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Background: Hookah smoking has pointedly increased worldwide and could have different harmful health effects. However, long term hookah smoking effects on chronic diseases has not been well studied. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between hookah smoking with metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Methods: In this prospective study, the baseline data from 3695 participant (35−70 years old) of Bandar‐e‐Kong cohort study in Hormozgan province, Iran were used. In this study, data were collected through the questionnaires designed in the Kong cohort study and 25 mm of blood sample. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0 and the ggplot2 package in RStudio version 2023.06.1 + 524. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. Results: The prevalence of hookah smoking was 17.3% in total. Also, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were 35.6, 15.2, 31.2, and 78.0%, respectively. Our results showed that there were statistically significant relationship between hookah smoking and metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes (p < 0.05). In the case of dyslipidemia, hookah smoking was also associated with increase in dyslipidemia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: More evidence is needed to understand the mechanism of hookah smoking and these health effects. As well as, health education and increasing public awareness about the health effects of hookah smoking and implementation of smoking prohibition policies are highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study assesses the long‐term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on cigarette, passive, and hookah smoking in adolescent boys and girls. METHODS: One thousand one hundred and fifty‐nine adolescent participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) (2001‐2004) were followed for 12 years. Participants in the intervention area received lifestyle interventions in family, schools, and community settings, with the largest part implemented in schools. After excluding those with missing baseline parental data (n = 66), complete parental data of 1093 adolescents was used for cluster analysis. Families were classified as low‐ and high‐risk. Two hundred and ninety‐six individuals who did not complete intervention/follow‐ups were excluded, GEE was performed on 797 adolescents (369 boys, 192 intervention) to assess the intervention effect on tobacco‐related habits. RESULTS: Adolescents' mean baseline age was 15.21 ± 1.95. Those living in high‐risk families were more at risk of cigarette, passive, and hookah smoking. Intervention decreased odds of cigarette and passive smoking by 38% and 57%, respectively. Intervention did not reduce hookah smoking in adolescents. After sex‐specific analysis, the intervention reduced current cigarette smoking by 40% only in boys and passive smoking in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting lifestyle behaviors in school‐aged adolescents and their families reduces cigarette smoking in boys and protects both sexes from secondhand smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The epidemic tobacco use is a public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco use and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Shiraz, Iran. Methods: In total, 5873 adults aged 20 and older were included in this study from the city of Shiraz, Iran, from June to October 2015. The sampling was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. Active cigarette, hookah, and second‐hand smokers were labeled as tobacco users in this study. Past smokers and non‐smokers were labeled as non‐tobacco users. The participants' socioeconomic status (SES) was determined based on their self‐reported level of education, occupation, income, and residence. Results: In this study, 35.4% of the participants were tobacco users. The prevalence of active cigarette, active hookah, dual‐users, and secondhand smokers was 13.3%, 8.3%, 0.4%, and 13.4%, respectively. The prevalence of tobacco use was highest among individuals with primary education level (40.9%), manual jobs (46.4%), lowest income level (38.1%), and those living in the suburban areas (36.4%). In multivariate analysis, the most socioeconomic factors related to tobacco usage were lack of academic education, manual job, and low‐income level. Conclusions: Tobacco control efforts should be more focused on vulnerable groups of cigarette and hookah users in the southwest of Iran. Moreover, SES and reduction of health‐related disparities and inequality should be considered a crucial concern in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide (CO) toxicity should be considered in patients presenting to the emergency department with any acute vague manifestations after hookah smoking; furthermore, smoking in an open space does not eliminate the risk of CO toxicity. High‐flow supplemental oxygen should be provided immediately while further investigations and management options are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Waterpipe tobacco smoking ( WTS) popularity is increasing world-wide, and health effects are emerging in the light of evidence that WTS is perceived by users as less harmful than cigarette smoking. However, there remains a paucity of available evidence from which to draw firm conclusions about its public health significance. Aims This narrative review aims to summarize WTS literature to date to inform tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals about this phenomenon and help them to assess whether or not WTS should become a public health priority. Methods Standard electronic databases as well as conference proceedings and personal libraries were searched in English, French and Arabic with inclusive terminology for the variety of names given to WTS. Findings Waterpipe smoke contains significant levels of toxins, some of which are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Recent epidemiological trends have established an increasing prevalence of WTS in the Middle East and the United States, particularly among adolescents. It is used commonly across multiple ethnicities and both genders with less of a social gradient than cigarette smoking. Attitudes and beliefs have been researched widely and several reasons for believing it is less harmful than cigarette smoking include water filtration and social acceptability. A wide range of diseases have been associated with WTS, but research in this area is relatively underdeveloped and a better evidence base is needed. Worryingly, the waterpipe industry, including waterpipe cafes, operates in an almost completely unregulated market and employs deceptive marketing techniques to attract new users. Conclusions Waterpipe tobacco smoking ( WTS) appears to be on the increase, especially among younger users, and therefore represents a potential public health concern. While legislators should consider enforcing and extending existing tobacco laws to a growing WTS industry, further research is required to fill gaps in the literature and provide evidence-based interventions for tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]