point during follow‐up, only 80 out of 480 interrogations (17%) showed a burden of > 11.4%. In 65% of interrogations, the burden was < 2%.Significant, spontaneous fluctuations in AF burden and duration are common in patients with ILRs. Even in patients with AF episodes of 6–24 h or > 24 h at some point during follow‐up, the vast majority of interrogations show episodes of < 6 h. Similarly, in patients with burdens of 2%–11.4% or > 11.4% at some point during follow‐up, the vast majority of interrogations show burdens of < 2%. More data are needed to determine whether crossing an AF burden or duration threshold once is sufficient to merit lifelong anticoagulation or whether spontaneous fluctuations in AF burden and duration should impact anticoagulation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to map daily mobility to work and services within the suburban zone of Prague and to explain temporal changes in the structuration of the suburban zone during the day. This involves the identification of local centres outside Prague's administrative boundaries, defining their catchment areas, and exploring the temporal variability of daily mobility. Using mobile phone data, the paper identifies the main flows of commuting to work and mobility for services or leisure activities. The focus on two distinct timeframes presented in two synthetic maps compares the mobility patterns of these activities. Empirical findings identify 53 local centres of inter‐suburban mobility and delimitate their commuting areas. Noticeable variation in mobility patterns throughout the day was observed. Beyond empirical insights relevant to Prague and similar Central and Eastern European cities, the paper contributes to theoretical knowledge by introducing a hierarchical classification of mobility relationships within metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews empirical methods and findings on early language discrimination, questioning rhythm‐class based hypotheses on language discrimination in infancy, as well as the assumption that early language discrimination is driven primarily (or solely) by temporal prosodic cues. The present work argues that within‐rhythm class discrimination which – according to the rhythmic hypothesis – is not applicable very early in life, has not been sufficiently tested with infants under 4 months of age, that familiarity with a language is not a prerequisite for its discrimination from another rhythmically similar language, and that the temporal rhythm properties may not universally be the primary cues to language discrimination. Although rhythm taxonomy is now by many understood as outdated, some developmental literature still draws on the assumption that rhythm classification determines infants' language discrimination; other studies consider rhythm along a continuous scale and only a few account for cues to language discrimination other than temporal ones. It is proposed that studies on early language discrimination systematically test the contribution of other than temporal rhythm cues, similarly to recent work on multidimensional psychoacoustic salience in the acquisition of segmental categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Due to its unique features, pulsed field ablation (PFA) could potentially overcome some limitations of current radiofrequency (RF) ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. However, data on the use of PFA in this setting are currently scarce.Two patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and previously failed RF VT ablations were treated with PFA.A total of 18 bipolar applications (case1) and seven bipolar applications (case2) were delivered to the infero‐lateral and infero‐septal areas (case1) and to the apical lateral left ventricular (LV) wall (case2), placing the catheter adjacent to the LV wall in the flower configuration. A rapid cessation of VT and restoration of sinus rhythm were observed during PFA delivery in both cases. Further applications were delivered to achieve complete elimination of late potentials. In case 1, during the in‐hospital stay, ECG monitoring did not show VT recurrences. Six‐month follow‐up was uneventful, with no VT recurrences at ICD interrogation. In case 2, due to postdischarge VT recurrences, a second RF procedure was scheduled 1 month later. The voltage map performed in sinus rhythm showed a low‐voltage zone located at the anterolateral wall, near the previous ablation site. Numerous late potentials were recorded. At the 6‐month follow‐up, no further VT recurrences were documented after RF redo ablation.While the speed of application and potential transmural effect can facilitate the ablation of large diseased endocardial areas, early loss of contact due to difficult pentaspline catheter manipulation in the LV could lead to insufficient contact force and, consequently, inadequate energy penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Highlights When exposed to rhythmic patterns with temporal regularity, adults exhibit an inherent ability to extract and anticipate an underlying sequence of regularly spaced beats, which is internally constructed, as beats are experienced even when no events occur at beat positions (e.g., in the case of rests). Perception of rhythm and synchronization to periodicity is indispensable for development of cognitive functions, social interaction, and adaptive behavior. We evaluated neural oscillatory activity in premature newborns (n = 19, mean age, 32 ± 2.59 weeks gestational age) during exposure to an auditory rhythmic sequence, aiming to identify early traces of periodicity encoding and rhythm processing through entrainment of neural oscillations at this stage of neurodevelopment. The rhythmic sequence elicited a systematic modulation of alpha power, synchronized to expected beat locations coinciding with both tones and rests, and independent of whether the beat was preceded by tone or rest. In addition, the periodic alpha‐band fluctuations reached maximal power slightly before the corresponding beat onset times. Together, our results show neural encoding of periodicity in the premature brain involving neural oscillations in the alpha range that are much faster than the beat tempo, through alignment of alpha power to the beat tempo, consistent with observations in adults on predictive processing of temporal regularities in auditory rhythms. In response to the presented rhythmic pattern, systematic modulations of alpha power showed that the premature brain extracted the temporal regularity of the underlying beat. In contrast to evoked potentials, which are greatly reduced when there is no sounds event, the modulation of alpha power occurred for beats coinciding with both tones and rests in a predictive way. The findings provide the first evidence for the neural coding of periodicity in auditory rhythm perception before the age of term. In response to the presented rhythmic pattern, systematic modulations of alpha power showed that the premature brain extracted the temporal regularity of the underlying beat.In contrast to evoked potentials, which are greatly reduced when there is no sounds event, the modulation of alpha power occurred for beats coinciding with both tones and rests in a predictive way.The findings provide the first evidence for the neural coding of periodicity in auditory rhythm perception before the age of term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undertaking certain activities at the time of day that maximises fitness is assumed to explain the evolution of circadian clocks. Organisms often use daily environmental cues such as light and food availability to set the timing of their clocks. These cues may be the environmental rhythms that ultimately determine fitness, act as proxies for the timing of less tractable ultimate drivers, or are used simply to maintain internal synchrony. While many pathogens/parasites undertake rhythmic activities, both the proximate and ultimate drivers of their rhythms are poorly understood. Explaining the roles of rhythms in infections offers avenues for novel interventions to interfere with parasite fitness and reduce the severity and spread of disease. Here, we perturb several rhythms in the hosts of malaria parasites to investigate why parasites align their rhythmic replication to the host's feeding‐fasting rhythm. We manipulated host rhythms governed by light, food or both, and assessed the fitness implications for parasites, and the consequences for hosts, to test which host rhythms represent ultimate drivers of the parasite's rhythm. We found that alignment with the host's light‐driven rhythms did not affect parasite fitness metrics. In contrast, aligning with the timing of feeding‐fasting rhythms may be beneficial for the parasite, but only when the host possess a functional canonical circadian clock. Because parasites in clock‐disrupted hosts align with the host's feeding‐fasting rhythms and yet derive no apparent benefit, our results suggest cue(s) from host food act as a proxy rather than being a key selective driver of the parasite's rhythm. Alternatively, parasite rhythmicity may only be beneficial because it promotes synchrony between parasite cells and/or allows parasites to align to the biting rhythms of vectors. Our results also suggest that interventions can disrupt parasite rhythms by targeting the proxies or the selective factors driving them without impacting host health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) to acoustic rhythm may be a marker of atypical language development. Here, Motion Capture was used to assess gross motor rhythmic movement at six time points between 5‐ and 11 months of age. Infants were recorded drumming to acoustic stimuli of varying linguistic and temporal complexity: drumbeats, repeated syllables and nursery rhymes. Here we show, for the first time, developmental change in infants' movement timing in response to auditory stimuli over the first year of life. Longitudinal analyses revealed that whilst infants could not yet reliably synchronize their movement to auditory rhythms, infant spontaneous motor tempo became faster with age, and by 11 months, a subset of infants decelerate from their spontaneous motor tempo, which better accords with the incoming tempo. Further, infants became more regular drummers with age, with marked decreases in the variability of spontaneous motor tempo and variability in response to drumbeats. This latter effect was subdued in response to linguistic stimuli. The current work lays the foundation for using individual differences in precursors of SMS in infancy to predict later language outcomes. Research Highlight: We present the first longitudinal investigation of infant rhythmic movement over the first year of lifeWhilst infants generally