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Stalk rot disease is becoming an important disease in sweet corn crops because it causes significant yield losses of the crop. In July 2022, typical symptoms of stem rot were observed in fields of Mae Hia Agricultural Research, Demonstration and Training Center in Chiang Mai province of Thailand. The symptoms exhibited by affected crop included circular water‐soaked lesions, rot and necrotic tissue at the base of the stalk. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation of the inoculated strain from the inoculated tissues, and confirmation was obtained by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA sequences. The isolated colony on nutrient agar was cream‐coloured, circular, with a convex elevation, entire margin and smooth surface; the optical character was translucent and exuded a yellowish pigment that diffused in the nutrient agar, gram‐negative, lacked arginine dihydrolase, occurrence of the oxidase and catalase reaction. The strains were able to utilize d‐galactose and glucose but were unable to utilize d‐maltose, d‐cellobiose, d‐fructose, d‐mannose, mannitol, lactose and sucrose. The strains showed positive results for gelatine liquefaction test, citrate utilization and casein hydrolysis, but starch hydrolysis and indole production were negative result. These characteristics are the same as those described previously for Burkholderia gladioli. Disease severity in sweet corn was 43.8%, with infections showing spots with dark margins and soft rot on mature leaves and flag leaves. Disease severity in waxy corn and maize were 21.9% and 15.6%, respectively, showing a few light or dark brown spots at the infection sites. Therefore, this represents the first report of leaf stripe and stalk rot disease in sweet corn in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenological models serve as a potent tool in management practices and determining flowering time in ornamental crops. Schwab's staging system for development of gladiola that relies on easily identifiable visual characteristics was used in the study to describe the detailed developmental stages and requirement of agrometeorological indices for each stage. The study was conducted with five gladiolus varieties planted at four different times to characterize the varieties for planting time. Plants under September and October plantings completed their phenological development in less time and accumulated fewer agrometeorological indices because of favourable temperature and short day conditions. The phenological model revealed that Punjab Lemon Delight and Punjab Glance could be planted in September as their blooming was delayed by 32 and 17 days, respectively and corm harvesting by 48 and 43 days respectively, when planted in December. The delay in blooming was 18 and 15 days respectively for Punjab Glad 3 and CPG and corresponding values for corm harvesting were 30 and 26 days when planting was done in December indicating that these varieties could be suitable for late planting. White Prosperity could be planted in October or November because when comparing planting in these 2 months, the number of days to bloom and the number of days to corm harvesting were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A prophage tail‐like protein (Bg_9562) of Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 possesses broad‐spectrum antifungal activity, and it is required for the bacterial ability to forage over fungi. Here, we analyzed whether heterologous overexpression of Bg_9562 or exogenous treatment with purified protein can impart disease tolerance in tomato. The physiological relevance of Bg_9562 during endophytic growth of NGJ1 was also investigated.Bg_9562 overexpressing lines demonstrate fungal and bacterial disease tolerance. They exhibit enhanced expression of defense genes and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases. Treatment with Bg_9562 protein induces defense responses and imparts immunity in wild‐type tomato.The defense‐inducing ability lies within 18–51 aa region of Bg_9562 and is due to sequence homology with the bacterial flagellin epitope. Interaction studies suggest that Bg_9562 is perceived by FLAGELLIN‐SENSING 2 homologs in tomato. The silencing of SlSERK3s (BAK1 homologs) prevents Bg_9562‐triggered immunity. Moreover, type III secretion system‐dependent translocation of Bg_9562 into host apoplast is important for elicitation of immune responses during colonization of NGJ1.Our study emphasizes that Bg_9562 is important for the endophytic growth of B. gladioli, while the plant perceives it as an indirect indicator of the presence of bacteria to mount immune responses. The findings have practical implications for controlling plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abandonment of seminatural Molinia meadows observed in Central and Eastern Europe during the 20th century started the secondary succession and threatened the state and persistence of populations of numerous meadow species. Considering this, the aims of the presented investigations were to study the abundance and selected traits of individuals of Gladiolus imbricatus L. in extensively used (EM) and unmanaged for at least 15 years (UM) Molinia meadows (Southern Poland, Central Europe). Altogether, 125 juvenile individuals, 21 vegetative individuals, and 119 generative individuals of Gladiolus imbricatus were investigated. The field studies showed positive correlation among the height of shoots and other traits of generative individuals in both study patches. Moreover, the greater abundance of population of Gladiolus imbricatus (especially the greater number of