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This article explores the interaction between Renaissance humanism and Martin Luther's Reformation in fostering the emergence of nation‐states in Europe. It argues that the emphasis on individualism, critical thinking, and a return to classical ideals during the Renaissance provided a fertile ground for Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church's authority. Luther's Reformation, with its focus on Scripture and a direct relationship between believer and God, further eroded the Church's control and transnational influence. This convergence of intellectual and religious transformations created a space for the development of distinct national identities and the consolidation of power by European monarchs. The article will examine how these movements challenged the existing political and religious order, ultimately contributing to the rise of nation‐states as the dominant political entity in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1 Hz whistler wave precursors attached to shock‐like structures are often observed in the foreshock. Using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate the interactions between 1 Hz waves and ions. Incoming solar wind ions do not cyclotron‐resonate with the wave, since typically the wave is right‐handed in their frame. We demonstrate that solar wind ions commonly exhibit 180° gyro‐phase bunching from the wave magnetic field, understanding it with a reconciled linear theory and non‐linear trapping theory for non‐cyclotron‐resonant modulations. Along the longitudinal direction, solar wind ions experience Landau resonance, exhibiting either modulations at small wave potentials or trapping in phase‐space holes at large potentials. The results also improve our understanding of foreshock structure evolution and 1 Hz wave excitation. Shock‐like structures start with having incoming solar wind and remotely reflected ions from further downstream. The ion‐scale 1 Hz waves can already appear during this stage. The excitation may be due to shock‐like dispersive radiation or kinetic instabilities resonant with these remotely reflected ions. Ions reflected by local shock‐like structures occur later, so they are not always necessary for generating 1 Hz waves. The wave leads to ion reflection further upstream, which may cause reformation of shock‐like structures. In one event, locally reflected ions exhibit non‐cyclotron‐resonant modulation in the early stage, and later approach the anomalous cyclotron resonant condition with gyro‐phases ∼270°. The latter is possibly due to nonlinear trapping in regions with an upstream‐pointing magnetic field gradient, linked to reformation. Some additional special features, such as frequency dispersions, are observed, encouraging further investigations. Key Points: Solar wind ions do not gyro‐resonate with 1 Hz whistlers, while they commonly exhibit gyro‐phase bunching and Landau resonance with the waveSLAMS reflected ions show hints of gyro‐resonance with 1 Hz whistlers and losing energy to the fields, with aid of background B gradientWhistler‐ion interactions can cause ion reflections upstream of the main ramp, which in turn modifies shock‐like structures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of the Dutch Reformation have attributed the rapid development of Reformed churches in the liberated areas of the Northern Netherlands after 1572 to the immigration of radical migrants from Flanders or returning exiles who learned the trade in the refugee churches outside the Low Countries. However, the impact of the networks, rather than the ideology, of a third transformative stream of migrants often gets overlooked. This article argues that a wider network of mobile ministers centred around the University of Heidelberg had a profound impact on the religious landscape of the Low Countries. It demonstrates this using a network analysis of the correspondence of one of the leading Reformed ministers in the liberated Netherlands after 1572, Arnold Cornelisz, combined with a prosopographical examination of the network. The idea that exile brought innovation through the formation of networks itself is not new. Yet, the article suggest that scholars should also take into account the interaction of exile with other forms of migration. Although Reformed ministers did not always recognize themselves as refugees or exiles, they were part of a large, transferable network that formed an innovative force after their return to the Low Countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For group 14 mono‐elemental 2D materials, such as silicene, germanene, and stanene, oxidation is a severe problem that alters or degrades their physical properties. This study shows that the oxidized germanene on Ag(111)/Ge(111) can be reformed to germanene by simple heating ≈500 °C in a vacuum. The key reaction in reforming germanene is the desorption of GeO and GeO2 during heating ≈350 °C. After removing surface oxygen, Ge further segregates to the surface, resulting in the reformation of germanene. The reformed germanene has the same crystal structure, a (7√7 × 7√7) R19.1° supercell with respect to Ag(111), and has equivalent high quality to that of as‐grown germanene on Ag(111)/Ge(111). Even after air oxidation, germanene can be reformed by annealing in a vacuum. On the other hand, the desorption of GeO and GeO2 at high temperatures is not suppressed in the O2 backfilling atmosphere. This instability of oxidized germanene/Ag(111)/Ge(111) at high temperatures contributes to the ease of germanene reformation without residual oxygen. In other words, the present germanene reformation, as well as the segregation of germanene on Ag(111)/Ge(111), is a highly robust process to synthesize germanene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a book titled "Luther and Philosophies of the Reformation," which explores Martin Luther's role in the Reformation and his lasting impact on the world. The book features contributions from seven leading scholars with diverse perspectives on Luther and his legacy. The essays cover topics such as Luther's understanding of grace, his interpretation of Paul, Dante's critique of the church, Luther's views on the nature and authority of the church, and the Protestant legacy of radical agency. Overall, the book offers a constructive and interesting addition to Luther scholarship, although there are some editing issues. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the impact of the Reformation on early modern European historiography. The authors argue that there is a gap in the literature regarding how the Reformation influenced history-writing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The collection of essays in this volume aims to address this gap by examining works by various writers from different religious and national contexts. The authors explore how Protestant and Roman Catholic writers saw the events surrounding the Reformation and how they constructed narratives of continuity or decay and restoration. The essays also highlight different approaches to constructing Reformation history and the use of history for defending doctrine and guiding moral behavior. Overall, this volume provides valuable insights into early modern scholarly practice and the history of historiography. [Extracted from the article]