move more quickly and with higher regularity over their first year, by 11 months infants begin to counter this pattern when hearing slower infant‐directed songInfant movement is more variable to speech than non‐speech stimuliIn the context of the larger Cambridge UK BabyRhythm Project, we lay the foundation for rhythmic movement in infancy to predict later language outcomes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the complex relationship between pace and place, offering a novel lens for understanding mobility within the context of canal boating. Drawing on fieldwork on the canals in north‐west England, the paper focuses on mobile placemaking practices. Canal boats act as physical and material but also ideological pacemakers, guiding the boaters towards subscribing to the idea of slow living, where certain canal‐based pace‐myths play an important role. Pacemaking on the canals is therefore a form of placemaking, realised through the mobility of the vessel, materialities of the infrastructure, tempos and temporalities, representations and stories about canal life as well as the bodies on board and on towpaths as canal boaters modulate and manage their experience and performance of pace. The investigation of the interplay between the slow pace, rhythms, embodied practices, canal infrastructure, and the prevalent pace‐myths offers valuable insights into the ways places are shaped by the pace of mobility, thus expanding the concept of placemaking. By foregrounding pace as a key concept in mobility studies, the paper demonstrates the need for a more nuanced understanding of the temporalities associated with different modes of movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrological patterns of all natural water bodies pulse in variable rhythms of high and low water. The biodiversity of these ecosystems is driven by the changing nature of the environment, allowing different life strategies to coexist, e.g., by the fast reuse of nutrients when aquatic biota flourish in the recently wetted zones and vice versa. Much of the human culture in hydroscapes has developed as an adaptation to this rhythm, e.g., by using the flood‐fertilised floodplains for agriculture or fisheries, or by seasonal migration into or out of the floodplain (transhumance). Technological advances have allowed humans to control, change, or even eliminate this natural water rhythm by building dams, dikes, and canals. Consequently, important ecosystem functions fail, often resulting in failure of human life‐support systems but also in the failure and decline of cultural activities. I argue that the loss of socio‐cultural connectivity to the rhythms of rivers and other hydrosystems occurs in four phases: (i) loss of direct relationships (e.g., uses of waterborne resources), (ii) loss of indirect relationships (cultural activities that are connected to theses uses), (iii) turning away from the river/hydrosystem (often caused by decreased water quality), and (iv) total oblivion (caused by removal or burial of the hydrosystem). Reintegrating more riverine rhythms into human life would not mean to step back in time but rather to find a combination of revised traditional ecological knowledge, learning from nature, changing values in the context of use of natural resources, and innovations. This paper draws on social‐environmental aspects of the River Culture Concept – which attempts to reintegrate respect for the pulsing nature of hydrosystems into modern, sustainable management – and on diverse case studies. Examples are presented on how River Culture Concept approaches may contribute to revitalising socio‐ecological linkages to the rhythm of the waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iso‐ or diachronous character of a geologic unit is scale‐dependent, especially for time‐specific facies. The Usseln Limestone is a Late Devonian time‐specific facies from Germany, occurring immediately below the Lower Kellwasser black shale. Here, we investigate whether cm‐scale rhythmical bands within the Usseln Limestone are correlatable across its depositional basin. Its facies were studied at three locations ca. 50 km apart, representing different depositional settings. Its cm‐scale alternations in lithological facies and elemental content (μXRF) form an excellent target for correlations on millennial timescales. Correlation attempts failed to converge to a solution at the cm‐scale of individual rhythmites. Dynamic Time Warping, however, provided convincing correlations at the dm‐scale, supporting its use as a high‐resolution correlation tool. The Usseln Limestone base may be diachronous, but the top is likely isochronous. This finding is in agreement with sudden basin‐wide black shale deposition at the onset of the Kellwasser Crisis. Plain Language Summary: A time‐specific facies is a rock unit that can be recognized in different places and always represents the same specific moment in Earth history. Here, we study the Usseln Limestone from the Rhenish Massif in Germany. This time‐specific facies is intruiging, as it is characterized by internal cm‐ and dm‐scale rhythmites. We sampled the Usseln Limestone at three different locations and assessed how consistently individual rhythmites occur across the basin, with approximately 50 km between sites. To do this, we first obtained mm‐resolution geochemical elemental data from all samples. Subsequently, the mathemathical method "Dynamic Time Warping" was applied to attempt correlation. At the cm‐level, our correlation attempt failed. Depositional differences between the three sites were too substantial for precise correlations at the scale of individual rhythmites. However, we successfully made stratigraphic correlations at the decimeter‐scale of the rhythmite bundles. These correlations suggest that while the base of the Usseln Limestone might have formed at different times in different places, the top of this time‐specific facies likely is synchronous throughout the basin. This is important, because the top of the Usseln Limestone aligns with the sudden appearance of a widespread black shale layer, marking the start of a major biotic crisis in Earth history. Key Points: This case study illustrates how the isochronony of a time‐specific facies breaks down at smaller thickness scalesDynamic Time Warping applied to an ensemble of proxies is demonstrated to be a useful high‐resolution correlation toolThe inferred isochronous top of the Usseln Limestone is in line with a rapid onset of Lower Kellwasser black shale deposition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most malaria (Plasmodium spp.) parasite species undergo asexual replication synchronously within the red blood cells of their vertebrate host. Rhythmicity in this intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) enables parasites to maximise exploitation of the host and align transmission activities with the time of day that mosquito vectors blood feed. The IDC is also responsible for the major pathologies associated with malaria, and plasticity in the parasite's rhythm can confer tolerance to antimalarial drugs. Both the severity of infection (virulence) and synchrony of the IDC vary across species and between genotypes of Plasmodium; however, this variation is poorly understood. The theory predicts that virulence and IDC synchrony are negatively correlated, and we tested this hypothesis using two closely related genotypes of the rodent malaria model Plasmodium chabaudi that differ markedly in virulence. We also test the predictions that, in response to perturbations to the timing (phase) of the IDC schedule relative to the phase of host rhythms (misalignment), the virulent parasite genotype recovers the correct phase relationship faster, incurs less fitness losses and so hosts benefit less from misalignment when infected with a virulent genotype. Our predictions are partially supported by results suggesting that the virulent parasite genotype is less synchronous in some circumstances and recovers faster from misalignment. While hosts were less anaemic when infected by misaligned parasites, the extent of this benefit did not depend on parasite virulence. Overall, our results suggest that interventions to perturb the alignment between the IDC schedule, and host rhythms and increase synchrony between parasites within each IDC, could alleviate disease symptoms. However, virulent parasites, which are better at withstanding conventional antimalarial treatment, would also be intrinsically better able to tolerate such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed whether wild geladas, highly specialized terrestrial grass eaters, are lateralized for bimanual grass‐plucking behavior. According to the literature, we expected that complex motor movements in grass feeding would favor the emergence of a population‐level hand bias in these primates. In addition, we described geladas' manual behavior based on systematic observations of several individuals. Our study group included 28 individuals belonging to a population of free‐ranging geladas frequenting the Kundi plateau, Ethiopia. We filmed monkeys while feeding on grass, and hand preference and performance were coded. Geladas performed more plucking movements per second with their left hand (LH) compared to the right one and preferred their LH both to start and finish collection bouts. Also, the rhythmic movements of each hand had a significant tendency toward isochrony. Finally, geladas used forceful pad‐to‐pad precision grips, in‐hand movements, and compound grips to pluck and collect grass blades, considered the most advanced manual skills in primate species. The LH's leading role suggests an advantage of the right hemisphere in regulating geladas' bimanual grass‐feeding behavior. The tactile input from the hands and/or rhythmic hand movements might contribute to explaining this pattern of laterality. Our findings highlighted the importance of adopting multiple laterality measures to investigate manual laterality. Moreover, the need to speed up the execution time of manual foraging might be a further important factor in studying the evolution of manual laterality and dexterity in primates. Highlights: We assessed whether wild geladas, highly specialized terrestrial grass eaters, are lateralized for bimanual grass‐plucking behavior.Geladas performed more plucking movements per second with their left hand (LH) compared to the right one and preferred their LH both to start and finish collection bouts. Also, the rhythmic movements of each hand tended toward isochrony.The LH's leading role suggests an advantage of the right hemisphere in regulating geladas' bimanual grass plucking. The tactile input from the hands and/or rhythmic hand movements might contribute to explaining this pattern of