juveniles), as well as the greater dimensions of leaf blades, shoots, inflorescence, and number of capsules in the patch UM, indicates the appropriate state of the population. These data indicate a positive influence of abandonment and evolving secondary succession on the Gladiolus imbricatus population within the Molinia meadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus hybridus is one of the most popular flowers worldwide. However, its corm dormancy characteristic largely limits its off‐season production. Long‐term cold treatment (LT), which increases sugar content and reduces abscisic acid (ABA), is an efficient approach to accelerate corm dormancy release (CDR). Here, we identified a GhbZIP30‐GhCCCH17 module that mediates the antagonism between sugars and ABA during CDR. We showed that sugars promoted CDR by reducing ABA levels in Gladiolus. Our data demonstrated that GhbZIP30 transcription factor directly binds the GhCCCH17 zinc finger promoter and activates its transcription, confirmed by yeast one‐hybrid, dual‐luciferase (Dual‐LUC), chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative PCR (ChIP‐qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). GhCCCH17 is a transcriptional activator, and its nuclear localisation is altered by surcose and cytokinin treatments. Both GhbZIP30 and GhCCCH17 positively respond to LT, sugars, and cytokinin treatments. Silencing GhbZIP30 or GhCCCH17 resulted in delayed CDR by regulating ABA metabolic genes, while their overexpression promoted CDR. Taken together, we propose that the GhbZIP30‐GhCCCH17 module is involved in cold‐ and glucose‐induced CDR by regulating ABA metabolic genes. Brief Summary: Sugars are regarded as integrators of environmental and endogenous signals. However, the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) and sugars in the process of geophyte dormancy release is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that glucose plays a positive role in CDR in Gladiolus by decreasing endogenous ABA. We propose a GhbZIP30‐GhCCCH17 module that mediates the antagonism between sugars and ABA during CDR by regulating ABA metabolic genes. Significance Statement: During cold storage of Gladiolus cormels, endogenous glucose and sucrose levels increase, which repress endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and contribute to corm dormancy release (CDR). During this process, GhbZIP30 directly binds the GhCCCH17 promoter and activates its transcription. The GhbZIP30‐GhCCCH17 module is involved in cold‐ and glucose‐induced CDR by regulating ABA metabolic genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Bacteria utilize RpoN, an alternative sigma factor (σ54) to grow in diverse habitats, including nitrogen‐limiting conditions. Here, we report that a rice‐associated mycophagous bacterium Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 encodes two paralogues of rpoN viz. rpoN1 and rpoN2. Both of them are upregulated during 24 h of mycophagous interaction with Rhizoctonia solani, a polyphagous fungal pathogen. Disruption of either one of rpoNs renders the mutant NGJ1 bacterium defective in mycophagy, whereas ectopic expression of respective rpoN genes restores mycophagy in the complementing strains. NGJ1 requires rpoN1 and rpoN2 for efficient biocontrol to prevent R. solani to establish disease in rice and tomato. Further, we have identified 17 genes having RpoN regulatory motif in NGJ1, majority of them encode potential type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, nitrogen assimilation, and cellular transport‐related functions. Several of these RpoN regulated genes as well as certain previously reported T3SS apparatus (hrcC and hrcN) and effector (Bg_9562 and endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase) encoding genes are upregulated in NGJ1 but not in ΔrpoN1 or ΔrpoN2 mutant bacterium, during mycophagous interaction with R. solani. This highlights that RpoN1 and RpoN2 modulate T3SS, nitrogen assimilation as well as cellular transport systems in NGJ1 and thereby promote bacterial mycophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gladiolus microcarpus G.J. Lewis is a striking, summer‐flowering cremnophyte, with a strongly weeping habit, endemic to the Drakensberg Mountain Centre in southern Africa. A description and details of its history, taxonomy, habitat and cultivation are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gene cluster encoding a cryptic trans‐acyl transferase polyketide synthase (PKS) was identified in the genomes of Burkholderia gladioli BCC0238 and BCC1622, both isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Bioinfomatics analyses indicated the PKS assembles a novel member of the glutarimide class of antibiotics, hitherto only isolated from Streptomyces species. Screening of a range of growth parameters led to the identification of gladiostatin, the metabolic product of the PKS. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that gladiostatin, which has promising activity against several human cancer cell lines and inhibits tumor cell migration, contains an unusual 2‐acyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutenolide in addition to the glutarimide pharmacophore. An AfsA‐like domain at the C‐terminus of the PKS was shown to catalyze condensation of 3‐ketothioesters with dihydroxyacetone phosphate, thus indicating it plays a key role in polyketide chain release and butenolide formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Burkholderia gladioli strains isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients were found to produce unusual lipodepsipeptides containing a unique citrate‐derived fatty acid and a rare dehydro‐β‐alanine residue. The gene cluster responsible for their biosynthesis was identified by bioinformatics and insertional mutagenesis. In‐frame deletions and enzyme activity assays were used to investigate the functions of several proteins encoded by the biosynthetic gene cluster, which was found in the genomes of about 45 % of B. gladioli isolates, suggesting that its metabolic products play an important role in the growth and/or survival of the species. The Chrome Azurol S assay indicated that these metabolites bind ferric iron, which suppresses their production when added to the growth medium. Moreover, a gene encoding a TonB‐dependent ferric‐siderophore receptor is adjacent to the biosynthetic genes, suggesting that these metabolites may function as siderophores in B. gladioli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim The causes of geographical variation in species richness in clades that do not follow the latitudinal diversity gradient have rarely been investigated. Here, we examine spatial asymmetries of diversity in Gladiolus (Iridaceae), a large genus (> 260 species) that is present in two mediterranean climate biomes: the Cape of southern Africa (106 species) and the Mediterranean Basin (7 species). Despite convergence of climatic conditions between the two regions, the species density of Gladiolus is over one order of magnitude higher in the Cape than in the Mediterranean Basin. We investigate whether the diversity disparities observed in the genus are better explained by recent colonization of species-poor areas (temporal hypothesis) or by differential rates of diversification (evolutionary hypothesis). Location Africa, Madagascar and Eurasia Methods We employ a recently developed Bayesian method for the estimation of diversification rates and a biogeographical optimization approach within a phylogenetic framework. Results In Gladiolus, the 'diversity anomaly' between the two Mediterranean climate regions cannot be explained solely by the time available for speciation in the Cape, but is also due to locally reduced rates of diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. Furthermore, high overall diversity in southern Africa stems from an ancient origin in the Cape allied with high rates of diversification in the summer-rainfall region of the subcontinent. Main conclusions Both evolutionary and temporal hypotheses must be taken into account in order to explain the diversity anomaly between the Mediterranean Basin and the Cape. Our results suggest that regions at comparable latitudes and/or with similar climate may not converge in diversity levels due to heterogeneity of diversification rates and contrasting biogeographical histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much debate over the origin of species diversity in biodiversity hotspots, particularly the rate of speciation over extinction and the geographic mode of speciation. Here, we looked at speciation with varying degrees of sympatry in a biodiversity hotspot, focusing on a distinct morphological clade in the Cape Floristic Region in southern Africa, the Gladiolus carinatus species complex (Iridaceae). We investigate the mechanisms involved in population and species differentiation through a combination of ecological and genomic approaches. We estimated spatial and phenological overlap, differences in floral morphology, genetic isolation and genomic selection. A genetic coalescent analysis estimated that the time of divergence between lineages followed the establishment of available habitat in the Cape littoral plain where these species currently overlap geographically. Marked shifts in flowering time and morphology, which act as barriers to gene flow, have developed to varying degrees over the last 0.3-1.4 million years. An amplified fragment length polymorphism genome scan revealed signatures of divergent and balancing selection, although half of the loci consistently behaved neutrally. Divergent species outliers (1%) and floral morph outliers (3%) represent a small proportion of the genome, but these loci produced clear genetic clusters of species and significant associations with floral traits. These results indicate that the G. carinatus complex represents a continuum of recent speciation. We provide further evidence for ecological adaptation in the face of gene flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on cultivars Gladiolus hybrid, the Gladiolus x brenchleyensis. It explores the gardens designed by Gertrude Jekyll between 1868 and 1932 which contains painting of Gladiolus x brenchleyensis. The Lindisfarne Castle Garden hosts several plants including the Rose Killarney, sweet pea cultivars, and Gladiolus x brenchleyensis. The article also relates the specimen sent by the Royal Nurseries in 1859 to "The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette."