Blockchain applications are gradually receiving wide acceptance as a transformative technology that could potentially bring a reformation in the industry. Blockchain handles sensitive data through cryptography, consensus mechanism, transaction immutability, and peer‐to‐peer network to manage decentralized data features. In addition to ensuring operational efficiency, blockchain development is a complex and challenging process, which warrants further exploration. In an attempt to reduce the complexity of the development, various software methodologies have been introduced to support the development of blockchain applications systematically. It has been found that those methodologies introduced structured processes that are not suitable for software models. Moreover, all models are generic and do not take into blockchain concept as first‐class entities. Hence, there is a gap in extending and transforming the current blockchain modeling and practices when developing a blockchain application. This paper introduces a new insight and innovative methodology for blockchain‐based application development through extended agent‐oriented modeling (eAOM) to discover blockchain opportunities and contribute to the growth of the technology. With eAOM, the blockchain modeling processes start with requirement elicitation, computation independent modeling, early identification of blockchain use case, platform independent modeling, and platform specific model. A walkthrough example of a blockchain application, "win a fortune games" has showcased the feasibility of eAOM in modeling blockchain enabling application development in a systematic manner. A usability analysis is conducted among novice students to test the usability of eAOM versus original AOM in modeling blockchain application development. From the findings, 44% of the students managed to capture more than 80% of blockchain requirements through eAOM. On the other hand, 51% of the students scored between 20% and 60% of the blockchain requirement, and only 5% of the students failed to model blockchain requirements through eAOM. The results reveal the usage of the eAOM to model blockchain‐enabled application comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we successfully inhibited the preferential homodimerization and C−Si/Si−H bond cross‐exchange of benzosilacyclobutenes and monohydro‐silacyclobutanes and achieved the first highly selective C−Si/C−Si bond cross‐exchange reaction by deliberately tuning the Ni‐catalytic system, which constitutes a powerful and atom‐economical ring expansion method for preparing medium‐sized cyclic compounds bearing two silicon atoms at the ring junction, which are otherwise inaccessible. The DFT calculation explicitly elucidated the pivotal role of Si−H bond at silacyclobutanes and the high ring strain of two substrates in realizing the two C−Si bonds cleavage and reformation in the catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing low‐cost, effective and greener materials via a non‐sophisticated strategy is most important for future research. Here, they made a new dual endeavor using carbon dots (CDs) as an environment protection probe for selective detection of environmental toxins, followed by the solid‐state structural reformer to prepare NiMoO4 (NM) via mechanochemical‐based solid grinding method. The prepared CDs, NM and NM‐CDs combination is examined through various techniques. The prepared CDs selectively detect Cr6+, Ru3+, and Doxycycline independently. Also, in this work, a groundbreaking strategy is found to prepare morphology‐tailored NM using CDs through a solid‐state grinding method without adding any other toxic solvents or reagents. The CDs‐induced NM‐CDs (15) look like a 2D nano‐sheet with enriched surface area compared to its bare NM. The fabricated electrode provides the highest capacitance value of 1947 F g−1, almost three times grander than the bare 1D rod‐like electrode. Then, fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor NM‐CDs (15)//AC system delivers a high energy density of 43.9 Wh Kg−1 at a power density of 684 W Kg−1. Overall, a single CDs serve multiple roles in the environment and energy applications with a greener structure tailoring agent and a better booster for re energy storage properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Good Government and Church Order: Essays on the Role of Secular Authority in the German Reformation," is a collection of essays and a translated text that explore the governance of Lutheran territorial churches during the Protestant Reformation. The focus is on Johannes Brenz, a lesser-known reformer who implemented a new model of ecclesiastical governance in the duchy of Württemberg. The author argues that Brenz's model, which involved separate magistracies reporting to the duke, was more influential than other models of church polity. The article also discusses the influence of late medieval context and the role of secular rulers in religious reform. Overall, the collection sheds light on the commonalities of sixteenth-century learned culture and the ways in which reformers resurrected Catholic structures with new doctrines. [Extracted from the article]