laterality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musical instrument training has been linked to improved academic and cognitive abilities in children, but it remains unclear why this occurs. Moreover, access to instrument training is not always feasible, thereby leaving less fortunate children without opportunity to benefit from such training. Although music‐based video games may be more accessible to a broader population, research is lacking regarding their benefits on academic and cognitive performance. To address this gap, we assessed a custom‐designed, digital rhythm training game as a proxy for instrument training to evaluate its ability to engender benefits in math and reading abilities. Furthermore, we tested for changes in core cognitive functions related to math and reading to inform how rhythm training may facilitate improved academic abilities. Classrooms of 8–9 year old children were randomized to receive either 6 weeks of rhythm training (N = 32) or classroom instruction as usual (control; N = 21). Compared to the control group, results showed that rhythm training improved reading, but not math, fluency. Assessments of cognition showed that rhythm training also led to improved rhythmic timing and language‐based executive function (Stroop task), but not sustained attention, inhibitory control, or working memory. Interestingly, only the improvements in rhythmic timing correlated with improvements in reading ability. Together, these results provide novel evidence that a digital platform may serve as a proxy for musical instrument training to facilitate reading fluency in children, and that such reading improvements are related to enhanced rhythmic timing ability and not other cognitive functions associated with reading performance. Research Highlights: Digital rhythm training in the classroom can improve reading fluency in 8–9 year old childrenImprovements in reading fluency were positively correlated with enhanced rhythmic timing abilityAlterations in reading fluency were not predicted by changes in other executive functions that support readingA digital platform may be a convenient and cost‐effective means to provide musical rhythm training, which in turn, can facilitate academic skills [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An elderly gentleman presenting late with inferior wall myocardial infarction and complete heart block underwent revascularization of an occluded proximal right coronary artery more than 4 days after the onset of symptoms and recovered sinus rhythm within 48 h of the procedure. There are no clear guidelines for time to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in late‐presenting myocardial infarction with complete atrioventricular blocks (CAVB), and studies looking at outcomes of primary PCI in this situation appear to be scarce. The case presented here is a good example of the relevance of late PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) widely affects wildlife by blurring light‐dark differences, including transitions such as sunrise and sunset, thereby affecting regulation of diel rhythms. As a result, activity onsets in many wild diurnal songbirds advance under ALAN. From chronobiological studies, it is known that the direction and strength of the response to light depends on when during the night exposure takes place. However, these experiments are mostly done under continuous light conditions, when animals have free‐running rhythms. It remains unclear whether phase‐dependence also holds in entrained, wild songbirds; i.e., does the effect of ALAN on activity patterns differ between exposure in the morning compared to the evening? This information is essential to assess the effects of mitigation measures by limiting ALAN to selected times of the night. We exposed incubating great tits (Parus major) inside the nest‐box to 4 h of dim light, of which 1 h overlapped with dawn before sunrise or dusk after sunset. We found a small advancing effect of morning‐light on activity onset and of evening‐light on offset compared to dark controls but not vice versa. Breeding success and chick condition were unaffected by the light treatments. However, light‐treated females had lower weights 9–18 days after the end of the treatment compared to the controls, independent of whether ALAN occurred in the morning or the evening, indicating possible costs of ALAN. Despite the weak behavioral response, ALAN might have affected the females' circadian clock or physiology resulting in lower body condition. Research Highlights: Part‐night lighting alters natural shifts in incubation activity patterns. Thus, onset advanced by light in the early morning and offset by light in the early evening compared to dark controls, and led to lower body weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This audio‐visual essay works with the epistemic imperatives of our research subject—the sands and saltwater of a small stretch of coastline in northern Australia. Orchestrating a series of sounds and images together with a gentle rhythm of text‐based Yolŋu (human/Indigenous) elaboration, we seek to enable others to attune to a material dynamics of collaboration and co‐creation made manifestly palpable in the kinetic zones of coastal life. Rather than either simply telling, or showing, we invite our 'readers' to enter into a slow process of attuning to the forms of sensuous instruction offered directly from the wäŋa (land, environment, Country). In this way we orientate towards research as a shared and emergent processes of becoming knowledgeable with more‐than‐human worlds. The result is a Yolŋu‐led digital experiment in sovereign knowledge production: a modelling of a site‐specific, participatory onto‐epistemics intended to inspire others towards the possibilities of creative, relational modes of more‐than‐human research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable devices form an integral part of the management of patients with heart failure (HF) and provide adjunctive therapies in addition to cornerstone drug treatment. Although the number of these devices is growing, only few are supported by robust evidence. Current devices aim to improve haemodynamics, improve reverse remodelling, or provide electrical therapy. A number of these devices have guideline recommendations and some have been shown to improve outcomes such as cardiac resynchronization therapy, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators and long‐term mechanical support. For others, more evidence is still needed before large‐scale implementation can be strongly advised. Of note, devices and drugs can work synergistically in HF as improved disease control with devices can allow for further optimization of drug therapy. Therefore, some devices might already be considered early in the disease trajectory of HF patients, while others might only be reserved for advanced HF. As such, device therapy should be integrated into HF care programmes. Unfortunately, implementation of devices, including those with the greatest evidence, in clinical care pathways is still suboptimal. This clinical consensus document of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) describes the physiological rationale behind device‐provided therapy and also device‐guided management, offers an overview of current implantable device options recommended by the guidelines and proposes a new integrated model of device therapy as a part of HF care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tau rhythms are largely defined by sound responsive alpha band (~8–13 Hz) oscillations generated largely within auditory areas of the superior temporal gyri. Studies of tau have mostly employed magnetoencephalography or intracranial recording because of tau's elusiveness in the electroencephalogram. Here, we demonstrate that independent component analysis (ICA) decomposition can be an effective way to identify tau sources and study tau source activities in EEG recordings. Subjects (N = 18) were passively exposed to complex acoustic stimuli while the EEG was recorded from 68 electrodes across the scalp. Subjects' data were split into 60 parallel processing pipelines entailing use of five levels of high‐pass filtering (passbands of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Hz), three levels of low‐pass filtering (25, 50, and 100 Hz), and four different ICA algorithms (fastICA, infomax, adaptive mixture ICA [AMICA], and multi‐model AMICA [mAMICA]). Tau‐related independent component (IC) processes were identified from this data as being localized near the superior temporal gyri with a spectral peak in the 8–13 Hz alpha band. These "tau ICs" showed alpha suppression during sound presentations that was not seen for other commonly observed IC clusters with spectral peaks in the alpha range (e.g., those associated with somatomotor mu, and parietal or occipital alpha). The choice of analysis parameters impacted the likelihood of obtaining tau ICs from an ICA decomposition. Lower cutoff frequencies for high‐pass filtering resulted in significantly fewer subjects showing a tau IC than more aggressive high‐pass filtering. Decomposition using the fastICA algorithm performed the poorest in this regard, while mAMICA performed best. The best combination of filters and ICA model choice was able to identify at least one tau IC in the data of ~94% of the sample. Altogether, the data reveal close similarities between tau EEG IC dynamics and tau dynamics observed in MEG and intracranial data. Use of relatively aggressive high‐pass filters and mAMICA decomposition should allow researchers to identify and characterize tau rhythms in a majority of their subjects. We believe adopting the ICA decomposition approach to EEG analysis can increase the rate and range of discoveries related to auditory responsive tau rhythms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, progressive in nature, and known to have a negative impact on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Patients requiring acute termination of AF to restore sinus rhythm are subjected to electrical cardioversion, which requires sedation and therefore hospitalization due to pain resulting from the electrical shocks. However, considering the progressive nature of AF and its detrimental effects, there is a clear need for acute out‐of‐hospital (i.e., ambulatory) cardioversion of AF. In the search for shock‐free cardioversion methods to realize such ambulatory therapy, a method referred to as optogenetics has been put forward. Optogenetics enables optical control over the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes by targeted expression of light‐activated ion channels or pumps and may therefore serve as a means for cardioversion. First proof‐of‐principle for such light‐induced cardioversion came from in vitro studies, proving optogenetic AF termination to be very effective. Later, these results were confirmed in various rodent models of AF using different transgenes, illumination methods, and protocols, whereas computational studies in the human heart provided additional translational insight. Based on these results and fueled by recent advances in molecular biology, gene therapy, and optoelectronic engineering, a basis is now being formed to explore clinical translations of optoelectronic control of cardiac rhythm. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding optogenetic cardioversion of AF to restore normal rhythm in a shock‐free manner. Moreover, key translational steps will be discussed, both from a biological and technological point of view, to outline a path toward realizing acute shock‐free ambulatory termination of AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhythm is implicated in both social and linguistic development. Rhythm perception and production skills are also key vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism which impact social communication. However, direct links between musical rhythm engagement and expressive communication in autism is not clearly evident. This absence of a direct connection between rhythm and expressive communication indicates that the mechanism of action between rhythm and expressive communication may recruit other cognitive or developmental factors. We hypothesized that social interactions, including general interpersonal relationships and interactive music‐making involving children and caregivers, were a significant such factor, particularly in autism. To test this, we collected data from parents of autistic and nonautistic children 14–36 months of age, including parent reports of their children's rhythmic musical engagement, general social skills, parent–child musical interactions, and expressive communication skills. Path analysis revealed a system of independent, indirect pathways from rhythmic musical engagement to expressive communication via social skills and parent–child musical interactions in autistic toddlers. Such a system implies both that social and musical interactions represent crucial links between rhythm and language and that different kinds of social interactions play parallel, independent roles linking rhythmic musical engagement with expressive communication skills. Lay Summary: Musical rhythm has been linked to multiple social and communication abilities, and atypical rhythm abilities are implicated in autism. We found that for autistic toddlers, rhythm is connected to expressive communication skills through both general social skills and parent–child musical interactions. This pattern of relationships has implications for both how rhythm and language are linked in autism and the development of novel intervention approaches building on music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pleasurable urge to move to music (PLUMM) activates motor and reward areas of the brain and is thought to be driven by predictive processes. Dopamine in motor and limbic networks is implicated in beat‐based timing and music‐induced pleasure, suggesting a central role of basal ganglia (BG) dopaminergic systems in PLUMM. This study tested this hypothesis by comparing PLUMM in participants with Parkinson's disease (PD), age‐matched controls, and young controls. Participants listened to musical sequences with varying rhythmic and harmonic complexity (low, medium and high), and rated their experienced pleasure and urge to move to the rhythm. In line with previous results, healthy younger participants showed an inverted U‐shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and ratings, with preference for medium complexity rhythms, while age‐matched controls showed a similar, but weaker, inverted U‐shaped response. Conversely, PD showed a significantly flattened response for both the urge to move and pleasure. Crucially, this flattened response could not be attributed to differences in rhythm discrimination and did not reflect an overall decrease in ratings. For harmonic complexity, PD showed a negative linear pattern for both the urge to move and pleasure while healthy age‐matched controls showed the same pattern for pleasure and an inverted U for the urge to move. This contrasts with the pattern observed in young healthy controls in previous studies, suggesting that both healthy aging and PD also influence affective responses to harmonic complexity. Together, these results support the role of dopamine within cortico‐striatal circuits in the predictive processes that form the link between the perceptual processing of rhythmic patterns and the affective and motor responses to rhythmic music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This intervention is by a collective of scholars working on various facets of urbanisation in Asia. Focusing on the notion of arrangements/re‐arrangements, it seeks to extend the consideration of urban politics as a matter of surges, a provisional consolidation of intensities, inhabitants and their practices, affiliations and orientations that give rise to continuously mutating forms of sense, care, and collective action. Whereas the work and effects of institutions, with their genealogies, remits, and competencies, are to a large extent specifiable according to their operating norms and the various regulatory frameworks that govern their operations, the dispositions of arrangements – what they do, what they actually bring about – are not readily definable or clear, enacting a form of performative ambiguity. Involving workarounds, collaborations, exchanges, and agreements that exceed the familiar protocols of interaction among households, local authorities, markets, civil institutions, brokers, and service providers, arrangements entail the enactment of caring, provisioning, regulating, mapping, and steering as the purview of more provisional, incessantly mutating forms that fold in bits and pieces of discernible institutions. In this heuristic intervention we seek to further the 'urbanisation' of urban geography itself, in the sense of complexifying both the terrain and the methodological practices brought to bear. It attempts to open a way of speaking about urbanisation processes that exceed binary formulations, countervailing scales, or structural absences to encompass a broader range of processes at work in shaping dispositions that are materialised or simply potentiated. It proceeds from a process of collective composition whose objective is to diversify the working tools of urban analysis rather than simply offering new conceptual formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definitions of syncopation share two characteristics: the presence of a meter or analogous hierarchical rhythmic structure and a displacement or contradiction of that structure. These attributes are translated in terms of a Bayesian theory of syncopation, where the syncopation of a rhythm is inferred based on a hierarchical structure that is, in turn, learned from the ongoing musical stimulus. Several experiments tested its simplest possible implementation, with equally weighted priors associated with different meters and independence of auditory events, which can be decomposed into two terms representing note density and deviation from a metric hierarchy. A computational simulation demonstrated that extant measures of syncopation fall into two distinct factors analogous to the terms in the simple Bayesian model. Next, a series of behavioral experiments found that perceived syncopation is significantly related to both terms, offering support for the general Bayesian construction of syncopation. However, we also found that the prior expectations associated with different metric structures are not equal across meters and that there is an interaction between density and hierarchical deviation, implying that auditory events are not independent from each other. Together, these findings provide evidence that syncopation is a manifestation of a form of temporal expectation that can be directly represented in Bayesian terms and offer a complementary, feature‐driven approach to recent Bayesian models of temporal prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music can be interpreted by attributing syntactic relationships to sequential musical events, and, computationally, such musical interpretation represents an analogous combinatorial task to syntactic processing in language. While this perspective has been primarily addressed in the domain of harmony, we focus here on rhythm in the Western tonal idiom, and we propose for the first time a framework for modeling the moment‐by‐moment execution of processing operations involved in the interpretation of music. Our approach is based on (1) a music‐theoretically motivated grammar formalizing the competence of rhythmic interpretation in terms of three basic types of dependency (preparation, syncopation, and split; Rohrmeier, 2020), and (2) psychologically plausible predictions about the complexity of structural integration and memory storage operations, necessary for parsing hierarchical dependencies, derived from the dependency locality theory (Gibson, 2000). With a behavioral experiment, we exemplify an empirical implementation of the proposed theoretical framework. One hundred listeners were asked to reproduce the location of a visual flash presented while listening to three rhythmic excerpts, each exemplifying a different interpretation under the formal grammar. The hypothesized execution of syntactic‐processing operations was found to be a significant predictor of the observed displacement between the reported and the objective location of the flashes. Overall, this study presents a theoretical approach and a first empirical proof‐of‐concept for modeling the cognitive process resulting in such interpretation as a form of syntactic parsing with algorithmic similarities to its linguistic counterpart. Results from the present small‐scale experiment should not be read as a final test of the theory, but they are consistent with the theoretical predictions after controlling for several possible confounding factors and may form the basis for further large‐scale and ecological testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cricket Velarifictorus aspersus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) exhibits a wing dimorphism mediating two distinct life‐history strategies during early adulthood; long‐winged (LW) females mainly invest resources in flight, whereas short‐winged (SW) females invest more heavily in reproduction than LW females. To understand the relationships among juvenile hormone (JH), flight capacity, and energy accumulation, the