Martin Luther is primarily known as a pastor and theologian of the 16th century Reformation. However, he was also a pedagogue passionate about educational reforms that united the spiritual life with the daily lived life. Believing that education served the purpose of equipping students for a life in service of one's neighbor, Luther took a practical and spiritual approach to critically engage content and even left space for teachers to differentiate based on their students' needs. This article provides a close look at the pedagogy and curriculum Luther outlines in the introduction to his Small Catechism and seeks to provide a creative adaptation to the contemporary theological/religious classroom. In the hopes that Luther's method can be of help in a variety of settings and spiritual traditions, the primary teaching method is driven by inquiry and the catechetical question "what is this?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nancy Bisaha's intellectual biography of Pope Pius II, titled "From Christians to Europeans: Pope Pius II and the Concept of the Modern Western Identity," explores the complexity of Pius's thought and his writings in the mid-fifteenth century. Bisaha argues that Pius's representations of the Ottomans as Europe's boogeyman reveal a heightened awareness among fifteenth-century writers of cultural and geographical differences, not just religious ones. However, the book could benefit from a deeper engagement with scholarship on the formation of Europe and the West, as well as with studies on colonialism and race. Overall, the book offers valuable insights into how Europe came into being, but leaves some gaps in understanding the role of Pius and his contemporaries in creating the Europe that impacted the lives of individuals like Frantz Fanon. [Extracted from the article]

In the book review titled "Bonhoeffer's America: A Land without Reformation," the author explores German pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer's views on American Protestantism. Bonhoeffer visited America twice in 1930-1931 and 1939 and found the American church to be pragmatic and morally courageous but lacking in theological depth. He observed that American theologians were more focused on social justice issues rather than Reformation theology and the Gospel. However, it is important to note that Bonhoeffer's exposure to American Christianity was limited primarily to New England liberal theologians and churches. The book provides a historical examination of Bonhoeffer's influence on American Protestantism and how his critiques still resonate today. [Extracted from the article]

Whether or not system performance can be prescribed by users is one core issue for almost all control problems, of course for multi‐agent control systems. But it could pose stern constraints on or exceptions to systems and control methods. How can one guarantee the prescribed performance while covering much more systems? It deserves deep study and particularly entails the integration/reformation of the related techniques. In the paper, we are concerned with the leaderless consensus with a prescribed convergence rate, aiming at n$$ n $$‐dimensional multi‐agent systems typically with unknown heterogeneous nonlinearities under a directed graph. In view of the essence of the problem, we resort to a powerful time‐varying high‐gain method, that is, funnel control. Specifically, to suppress unknown system nonlinearities and guarantee the prescribed performance, funnel gains are devised by utilizing the relative states and a time‐varying design function. Integrating them as well as a series of intermediate variables, a distributed consensus protocol is obtained without involving any global graph information. Remark that besides being used to construct funnel gains, the time‐varying design function is also introduced as a part of the protocol, substantially enhancing the control effect and playing a key role in forcing the relative states to ultimately converge to zero. It is shown that under the proposed protocol, the desired consensus is achieved with a prescribed convergence rate. A simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Saved and the Damned: A History of the Reformation" by Thomas Kaufmann is a comprehensive overview of the sixteenth-century Reformation. Kaufmann argues that religious ideas were the main driving force behind the Reformation, rather than social or political factors. The book explores the impact of the Reformation on Western civilization and its relevance in contemporary society. While the focus is primarily on the German experience, other European expressions of the Reformation are also discussed. The book provides a valuable overview for both newcomers and specialists in the field. [Extracted from the article]

This article considers visual and textual descriptions of conversions to Lutheranism by focusing on the former Augustinian monk Gottfried Rabe, who delivered his revocation sermon in Wittenberg in 1601 and features on two woodcuts as well as on a commemorative medal. Through a close analysis of the visual tropes and symbolism in these under‐studied sources, broader questions about Lutheranism at the turn of the sixteenth century are raised, including the role of the University of Wittenberg, the positions of Martin Luther and the Czech reformer Jan Hus as role models of conversions to Lutheranism and the Catholic responses to such conversions at this point in time. The article argues that the different media promoted different images of Rabe, showing a range of possible interpretations of the conversion and its place within the different confessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers visual and textual descriptions of conversions to Lutheranism by focusing on the former Augustinian monk Gottfried Rabe, who delivered his revocation sermon in Wittenberg in 1601 and features on two woodcuts as well as on a commemorative medal. Through a close analysis of the visual tropes and symbolism in these under‐studied sources, broader questions about Lutheranism at the turn of the sixteenth century are raised, including the role of the University of Wittenberg, the positions of Martin Luther and the Czech reformer Jan Hus as role models of conversions to Lutheranism and the Catholic responses to such conversions at this point in time. The article argues that the different media promoted different images of Rabe, showing a range of possible interpretations of the conversion and its place within the different confessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on the idea of the 'orders of creation' as developed in Emil Brunner's The Divine Imperative (1932) and shows that Brunner's understanding of the orders provides a fruitful theological foundation for conceptualizing Christian vocation and for framing the process of discernment therein. However, the concept of orders of creation is a mistrusted doctrine with problematic historical baggage. A few attempts have been made to rehabilitate the concept of the orders, but a successful revival requires a more thorough reimagining of the doctrine than has been previously