daily rhythm of JH titer and flight activity, the concentrations of flight energy substances, and the influence of exogenous JH on flight activity and flight energy substances were investigated in V. aspersus. The results showed that the hemolymph JH titer exhibited a high‐amplitude daily rhythm in 5‐day‐old LW V. aspersus females, and the JH titer rose about 10× at 18:00 hours (6 h before lights off) and dropped to baseline levels after lights off. The females flew inactively (i.e., they floated in the air) from 14:00 to 19:00 hours during the light period, whereas they had a stronger flight capacity in the initial photophase and before lights out. The flight ability of LW females with 20 μg μL−1 JH treatments was significantly improved during periods of flight inactivity. After the peak JH titer, the concentrations of glycogen and trehalose in the flight muscles increased significantly. The LW females treated with JH during the inactive flight period had a significant increase in glycogen after 1 h and trehalose after 3 h. These results suggested that the high‐amplitude daily rhythm of the JH titer was correlated with accumulation of flight energy substance and flight capacity; that is, an elevated JH titer promoted the biosynthesis of flight energy substances, resulting in improvement of flight capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to examine the association between the rest‐activity rhythm (RAR) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: In total, 97 503 participants without diabetes in the UK Biobank cohort were recruited. Wearable accelerometry was used to monitor circadian behaviour. The parameters of RAR including inter‐daily stability, intra‐daily variability, relative amplitude (RA), most active continuous 10 h period (M10), and least active continuous 5 h period (L5) were calculated to evaluate the robustness and regularity of the RAR. The weighted polygenic risk score for T2D (T2D‐PRS) was calculated. Cox proportion hazards models were used to evaluate the survival relationship and the joint and interaction effects of RAR parameters and T2D‐PRS on the occurrence of T2D. Results: During 692 257 person‐years follow‐ups, a total of 2434 participants were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with participants in the highest quartile of RA and M10, the participants in the lowest quartile had a greater risk of T2D (HRRA = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.76‐2.41; HRM10 = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19‐1.49). Meanwhile, the highest quartile of L5 was related to a higher risk of T2D (HR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.55‐2.24). The joint analysis showed that the high T2D‐PRS with the lowest quartile of RA and M10, or highest quartile of L5 jointly increased the risk of T2D (HRRA = 4.46, 95% CI: 3.36‐6.42; HRM10 = 3.15, 95% CI: 2.29‐4.32; HRL5 = 3.09, 95% CI: 2.40‐3.99). No modification effects of T2D‐PRS on the association between the RAR parameters and risk of T2D were observed (p >.05). Conclusion: The unbalanced RAR are associated with a greater risk of T2D, which are independent of known risk factors of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common performance limiting arrhythmia in racehorses. High dose exercise and airway disease promote AF in humans. Few studies have investigated epidemiological factors associated with AF in horses. Objectives: Explore variables relating to performance, exercise volume and postrace endoscopic findings in horses with AF. Animals: A total of 164 horses with poor race performance and postrace AF were compared to 321 horses with poor performance without AF (PP) and 314 horses performing to expectation (TE). Methods: Horse‐level and race‐level variables for horses racing in Australia and Hong Kong from 2009 to 2021 were compared using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Postrace endoscopic exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and tracheal mucus accumulation (TMA) grades for AF and PP horses were compared using chi‐squared analysis. Results: Variables that were significant in the multivariable model of AF compared to TE were distance (lengths) behind the winner, (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.41 [1.32‐1.51], P <.0001), cumulative prize money per start before the event (OR [95% CI] 1.02 [1.01‐1.03], P =.01) and age (OR [95% CI] 0.72 [0.55‐0.92], P =.01). More AF horses had EIPH grade ≥3 (23/109; 21.1%) than PP horses (7/213; 3.3%; OR [95%CI] 7.9 [3.3‐20.2], P <.0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Acute race performance was substantially impaired by AF but career earnings before the event were not inferior. Exercise volume did not promote AF. Higher grades of EIPH found in AF horses suggests a mechanistic relationship between these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by Gesler's notion of therapeutic landscapes, this paper proposes a new concept, 'Taichiscape', to demonstrate how older people obtain a sense of healing and wellbeing through the practice of group Taichi in the park. Based on extensive fieldwork with 42 older people between 2020 and 2021 in Tianhe Park in Guangzhou, China, the paper presents Taichiscape in three aspects: (1) From the physical aspect, the Chinese traditional health concepts of 'becoming one with nature' and the form of Yin‐Yang balance, allowing older people to maintain closeness and be immersed in the natural environment, rhythmically connecting with natural elements, and relaxing via flourishing positive affect (PA); (2) In terms of socialising, older people practice Taichi together to establish a synchronised rhythm in a spatiotemporal order and collectively create a positive social atmosphere, where they gain a sense of PA through belonging, self‐esteem and pleasure; (3) At the body level, through the rhythm of slowness, older people enjoy diverse and bodily sensations that temporally nurture their minds and souls and initiate the therapeutic process of embodied restoration. Theoretically, the healing power of Taichiscape is habitually, contextually, and temporally constructed through a dynamic creation between human and nonhuman elements. This work extends knowledge of therapeutic landscapes by underlining how slowness in Taichiscape can be seen as a sign of progress and an active pursuit of wellbeing, and older people's sense of control over their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past four decades, research on 24‐h rhythms has yielded numerous remarkable findings, revealing their genetic, molecular, and physiological significance for immunity and various diseases. Thus, circadian rhythms are of fundamental importance to mammals, as their disruption and misalignment have been associated with many diseases and the abnormal functioning of many physiological processes. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the molecular regulation of 24‐h rhythms, their importance for immunity, the deleterious effects of misalignment, the link between such pathological rhythms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the potential exploitation of chronobiological rhythms for the chronotherapy of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, using RA as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urge to move to music (groove) depends in part on rhythmic syncopation in the music. For adults, the syncopation‐groove relationship has an inverted‐U shape: listeners want to move most to rhythms that have some, but not too much, syncopation. However, we do not know whether the syncopation‐groove relationship is relatively sensitive to, or resistant to, a listener's experience. In two sets of experiments, we tested whether the syncopation‐groove relationship is affected by dance experience or changes through development in childhood. Dancers and nondancers rated groove for 50 rhythmic patterns varying in syncopation. Dancers' and nondancers' ratings did not differ (and Bayesian tests provided substantial evidence that they were equivalent) in terms of mean groove and the optimal level of syncopation. Similarly, ballet and hip‐hop dancers' syncopation‐groove relationships did not differ. However, dancers had more robust syncopation‐groove relationships (higher goodness‐of‐fit) than nondancers. Children (3–6 years old) completed two tasks to assess their syncopation‐groove relationships: In a 2‐alternative‐forced choice task, children compared rhythms from 2 of 3 possible levels of syncopation (low, medium, and high) and chose which rhythm in a pair was better for dancing. In a dance task, children danced to the same rhythms. Results from both tasks indicated that for children, as for adults, medium syncopation rhythms elicit more groove than low syncopation rhythms. A follow‐up experiment replicated the 2‐alternative‐forced choice task results. Taken together, the results suggest the optimal level of syncopation for groove is resistant to experience, although experience may affect the robustness of the inverted‐U relationship. Research Highlights: In Experiment 1, dancers and nondancers rated groove (the urge to move) for musical rhythms, demonstrating the same inverted‐U relationships between syncopation and groove.In Experiment 2, children and adults both chose rhythms with moderate syncopation more than low syncopation as more groove‐inducing or better for dancing.Children also danced more for moderate than low syncopation, showing a close perception‐behavior relationship across tasks.Similarities in the syncopation‐groove relationship regardless of dance training and age suggest that this perceptual and behavioral groove response to rhythmic complexity may be quite resistant to experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we build upon recent organizational research drawing upon the work of Henri Lefebvre, and feminist engagements with his theory of "Rhythmanalysis", to examine how the COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted women's everyday lives and the impacts on their relationship with work. Drawing upon interviews with 38 women from diverse socio‐cultural backgrounds living in Aotearoa New Zealand, we describe the pandemic as an "arrhythmia", a radical rupture to the familiar rhythms of their everyday social and working lives. We describe how the pandemic arrhythmia was felt in and through bodies (i.e., sleep, weight), and how women responded by creating counter rhythms (i.e., hobbies, exercise, food) as strategies to support their own and others wellbeing. Furthermore, radically disrupting linear repetitions of everyday work, social and family life, the pandemic prompted many to reflect differently upon how pre‐pandemic rhythms shaped by the social, economic and gendered structures of neoliberalism were causing various forms of alienation (i.e., from their own health and wellbeing, meaningful social connections, ethical and sustainable working practices, and from pleasure). For some women, the pandemic arrhythmia was a puncturing of their normalized time‐space gendered routines, leading to critique and transformation to their everyday work‐life patterns. Engaging a feminist reading of rhythmanalysis, this paper brings into focus how neoliberal gender regimes are reconstituted and disrupted in the rhythms and routines of women's everyday lives. In so doing, we highlight the potential in feminist engagement with arrhythmia to extend understandings of the gendered politics of everyday life during and beyond pandemic times, and the value in such approaches for organizational scholars interested in understanding the gendered rhythms of daily life and their effects on relationships with work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report the prevalence of initial shockable cardiac arrest rhythms (I‐SHKR), incidence of subsequent shockable cardiac arrest rhythms (S‐SHKR), and factors associated with I‐SHKRs and S‐SHKRs and explore their association with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rates in dogs and cats undergoing CPR. Design: Multi‐institutional prospective case series from 2016 to 2021, retrospectively analyzed. Setting: Eight university and eight private practice veterinary hospitals. Animals: A total of 457 dogs and 170 cats with recorded cardiac arrest rhythm and event outcome reported in the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation CPR registry. Measurements and Main Results: Logistic regression was used to evaluate association of animal, hospital, and arrest variables with I‐SHKRs and S‐SHKRs and with patient outcomes. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated, and significance was set at P < 0.05. Of 627 animals included, 28 (4%) had I‐SHKRs. Odds for I‐SHKRs were significantly higher in animals with a metabolic cause of arrest (OR 7.61) and that received lidocaine (OR 17.50) or amiodarone (OR 21.22) and significantly lower in animals experiencing arrest during daytime hours (OR 0.22), in the ICU (OR 0.27), in the emergency room (OR 0.13), and out of hospital (OR 0.18) and that received epinephrine (OR 0.19). Of 599 initial nonshockable rhythms, 74 (12%) developed S‐SHKRs. Odds for S‐SHKRs were significantly higher in animals with higher body weight (OR 1.03), hemorrhage (OR 2.85), or intracranial cause of arrest (OR 3.73) and that received epinephrine (OR 11.36) or lidocaine (OR 18.72) and significantly decreased in those arresting in ICU (OR 0.27), emergency room (OR 0.29), and out of hospital (OR 0.38). Overall, 171 (27%) animals achieved ROSC, 81 (13%) achieved sustained ROSC, and 15 (2%) survived. Neither I‐SHKRs nor S‐SHKRs were significantly associated with ROSC. Conclusions: I‐SHKRs and S‐SHKRs occur infrequently in dogs and cats undergoing CPR and are not associated with increased ROSC rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring glucocorticoids is one of the most reliable and widely used techniques to monitor stress responses, however invasive techniques to collect plasma samples may not be applicable for wild populations. Monitoring excreted glucocorticoids is an effective noninvasive technique that researchers have used increasingly over the past two decades, and it has allowed the investigation of glucocorticoids in a variety of species with a range of activity patterns. Many species exhibit predictable circadian patterns of glucocorticoid secretion in accordance with their daily activity pattern. There remains a gap in our understanding of how excreted glucocorticoid metabolites vary throughout the day and across species, despite the utility of this information when developing sampling protocols and analyzing data. We investigated circadian patterns of glucocorticoid excretion in a cathemeral primate species, Eulemur rubriventer (red‐bellied lemur), in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We collected fecal samples from 10 individuals throughout the day and analyzed fecal glucocorticoid levels across three time points (Early, Midday, and Late), and again across two time points (Morning and Afternoon). We also investigated whether activity pattern, sex (as a control variable), and other traits associated with gut passage rate (diet, body mass) could help predict the presence and timing of circadian patterns of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites across mammal species. We found that fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in E. rubriventer fluctuate throughout the day, with lowest levels in the morning and peak levels in the afternoon. None of the variables that we tested predicted whether daily fecal glucocorticoid metabolites changed significantly throughout the day, nor when levels were likely to peak, across species. We stress the importance of controlling for sampling time and reporting these results as standard practice in studies of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Research highlights: Fecal glucocorticoids change significantly throughout the day in cathemeral Eulemur rubriventer, with lowest levels in the morning.Across species, activity pattern and traits associated with gut passage rate did not predict whether fecal glucocorticoid metabolites changed significantly with time.Circadian patterns of glucocorticoid excretion need to be investigated on a species‐by‐species basis and used to inform sampling protocols and data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention can be selectively tuned to particular features at different spatial locations or objects. The deployment of attention can be guided by properties, such as color, orientation, and so forth, as guiding features. What might be such guiding features for visual stimuli under dynamic rhythmic conditions? We asked specifically what might be the parameters that attract attention when perceiving a visual rhythm. We used a visual search paradigm, in which a dynamic search display consisted of vertically "bouncing balls" with regular rhythms. The search target was defined by a unique visual rhythm (i.e., with either a shorter or longer period) among rhythmic distractors sharing an identical period. We modulated amplitudes and phases of the distractor balls systematically. The results showed a crucial factor of the phase, not the amplitude. If the phase is violated, the target suddenly "pops out" as an "oddball," showing an efficient parallel search. The findings indicate in general the essential role of the phase in conjunction with amplitude and period for visual rhythm perception. Furthermore, a higher saliency of moving objects with a higher frequency component has also been disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Accelerated idioventricular rhythms (AIVR) are increasingly diagnosed in horses, particularly in those with underlying systemic disease. Recognition of these abnormal rhythms is important but specific treatment is often not necessary unless the rhythms become haemodynamically relevant, with AIVR often resolving as the systemic disease improves. The goals of treatment, when indicated, include improving cardiac output, decreasing systemic and myocardial inflammation (if present) and controlling the ventricular rate and rhythm. Identification of any persistent myocardial damage or arrhythmia burden will be important for the prognosis and risk assessment of these patients in the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhythmic stability (nonrandom temporal structure) is required for many neural and physiological functions, whereas rhythmic irregularities can indicate genetic or developmental deficiencies. Therefore, rhythmic courtship or contest signals are widespread in nature as honest advertisement displays. Examination of bird songs revealed the pervasiveness of categorical rhythmic patterns that can be described as small integer ratios between sequential inter‐call intervals. As similar rhythmic profiles are prevalent in human music, it was suggested that a shared functionality could drive both animal songs and human musical rhythms, facilitating synchrony between signallers and enabling easy identification of performance errors.Here we examined whether the rhythmic structure and the rhythmic stability of vocal displays are related to reproductive success in male rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), which presents an unusual case of a terrestrial singing mammal.We combined long‐term parentage analysis of 13 male hyraxes (22 male/years) with an analysis of an audio library of 105 hyrax songs. Male annual reproductive success was determined by the number of offspring that survived to the age of 1 year. The frequency of singing events was used to determine the seasonal singing effort for each male. Songs were analysed for rhythmic structure, focusing on the presence of categorical rhythms and the contribution of rhythmic stability to annual reproductive success.We found that male hyraxes that sing more frequently tend to have more surviving offspring and that the rhythmic profile of hyrax songs is predominantly isochronous with sequential vocal element pairs nearly equally spaced. The ratio of isochronous vocal element transitions (on‐integer) to element transitions that deviate from an isochronous pattern (off‐integer) in hyrax songs is positively correlated with male reproductive success.Our findings support the notion that isochronous rhythmic stability can serve as an indication of quality in sexually selected signals and is not necessarily driven by the need for multiple caller synchronization. The relative scarcity of nonisochronous rhythmic categories in individually performed hyrax songs raises the question of whether such rhythmic categories could be a product of collective, coordinated signalling, while being selected against in individual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals have unique typing rhythms characterized by specific keystroke dynamics. Changes in state and cardiovascular responding are well documented manifestations of the fight‐flight response to stress. However, as stress also leads to changes in muscle tone and motor control, typing rhythms may also be impacted. We aim to determine which individuals are experiencing stress through their typing rhythms and identify universal keystroke markers of stress. Participants (N = 116) typed 80 repetitions of a 6‐word, 30‐character phrase before and after 15 min of critically evaluated multitasking stress. Cardiovascular, hemodynamic, and state variables were compared across baseline, stress, and recovery periods and measures of typing rhythm were derived