attempted. Examining Christian vocation within the framework of the orders of creation, I undertake to reimagine the doctrine of orders as orders of vocation, supplying a definition of vocation as the unifying principle of those tasks which emerge where the will of God intersects with one's familial, economic, political, cultural and ecclesial responsibilities. The orders of vocation serve as a heuristic device that relativizes vocation in light of the particularities of concrete life. All activity within the orders of vocation is inevitably moral activity. Also, the orders of vocation, as opposed to orders of creation, emphasize the perennial necessity of reformation within the spheres of communal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smashingly successful analysis of the religious changes in late medieval and early modern England that commonly and conveniently are called "the English Reformation." How the English Reformation Was Named: The Politics of History, c.1400-1700 Careful examination causes Guyer to conclude that "reformation" was neither coherent nor formative. [Extracted from the article]

Electromerism is a very well‐known phenomenon in transition metal chemistry. In main group chemistry, this concept has only started getting attention recently. We report stimuli responsive low‐valent silicon compounds exhibiting electromerism. A mixed‐valent silaiminyl‐silylene 1, [LSi−Si(NDipp)L] (L=PhC(NtBu)2), was synthesized in a single step from amidinate‐chlorosilylene. Compound 1 has two interconnected Si atoms in formally +I and +III oxidation states. Upon treatment with Lewis acidic CuIX (X=mesityl, Cl, Br, I), electron redistribution occurs resulting in the formation of [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}−CuX], in which both silicon atoms are in the +II formal oxidation state. Removal of the copper center from [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}−CuX] by using a Lewis basic carbene led to reformation of the precursor [LSi−Si(NDipp)L]. Thus, the process is fully reversible. This showcases the first example of Lewis acid/base‐induced reversible electromerism in silicon chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transgenic expansion has situated land and territorial disputes at the centre of the transformations of the global agrifood system. Feminist critical scholarship has examined how states and multilateral organisations exercise top‐down power to promote extractivist agrarian models of development, showing how they have accelerated and intensified material and immaterial dispossession for already poor farmers across the world. In this article, I contribute to this growing body of inquiry by examining how racialisation is entangled with communities' discourses and tactics to generate seed and agrarian counter‐territorialisation processes. I concentrate on the formation of Territories Free of Transgenics in Colombia among peasant and Indigenous communities. I show the possibilities for socio‐epistemic and territorial reconfiguration that they offer, as well as their limitations. I demonstrate the critical role that racial formations play in seed struggles and the reformation of agrifood systems from below and point out further spaces of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy depends on the repopulation of lysosomes to degrade intracellular components and recycle nutrients. How cells co‐ordinate lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy, which occurs constitutively under nutrient‐rich conditions, is unknown. Here, we identify an endosome‐dependent phosphoinositide pathway that links PI3Kα signaling to lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy. We show that PI3Kα‐derived PI(3)P generated by INPP4B on late endosomes was required for basal but not starvation‐induced autophagic degradation. PI(3)P signals were maintained as late endosomes matured into endolysosomes, and served as the substrate for the 5‐kinase, PIKfyve, to generate PI(3,5)P2. The SNX‐BAR protein, SNX2, was recruited to endolysosomes by PI(3,5)P2 and promoted lysosome reformation. Inhibition of INPP4B/PIKfyve‐dependent lysosome reformation reduced autophagic clearance of protein aggregates during proteotoxic stress leading to increased cytotoxicity. Therefore under nutrient‐rich conditions, PI3Kα, INPP4B, and PIKfyve sequentially contribute to basal autophagic degradation and protection from proteotoxic stress via PI(3,5)P2‐dependent lysosome reformation from endolysosomes. These findings reveal that endosome maturation couples PI3Kα signaling to lysosome reformation during basal autophagy. Synopsis: Autophagy is an adaptive response to nutrient‐poor conditions, but also regulates cells under more normal conditions. Here, sequential phosphoinositide conversion is found to mediate lysosome reformation necessary for autophagic degradation and protein aggregate clearance under nutrient‐rich conditions.PI3Kα‐derived PI(3)P generated by INPP4B on late endosomes is required for basal but not starvation‐induced autophagic degradation.PI(3)P is maintained on late endosomes as they mature into endolysosomes, where they act as a substrate for PI(3,5)P2 generation by PIKfyve.PI(3,5)P2 recruits the SNX‐BAR protein SNX2 to drive lysosome reformation from endolysosomes.Inactivation of INPP4B/PIKfyve‐dependent lysosome reformation reduces autophagic clearance of protein aggregates during proteotoxic stress, causing cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bayanhot Basin is located at the intersection of the Alxa Block, Ordos Basin, and Corridor Transitional Zone. Although the Carboniferous palaeo‐sedimentary and tectonic features are of great significance in discovering the scientific issues of the influential range of the Qinlin‐Qilian Ocean and palaeo‐Asian Ocean and the relationship of the North China Block and Alxa Block, as well as in evaluating hydrocarbon prospects, it is difficult to restore the Carboniferous features because of intense late reformation. It is necessary to systematically discuss the late reformation characteristics. It is shown in this paper that Carboniferous strata have mainly experienced two extensive tectonic movements during the Late Hercynian–Indosinian and Yanshanian periods and had four reformation types: structural compression, uplift to erosion, superimposed and deep burial, and thermodynamic reformation, based on comprehensive analysis of seismic profiles, wells, aeromagnetic data and tectonic characteristics of the surrounding regions. Carboniferous strata were partly eroded by