for each period and classified using machine‐learning algorithms. Critically evaluated multitasking led to significant changes in all stress measures, demonstrating highly robust stress reactivity. Machine learning algorithms accurately classified stressed typing for each individual based on their typing rhythms; however, no universal keystroke markers of stress were identified. Using typing rhythms. We were able to determine whether an individual was stressed or not, but the markers used for classification differed between individuals. These individual changes may provide opportunities for identifying stressful periods through keystroke monitoring, as well as the potential for early identification of disorders which may impact fine motor control. Typing rhythms could therefore be used to monitor health and well‐being in individuals who use keyboards in various situations. This is the first rigorous assessment of stress and typing rhythms and has led to the development of a feasible and highly reproducible research protocol. Individuals can be identified through their unique typing rhythms. These typing rhythms also change during stressful experiences such that typing produced during stress can be accurately distinguished from typing during neutral periods. Typing rhythms could therefore be used to monitor individuals long‐terms stress‐induced performance and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhythmicity in the millisecond to second range is a fundamental building block of communication and coordinated movement. But how widespread are rhythmic capacities across species, and how did they evolve under different environmental pressures? Comparative research is necessary to answer these questions but has been hindered by limited crosstalk and comparability among results from different study species.Most acoustics studies do not explicitly focus on characterising or quantifying rhythm, but many are just a few scrapes away from contributing to and advancing the field of comparative rhythm research. Here, we present an eight‐level rhythm reporting framework which details actionable steps researchers can take to report rhythm‐relevant metrics. Levels fall into two categories: metric reporting and data sharing. Metric reporting levels include defining rhythm‐relevant metrics, providing point estimates of temporal interval variability, reporting interval distributions, and conducting rhythm analyses. Data sharing levels are: sharing audio recordings, sharing interval durations, sharing sound element start and end times, and sharing audio recordings with sound element start/end times.Using sounds recorded from a sperm whale as a case study, we demonstrate how each reporting framework level can be implemented on real data. We also highlight existing best practice examples from recent research spanning multiple species. We clearly detail how engagement with our framework can be tailored case‐by‐case based on how much time and effort researchers are willing to contribute. Finally, we illustrate how reporting at any of the suggested levels will help advance comparative rhythm research.This framework will actively facilitate a comparative approach to acoustic rhythms while also promoting cooperation and data sustainability. By quantifying and reporting rhythm metrics more consistently and broadly, new avenues of inquiry and several long‐standing, big picture research questions become more tractable. These lines of research can inform not only about the behavioural ecology of animals but also about the evolution of rhythm‐relevant phenomena and the behavioural neuroscience of rhythm production and perception. Rhythm is clearly an emergent feature of life; adopting our framework, researchers from different fields and with different study species can help understand why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Beta‐blockers are proven to improve survival among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Their efficacy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and pacemaker devices has not been demonstrated. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that beta‐blocker therapy is associated with improved survival in patients with chronic heart failure and a pacemaker rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG). Methods and results: This is a post hoc analysis from the GISSI‐HF randomized clinical trial. We evaluated efficacy of beta‐blockers by creating Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for pacemaker rhythm and heart rate, among other variables. Interactions between pacemaker rhythm, heart rate, and beta‐blocker were also examined. Of the 6975 patients enrolled in the GISSI‐HF trial, 813 (11.7%) had a pacemaker rhythm on baseline ECG. Of these 813 patients, 511 (62.9%) were receiving beta‐blocker therapy. The effect of beta‐blocker therapy on mortality was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards adjusted for 27 co‐variates. In the whole cohort, beta‐blocker therapy was significantly associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio 0.79 [0.72–0.87], P < 0.001), without interaction between beta‐blockers, pacemaker rhythm and heart rate. Beta‐blocker therapy was beneficial in the sub‐group restricted to baseline pacemaker rhythm (hazard ratio 0.62 [0.49–0.79], P < 0.001). Conclusions: Beta‐blocker therapy is associated with improved survival among patients with heart failure and a pacemaker rhythm on ECG. Further studies are necessary to analyse differences between atrial and ventricular pacemakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of evidence suggests that steady‐state evoked potentials may be a useful measure of beat perception, particularly when obtaining traditional, explicit measures of beat perception is difficult, such as with infants or non‐human animals. Although attending to a stimulus is not necessary for most traditional applications of steady‐state evoked potentials, it is unknown how attention affects steady‐state evoked potentials that arise in response to beat perception. Additionally, most applications of steady‐state evoked potentials to measure beat perception have used repeating rhythms or real music. Therefore, it is unclear how the steady‐state response relates to the robust beat perception that occurs with non‐repeating rhythms. Here, we used electroencephalography to record participants' brain activity as they listened to non‐repeating musical rhythms while either attending to the rhythms or while distracted by a concurrent visual task. Non‐repeating auditory rhythms elicited steady‐state evoked potentials at perceived beat frequencies (perception was validated in a separate sensorimotor synchronization task) that were larger when participants attended to the rhythms compared with when they were distracted by the visual task. Therefore, although steady‐state evoked potentials appear to index beat perception to non‐repeating musical rhythms, this technique may be limited to when participants are known to be attending to the stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) originating from the right bundle branch (RBB) (RBB‐AIVR) is a rare ventricular arrhythmia. We delineated RBB and myocardial activation separately during RBB‐AIVR, which revealed the spatial relationship of the AIVR origin, preferential pathway, and breakout site. Radiofrequency ablation to the preferential pathway successfully eliminated this arrhythmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the feeding behaviour of Phractocephalus hemioliopterus through the animals' ability to adapt to the self‐feeding system, their preferred feeding times and locomotor activity, as well as the blood biochemistry of juveniles fed in a light/dark cycle. The study was carried out through two experiments, the first of which contained two phases. In experiment 1 – phase I, 24 juveniles (35.28 ± 0.62 g) were distributed in eight 48 l tanks. The tanks were equipped with a self‐feeding system and the experiment consisted of evaluating whether the animals were able to adapt to the self‐feeding system, as well as evaluating the preferred feeding times and locomotor activity of these animals. A feeding challenge to the animals was introduced in phase II, based on the results of phase I. The results of the first phase evidenced a nocturnal feeding preference. Thus, the feeding challenge consisted of measuring whether the animal would feed during the day and how long it would take to adapt. When the animals consumed 100% of the amount of feed provided daily, phase II was ended. In experiment 2, 24 juveniles of P. hemioliopterus (182.00 ± 14.03 g) were distributed in eight 96 l tanks. This experiment consisted of two treatments with four repetitions, one with exclusive feeding during the middle of the light cycle and another with exclusive feeding in the middle of the dark cycle. At the end, blood samples were collected from the animals for blood biochemistry evaluations. In experiment 1 – phase I, the results showed that the fish adapted very well to the self‐feeding system and had a strictly nocturnal feeding behaviour and locomotor rhythm. When they were submitted to the feeding challenge in phase II, the feed intake was stabilized from the 17th day onwards, proportionally to the nocturnal consumption observed in the first phase, thus demonstrating feeding plasticity. In experiment 2, the feeding times influenced the animals' biochemical parameters. Animals fed during the night had higher values of cholesterol and triglycerides than animals fed during the day. It is concluded that P. hemioliopterus has fast adaptability to a self‐feeding system, with strictly nocturnal feeding and locomotor behaviours. However, it has feeding plasticity, adapting its behaviour according to food availability. Blood biochemical parameters are influenced by the light/dark feeding cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy deadlift is used as a physical fitness screening tool in the U.S. Army. Despite the relevance of such a screening tool to military tasks performed by Service Members, the biomechanical impact of heavy deadlift and its risk of low‐back injury remain unknown. A kinematics‐driven musculoskeletal model of spine was implemented to investigate biomechanics of the lower back in a volunteer (23 years old, height of 1.82 m, and body mass of 98.8 kg) during a 68 kg deadlift. In search of protective mechanisms, effects of model personalization and variations in trunk musculature and lumbopelvic rhythm were also investigated. The net moment, compression and shear forces at the L5‐S1 reached peaks of 684 Nm, 17.2 and 4.2 kN, respectively. Geometrical personalization and changes in lumbopelvic rhythm had the least effects on predictions while increases