the compressional folding during Late Hercynian–Indosinian movement, and were forcefully eroded by thrusting and uplift during Yanshanian movement, especially movement in the Late Jurassic, which determined the present thickness of the Carboniferous strata. The deep overlap of the overlying Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, Palaeogene, and Neogene rocks in different areas was beneficial to the maturation of Carboniferous source rocks. The magmatic rocks exposed by well drilling and shallow aeromagnetic anomaly belts show heating reformation, which accelerated the maturation of source rocks to some extent. The total strength of the Carboniferous late reformation was stronger in the western area than in the eastern area and greater in the northern area than in the southern area. The multiple periods and various types of reformation were closely related to the regional closure of the Palaeo‐Qinling‐Qilian Ocean in the south, Palaeo‐Asian Ocean, and Mongolia–Okhotsk Ocean in the north and the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate in the east. The Carboniferous strata in eastern and southern basins will be the prospective favourable areas for the petroleum exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s, the shari'a has been equated with belligerent calls for the establishment of Islamic states. One effect of such "global shari'a‐phobia" is the growth of alarmist coverage of Islamic penal law (hudud). Indonesia and Malaysia, which jointly form the home of the largest Muslim population in the world, has witnessed constitutionalization, nationalization, and localization of the shari'a amidst fierce resistance by secular forces. This article examines the ideas of one active Southeast Asian participant in discussions over the shari'a ‐ the late Ahmad Ibrahim (1916‐1999). A legal practitioner, scholar, and social activist, he lived through the key phases of shari'a activism in the Muslim world. In this article, I argue that Ahmad Ibrahim sought to rehabilitate the shari'a, that is, he viewed the shari'a as a legal and ethical code needing of a thorough reinterpretation and repositioning in order to make it applicable for all citizens in modern nation‐states. Rehabilitating the shari'a entailed underlining three modalities of reforms: historicization, amplification, and harmonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting on the 14th International Congress for Luther Research, "Word and World: Luther across Borders," held in Thousand Oaks, California, on August 14–19, 2022, with brief reflections on the history, rationale, and organization of the Congress, as well as on future opportunities for Luther scholarship to engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite attempts in the broader literature to go beyond a binary classification of party‐based Euroscepticism, Eurosceptic radical left parties are still generally divided into those advocating reform of the EU and those calling for an exit from the EU. The most notable exception is the classification proposed by Keith (2017), who distinguishes between Rejectionist, Conditional and Expansionist Euroscepticism. However, this article argues that a new form of left‐wing Euroscepticism has emerged since 2016, which does not fit with any of the existing classifications. It is the position put forward by 'Plan B for Europe', a transnational initiative of radical left parties, which advocates a disobedient approach towards the EU that simultaneously aims for the reformation of the latter while preparing for a break from it. This is a novel type of party‐based Euroscepticism that should supplement Keith's classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Many Faces of Credulitas: Credibility, Credulity, and Belief in Post-Reformation Catholicism" by Tutino explores the changing relationship between belief, credulity, and credibility in post-Reformation Catholic Europe. The author argues that the contemporary understanding of credibility and credulity has its roots in the Enlightenment, where credulity was seen as an intellectual sin against reason. However, in early modern Catholicism, the two concepts were related, with the importance of intellectual judgment in embracing faith being emphasized. The book examines this topic, debunking the caricature of early modern Catholicism as rigid and closed to free debate. It also explores the influence of credibility and reasonability in Catholic discourse and the delicate balance between credibility and orthodoxy. The work provides valuable insights into the intellectual legacy of the Counter-Reformation and challenges myths about this period. [Extracted from the article]

Silvianne Aspray is a brilliant and penetrating thinker, and she has chosen a very promising research topic, for Vermigli is a familiar name as a central figure of the Reformation and at the same time he is a thinker who is virtually unknown. Aspray asks in conclusion whether the "metaphysical fault lines" (p. 139) found in Vermigli might not be characteristic of Reformation theologians, in a "time of transition" when "no metaphysical I episteme i was dominant" (p. 138). But Aspray nonetheless finds a plurality and an aporia in Vermigli's understanding of "the way God bestows his gifts on human beings" (p. 66). [Extracted from the article]

Zwingli was both remembered and forgotten, a martyr and a blasphemer, a provincial reformer in the shadow of Luther and Calvin, and the origin of an international community. Zwingli's disruptive force, and its outworking in Einsiedeln and Zurich, are carefully contextualised in Gordon's writing, which weaves a complex web of theologies and histories into the broader context in which they were conceived. In this new and much needed biography of Ulrich Zwingli, Bruce Gordon redefines the landscape of the Swiss reformation, and the position of Zwingli within the history of the European Reformations. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the historical conditions of the insertion of Christianity in Latin America. It points to the links between a colonizing project and Christian missions on that continent. The Christianity that settled here from the 16th century onward was marked by conflicts and controversies. Oppression and war against native populations were often justified as a necessary condition for evangelization. The political and theological disputes over the Protestant Reformation in Europe had repercussions on the continent as one more factor to intensify the conflict. Thus, one of the main structuring axes of the first notion of Christian unity on the continent was the exclusion of the other. However, in this context a prophetic Christianity also emerged out of compassion for the victims of the colonizing process. This article highlights central aspects of this Christianity of liberation that today still challenge missionary practices, but not only in Latin America. An evangelizing methodology conceived out of the living conditions of victims of oppressive systems questions even the missionary strategies of Protestant denominations active on the continent from the 19th century onwards, especially with regard to their civilizing ideal of local cultures. A careful and judicious look at the past of Christianization in Latin America can offer motivation for practices of ecumenical coexistence between different faiths, challenged by the pain of today's world and in solidarity with the victims of our consumer society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russ Leo's monumental study of early modern tragic discourse represents a major contribution to our understanding of tragic theory, Reformation drama, early modern theology and philosophical thought. (9) As such, the book is decidedly textual in its focus: "This is an history of tragedy, not drama or performance", writes Leo (6). Daniel Heinsius, author of I De Consitutione Tragoediae i (1611), emerges as even more central to Milton's work than has hitherto been recognized, and his text is more profoundly theological in Leo's account than that of other critics. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a study of the Edinburgh‐based anti‐Catholic organisation, the Scottish Reformation Society, in the immediate aftermath of the 1850 restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales, commonly known at the time as the papal aggression. The papal aggression sent shockwaves throughout England and was viewed by Protestants as an illegal attempt to overthrow Britain's civil and religious liberties by Pope Pius IX. Despite in practice only affecting England, the restoration also had a dramatic impact in Scotland, resulting in thousands of parliamentary petitions and sporadic bouts of communal violence. The Scottish Reformation Society, led by the controversial Free Church of Scotland minister James Begg, was at the forefront of this Scottish Protestant response. The society was dominated by Scotland's Presbyterian dissenters, particularly members of the establishmentarian Free Church. The Free Church had formed out of the 1843 Disruption in the Established Church of Scotland, a momentous politico‐ecclesiastical event which highlighted divisions between the British state and its Scottish church, the national kirk and dissent, and pro‐establishment and voluntary ecclesiologies. By focusing on the influence of a major Scottish anti‐Catholic society during a turbulent period for British Protestantism, this article examines the gulf between the rhetoric of national Protestant unity and the reality of national, ideological, and denominational divisions within mid‐nineteenth century Protestantism in the United Kingdom. It builds on existing research to highlight the various ways in which the anti‐Catholic movement was fractured on denominational lines and reflected the wider tensions of Scottish ecclesiastical politics in the years after the Disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is concerned with public nuisance law as a space‐making project, decisively shaping property relations through speculative policing. With a focus on the Citywide Nuisance Abatement Program (CNAP) in Los Angeles, we show how the transformation of "gang‐controlled" neighbourhoods anticipates capital investment through the reformation of property. We situate the contemporary reanimation of public nuisance law in the socio‐spatial histories of racial capitalism, including colonial dispossession, the control of free and fugitive Black people, and formations of counter‐insurgency such as community policing. In doing so, we draw attention to the lawlessness of the law, which in the case of CNAP is apparent not only in its legal hybridity but also in its preemptive logics of surveillance, criminalisation and banishment that target racial others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalena Tran is the creator of the audiovisual work Incomplete, which explores open‐source imaging software and is set to music by Ash Koosha. The work is a polemic about the strange possibilities and alternatives for developing what look like photographic objects that are constructed by the computer, but have a sense of otherworldly form, and questions the nature of racially biased stereotyping in digital observation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shock waves in collisionless plasmas are among the most efficient particle accelerators in space. Shock reformation is a process important to plasma heating and acceleration, but direct observations of reformation at quasi‐parallel shocks have been lacking. Here, we investigate Earth's quasi‐parallel bow shock with observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. The multi‐spacecraft observations provide evidence of short large‐amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) causing reformation of the quasi‐parallel shock. We perform an ion‐kinetic Vlasiator simulation of the bow shock and show that SLAMS reforming the bow shock recreates the multi‐spacecraft measurements. This provides a method for identifying shock reformation in the future. Plain Language Summary: A shock wave forms when a supersonic flow encounters an obstacle. Shock waves can even form in the ionized plasma that inhabits most of the seemingly empty space in our solar system, galaxy, and the rest of the universe. One such a shock is found in front of Earth as the fast stream of plasma flowing from the Sun, known as the solar wind, encounters Earth's magnetic field. Under certain conditions, shock waves can become unsteady and evolve in time. Specifically, it is thought that a new shock can form in front of and replace the old shock in a process known as shock reformation. This process is important for how shock waves heat the plasma and can play a major role in how shocks accelerate particles. In this work, we use data from satellites that fly through Earth's shock and compare to a computer simulation of the shock wave. We find that a type of magnetic pulsation in front of the shock wave causes it to reform. The method of finding this reformation process presented here can also be used in the