in muscle moment arms (40%) had the largest effects that caused, respectively, 32% and 36% decrease in the maximum compressive and shearing forces. Initiating wrapping of back muscles at farther distances from the spine had opposing effects on spinal loads; peak compression at the L5‐S1 decreased by 12% whereas shear increased by 19%. Despite mechanisms considered, spinal loads during heavy deadlift exceed the existing evidence concerning the threshold of injury for spinal segments, suggesting the vulnerability to injury. Chronic exposure to such high‐spinal loads may lead to (micro) fractures, degeneration, pathoanatomical changes and finally low‐back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The exposure to constant light during the hospitalization was investigated to verify its influence on the daily rhythmicity of Schirmer tear test I (STT I) in the Felis catus. Animal studied: One group (HG—hospitalized group) was consisted of 10 owned‐cats hospitalized to perform a sterilization procedure and was exposed to a 24/0 light/dark (L/D) cycle; the cat control group (CG) was consisted of 10 staff‐owned cats living in an indoor environment (12/12 L/D cycle). Procedure: The STT I values was performed at 4 h intervals over a 48 h period (starting at 8:00 a.m. on Day 1 and finishing at 8:00 a.m. on Day 3) on the left (LE) and right (RE) eyes into two cat groups. A 35 x 5 mm commercial tear test strip was used to record tear production in millimeters wetting per minute (mm/min). Results: Multivariate for repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of time. No difference was found between LE and RE tear production, and between the two experimental conditions. Robust daily rhythmicity was exhibited by the STT I in both eyes during the entire monitoring period in control cats and only during the Day 1 in hospitalized cats. Conclusions: These data are a starting point for evaluating the imbalance of ocular physiology observed in hospitalized cats. Further studies on larger sample size and exposing the animals to various hospitalization procedures are needed to establish whether these alterations are caused by hospitalization procedures or by the light/dark schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New interdisciplinary research into genetic influences on musicality raises a number of ethical and social issues for future avenues of research and public engagement. The historical intersection of music cognition and eugenics heightens the need to vigilantly weigh the potential risks and benefits of these studies and the use of their outcomes. Here, we bring together diverse disciplinary expertise (complex trait genetics, music cognition, musicology, bioethics, developmental psychology, and neuroscience) to interpret and guide the ethical use of findings from recent and future studies. We discuss a framework for incorporating principles of ethically and socially responsible conduct of musicality genetics research into each stage of the research lifecycle: study design, study implementation, potential applications, and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may show secondary sensory and cognitive characteristics, including differences in auditory processing, attention, and, according to a prominent hypothesis, the formulation and utilization of predictions. We explored the overlap of audition, attention, and prediction with an online auditory "temporal orienting" task in which participants utilized predictive timing cues (both rhythmic and interval‐based) to improve their detection of faint sounds. We compared an autistic (n = 78) with a nonautistic (n = 83) group, controlling for nonverbal IQ, and used signal detection measures and reaction times to evaluate the effect of valid temporally predictive cues. We hypothesized that temporal orienting would be compromised in autism, but this was not supported by the data: the boost in performance induced by predictability was practically identical for the two groups, except for the small subset of the ASD group with co‐occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, who received less benefit from interval‐based cueing. However, we found that the presence of a rhythm induced a significantly stronger bias toward reporting target detections in the ASD group at large, suggesting weakened response inhibition during rhythmic entrainment. Lay Summary: When we can predict the moment something important will likely happen, we can focus our attention on that moment in time to perceive it more accurately and respond to it faster. This process of "temporal orienting" plays an important role in social interaction and other day‐to‐day functioning. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that temporal orienting would be less effective in autism, but our experiments indicated no difference in temporal orienting between autistic and nonautistic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of GeoHealth, entitled Rhythms of the Earth: Ecological Calendars and Anticipating the Anthropogenic Climate Crisis, is a transdisciplinary articulation of a methodology of hope to confront the multiple injustices of the Anthropocene. One of the greatest challenges of the climate crisis is the lack of predictability at the scale of communities where impacts are most immediate. Indigenous and rural societies face an ever shifting "new normal" through increasing inconsistency in the seasonality of temperature and precipitation, as well as greater frequency of extreme weather events. With global food systems dependent on local and small producers, climatic variability disrupts access to affordable, nutritious, and culturally relevant food. Ecological calendars are context‐specific knowledge systems grounded in a particular cultural milieu and ecological space, that build anticipatory capacity for seasonal change. They measure and give meaning to time. Based on close observation of one's habitat, human societies have used such calendars for hundreds of years and potentially millennia. By engaging with the interactions among physical phenomena (such as the first snowfall or last frost) and biological events (such as blossoming of specific trees, arrival of migratory birds or mammals, appearance of plants or insects), human societies have been able to identify optimal time windows for their livelihood activities. The 11 research articles in Rhythms of the Earth cover a considerable geographical breadth from Africa to the Arctic; and, from North and South America to Central Asia. They provide evidence that spans millennia from the Roman Empire to the contemporary Anthropocene. Key Points: Rhythms of the Earth is a transdisciplinary collaboration between Indigenous Knowledge and ScienceIn Rhythms of the Earth , an innovative culturally and ecologically grounded way to anticipate seasonal change is proposedSignificant diversity of thought from around the world is engaged in Rhythms of the Earth because the research articles are co‐authored by artists, Indigenous community members, and scholars in the biological, physical, and social sciences as well as the humanities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A particular subset of Ravel's output features a phrase‐rhythmic technique wherein tonal and thematic returns are accompanied by surprisingly asymmetrical or ambiguous phrase rhythm. This defies both generic conventions linking thematic reprise and tonal closure to relatively stable phrase rhythm and specific expectations created by these works' formal processes, and contrasts with trajectories moving from phrase‐rhythmic instability to stability which Ravel deploys in other works. The set of pieces which features this technique includes À la manière de ... Chabrier, the Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn, pieces from Le Tombeau de Couperin, the last of the Valses nobles et sentimentales, and the 'Blues' movement from the Violin Sonata. This study notes how themes of loss and distance connect these pieces, allowing for the phrase‐rhythmic technique to be bound up with interpretative implications which can enhance our understanding of how phrase rhythm can carry expressive freight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncovering the genetic underpinnings of musical ability and engagement is a foundational step for exploring their wide‐ranging associations with cognition, health, and neurodevelopment. Prior studies have focused on using twin and family designs, demonstrating moderate heritability of musical phenotypes. The current study used genome‐wide complex trait analysis and polygenic score (PGS) approaches utilizing genotype data to examine genetic influences on two musicality traits (rhythmic perception and music engagement) in N = 1792 unrelated adults in the Vanderbilt Online Musicality Study. Meta‐analyzed heritability estimates (including a replication sample of Swedish individuals) were 31% for rhythmic perception and 12% for self‐reported music engagement. A PGS derived from a recent study on beat synchronization ability predicted both rhythmic perception (β = 0.11) and music engagement (β = 0.19) in our sample, suggesting that genetic influences underlying self‐reported beat synchronization ability also influence individuals' rhythmic discrimination aptitude and the degree to which they engage in music. Cross‐trait analyses revealed a modest contribution of PGSs from several nonmusical traits (from the cognitive, personality, and circadian chronotype domains) to individual differences in musicality (β = −0.06 to 0.07). This work sheds light on the complex relationship between the genetic architecture of musical rhythm processing, beat synchronization, music engagement, and other nonmusical traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic calls into question the hosting of students as an urban growth formula after the spread of online education. Therefore, we look at Lodz, Poland, to understand how student cities operate during the pandemic and gain insights into their futures. We unfold the prepandemic and intrapandemic rhythms of students' presence and activities in Lodz's time-space and their attitudes toward the postpandemic future. We show that the pandemic spurred many students to escape from Lodz and changed the activities of those staying in the city by limiting their frequencies and locations. However, we expect students to repopulate Lodz, although its postpandemic existence might evolve through further rhythm changes. Moreover, it will depend not only on the students' demand for higher education per se but also for collective consumption opportunities. Therefore, the pandemic itself does not seem to render the idea of a 'student city' obsolete in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]