future to find shock reformation. Key Points: We present observations of the four MMS spacecraft crossing Earth's bow shock seemingly in the reverse orderThe observations, supported by an ion‐kinetic simulation, reveal that short‐large amplitude magnetic structures cause the shock to reformThese multispacecraft signatures can be used in the future to identify shock reformation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial zipping of a fullerene orifice was achieved by a water‐mediated thermal rearrangement at 150 °C for one day while the orifice size changed from 16‐ to 14‐membered ring with the generation of a fused pentagon. The addition of B(C6F5)3 was found to facilitate the reaction likely due to the coordination to carbonyl groups on the orifice. By extending the reaction time, the decarbonylation took place to give another 14‐membered‐ring orifice where the Michael addition of water occurred under acidic conditions. The computational study suggested that the formation of a carboxylic acid and Fischer‐type carbene plays a key role in the C−C bond cleavage/reformation processes during the rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Europe, de nombreux exilés se heurtent à des politiques migratoires de plus en plus restrictives qui provoquent en région parisienne des situations d'errance. Les personnes qui cherchent l'asile expérimentent de longues périodes d'attente et d'incertitude qui se passent principalement dans la rue. Entre 2015 et 2020, cette errance a conduit à la formation de regroupements sous la forme de campements spontanés et à l'élaboration d'un système d'évacuation par les autorités, lequel n'empêche pas leurs reformations successives. Ces campements dessinent alors la frontière d'un non‐accès aux droits qui contraint les exilés à une posture d'attente subalterne. Nous proposons ici d'étudier la géographie et les ambivalences des campements, à la fois espaces d'exception, espaces normalisés et espaces de revendications. Nous nous inspirons des notions de police et de politique développées par Rancière, dans le cadre d'une approche critique de la géographie et des études sur la citoyenneté. Nous défendons l'idée que les campements urbains parisiens, sous certaines conditions géographiques, sont situés « aux bords du politique » selon les termes du philosophe, c'est‐à‐dire à l'articulation des processus de contrôle et d'émancipation. Messages‐clés: La géographie des campements parisiens révèle l'errance des exilés dans sa dimension systémique et collective tout en dessinant la frontière de l'accès aux droits à l'échelle urbaine.Les campements urbains parisiens sont, d'une façon paradoxale, des espaces d'exception et des espaces normalisés par un processus d'évacuations successives.Les campements urbains parisiens, lorsqu'ils contredisent les stratégies des autorités, deviennent des objets spatiaux revendicatifs et des scènes polémiques qui dévoilent la dimension politique du phénomène. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of religious liberty is so normative to the modern world that it is enshrined in The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Despite its significance, however, its history is not well understood; there is a popular myth that religious liberty was a secular invention of the eighteenth‐century European Enlightenment. The annual Richard Johnson Lecture 2020 sets out to debunk this myth by unearthing something of the forgotten history of religious liberty. I chart the evolution of the concept of religious liberty and the intertwined ideas of freedom of conscience and the free exercise of religion. This intellectual history focuses on five seminal historical moments: the origins of the New Testament idea of conscience in the first‐century Mediterranean world; the development of conscience as a right in medieval natural law; the toleration of religious minorities and arguments for freedom of conscience amidst the bloodshed of the Protestant Reformation; the codification of the idea of religious liberty at law in various states in the eighteenth‐century Atlantic world; and the negotiation of this tradition of religious liberty in colonial Australia. This intellectual history enriches our historical understanding of one of the most poignant and contested religious ideas in the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a period when harsh controversy was dominant, the Edwardian interlude Lusty Juventus is remarkable for presenting a different aspect of Reformation propaganda that eschewed vituperative anti‐Catholicism and aimed rather at creating a doctrinal consensus around the key tenets of the New Creed. At the same time, however, anxiety for the moral situation of the Edwardian Church can be discerned in the play. With its doctrinal emphasis, its conciliatory stance and its incipient discontent, this quite‐neglected interlude stands out as a fundamental step in the development of the drama connected to the Tudor Reformation. Such theatrical production began with the polemical anti‐Catholicism of John Bale's plays, which fed on vituperation and verbal abuse, and culminated in the Elizabethan so‐called money plays, which castigated contemporary social and religious evils alike, and bitterly deplored the failure of the Reformation to bring about that utter moral regeneration its champions so fervently advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous influence of the Bible from the sixteenth century to the present does not depend solely on the words of the text. He created nothing less than the first picture Bible (the I Icones i ), whose illustrations moved the Christian Scripture from the world of dogma to that of art and sacred history. [Extracted from the article]

In the second I electoral continuity path i , transitions are initiated by stable ruling parties confident of their ability to thrive under democracy. Were these stable ruling parties created by a violent shock and an unsuccessful push toward democracy? For instance, protests, civil society forces, and sanctions can expedite the process of democratization but are more likely to do so after a violent shock or in the presence of a stable ruling party.[2] A structural factor such as economic development reduces the chances of shocks but enhances the probability of democratization if a shock occurs. [Extracted from the article]

Why Catholic Doctrine is not Unbiblical, Matthew Levering, Zondervan, 2017 (ISBN 978-0-310-53071-8), 240 pp., pb $16.99 Levering starts each chapter summarizing as much as possible in Luther's own words why Luther rejected the Catholic position on the issue under discussion. Vanhoozer also remarks that Levering rightly understands that to win over Evangelicals, he must show that the Catholic positions are at least biblically possible. [Extracted from the article]

Traditional wisdom on how late industrialized countries follow the technology trajectories of preceding economies is in need of reformation as these countries have attained industrial leadership in a growing number of fields. However, current understandings about these countries' development of their emerging technologies have yet to investigate the divergence of idiosyncratic technology trajectories. The aim of this paper was to explore how their knowledge production strategies in emerging technology sectors are diverging. Specifically, this research examines the changing patterns of knowledge production in quantum technology in South Korea and China by developing a knowledge portfolio and knowledge strategic diagram. According to the knowledge portfolio, the relative literature position differs. In the knowledge strategic diagram, there are diverging patterns in the emerging keywords sector. This paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating the diverging strategies of late industrialized countries in their transition from catch‐up to post‐catch‐up paradigms and provides policy implications for countries developing an idiosyncratic trajectory in emerging technology sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding a relationship between kinetics and thermodynamics may be difficult. However, semi‐empirical rules exist to compensate for this shortcoming, among which the Bell–Evans–Polanyi (B‐E‐P) principle is an example for reactions involving bond breakage and reformation. We expand the B‐E‐P principle to a new territory by probing photoinduced structure planarization (PISP) of a series of dibenz[b,f]azepine derivatives incorporating bent‐to‐planar and rotation motion. The latter involves twisting of the partial double bond character, thereby inducing a barrier that is substituent dependent at the para N‐phenyl position. The transition‐state structure and frequency data satisfy and broaden the B‐E‐P principle to PISP reactions without bond rearrangement. Together with dual emissions during PISP, this makes possible harnessing of the kinetics/thermodynamics relationship and hence ratiometric luminescence properties for excited‐state structural transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reassesses the role that historical argument played in Martin Luther's works. It demonstrates the disjuncture between the use which Luther, the Reformer, made of history, and his reservations about the discipline. Luther (1483–1546) did not hesitate to grant historical arguments an important place in justifying the rupture that the Reformation had provoked. Historical arguments were used, but also misused, in his writings; and he encouraged those who claimed to be his followers to make use of the past whenever possible. His humanist adversaries, who had up until then marginalized the discipline of history, were forced to follow in his footsteps. However, in Luther's eyes, historical arguments were part and parcel of his polemical armoury. He often deployed them, and he encouraged his contemporaries to do likewise, but he did not regard them as being of much intrinsic interest. Luther's highly original attitude towards historical argument no doubt helps explain why dialogue between Catholics and Lutherans reached an impasse and why an entente between Erasmus and Luther proved to be impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historiographical essay discusses several examples of how religious polemics have been studied with regard to their use of history. Only one book has ever treated the subject in a systematic way: Pontianus Polman's L'élément historique dans la controverse religieuse du XVIe siècle (Gembloux, 1932). Applying a rigid scheme, Polman dealt first with Protestants and then with Catholics. For each side, he presented two sections: the first entitled 'The accumulation of material' (subdivided into 'history of dogma' and 'church history') and the second 'The synthesis of material'. Polman's general conclusion was that religious polemics stimulated historical research but that theological ideas were often considered to be of greater importance than evidence derived from historical documents and sources. After a consideration of contemporary reviewers such Hubert Jedin and Lucien Febvre, I discuss Irena Backus' book Historical Method and Confessional Identity (2003) and argue that a new history of religious controversies should build on an 'anatomy of polemics', that is, on the study of scholarly conventions, their modification and rupture in Reformation polemics, with particular attention given to the criteria of religious knowledge as exemplified by debates about forgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, scholarship on the Scottish parliament was heavily informed by a narrative of 'failure', directed at explaining why its members voted it out of existence in 1707. Part of the problem was the tendency to see any deviation from the practices of the Westminster parliament as weakness. By reappraising parliament in terms of its utility to those who comprised its membership, notably the titled peerage and the monarch, historians have revealed its adaptability and inventiveness, especially in times of crisis. This essay considers how fresh approaches both to what constituted the parliamentary record and what can – and cannot – be found within it have exerted a transformative influence on our understanding of parliament's evolving role in Scottish political life. Although the Reformation crisis of 1560 and the accession of the ruling house of Stewart to the English throne in 1603 effected profound changes on parliamentary culture, this essay emphasises how parliament sustained its legitimacy and relevance, in part, by drawing on past practices and ideas. Historians have become more attentive in recent years to the means by which social groupings ordinarily excluded from formal parliamentary activity were nonetheless able to engage with, and influence, its proceedings. Gaps remain in our knowledge, however. Some periods have been more intensively studied than others, while certain aspects of parliamentary culture are understudied. The writing of Scottish parliamentary history will continue to offer rich possibilities in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]