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli and F. oxysporum f.sp. lilii cause corm rot and yellowing of gladiolus and lilies respectively. Resistance among isolates of these two pathogens to two benzimidazole (methyl benzimidazole carbamate: MBC) fungicides, benomyl and thiabendazole, has been identified. However, sensitivity to other benzimidazole fungicides among isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli and F. oxysporum f.sp. lilii remains unclear. Sensitivity among isolates of these two pathogens to benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and thiabendazole were evaluated in this study. Results showed that among six F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli isolates, one was highly resistant, four were moderately resistant and one was highly sensitive to benomyl, five were highly resistant to thiophanate-methyl, four were sensitive and one was highly sensitive to carbendazim and all six isolates were sensitive to thiabendazole. Among the 13 F. oxysporum f.sp. lilii isolates tested, three were moderately resistant and 10 were highly sensitive to benomyl, and five were highly resistant, three were moderately resistant and five were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl. While all isolates were highly sensitive or sensitive to carbendazim and thiabendazole. These results strongly suggest that the mode of fungicide resistance in these two pathogens varies among members of the benzimidazole fungicide group and that cross resistance does not always occur. Sequence analysis of the partially amplified β-tubulin gene indicated that mutation in codons 198 and 200 had not occurred in the benzimidazole resistant isolates. It was concluded that resistance found in Taiwan isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli and F. oxysporum f.sp. lilii to these fungicides may be due to some other mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seminatural grasslands, the success of reintroduction of locally extinct rare plant species may depend on the ambient management regime. We aimed to study to what extent the success of the restoration of a rare species ( Gladiolus imbricatus) depends on management conditions. A management experiment with traditional cutting by scythe and hay removal, mowing (machine cutting and hay removal), mulching (machine cutting without hay removal), spring burning, and unmanaged control, combined with reintroduction of seeds of Gladiolus, was conducted in an Estonian flooded meadow in which the species had become extinct. Seeds were reintroduced in 2003 in all management treatments and populations monitored until 2006. Mulching, mowing, and traditional management resulted in the greatest establishment, whereas the subsequent mortality was not influenced greatly by management regime. The population started to increase in mulching treatment in the third season due to vegetative growth. The results indicate that the establishment of G. imbricatus is primarily seed limited under current conditions, whereas favorable management significantly enhances establishment in a river floodplain meadow. Successful restoration depends on seed addition and proper grassland management—mowing to a height of approximately 15 cm and mulching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cormels pieces of four Fusarium susceptible Gladiolus cultivars (Friendship, Peter Pears, Victor Borge and Novalux) formed friable calli when cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. The friable calli established cell suspensions. Plantlet regeneration was obtained from the control callus, control cell suspension derived callus and in vitro selected Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. resistant cell-lines of Friendship. The in vitro cormlets showed 85–95% germination after breaking dormancy of 8 weeks at 4 °C. Cell suspensions of all four Gladiolus cultivars were found to be highly sensitive to fusaric acid. Gradual increase in fusaric acid concentrations to the cell-suspension cultures decreased cell growth considerably. One albino plant was found from the second generation of the in vitro selected cell line of Friendship. The albino plant was found to be highly susceptible to F. oxysporum. The cormlets of all in vitro selected cell lines of Friendship were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the F. oxysporum before planting and were also sprayed with the same spore suspension for further characterization when the height of plants was about 6 cm. The four selected cell lines showed the same response whether or not they were inoculated with conidia of the F. oxysporum. Plantlets of all of the selected cell lines exhibited significant growth as compared with the control after application of conidia of the F. oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A test to select Fusarium resistant seedlings of Gladiolus is described. Seedlings of 37 populations, obtained from an incomplete diallel between eight parents with different levels of Fusarium resistance, were used. Significant differences in Fusarium infection between and within populations were detected. Most of the descendants selected had a resistant G. dalenii genotype as one of the parents. The resistance level of the parents was associated with the general combining ability for Fusarium resistance based on the seedling test. Implications for resistance breeding are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue cultures of Gladiolus have been used successfully to determine host specific properties of fusaric acid, a phytotoxin produced by Fusarium oxvsporum f. sp. gladioli (Mas.) Sny. et Hn. Ten Gladiolus genotypes, including three wild South African species. varying in resistance to Fusarium-rot. were differentiated based on the expressed insensitivity to fusaric acid. Shoots and callus cultures were challenged in vitro with various concentrations of fusaric acid. The ion-release caused by the toxin was measured with callus and intact cormels. In all above mentioned bioassays resistant and susceptible genotypes could be generally discriminated. How-ever, only two of the developed bioassays, the shoot assay and the ion-release with intact cormels, gave significantly coinciding results with the Fusarium-resistance assessed in a greenhouse experiment. When using callus tissue in the assays, the obtained answer correlated less with the Fusarium-resistance. It is concluded that a part of the Fusarium-resistance is based on fusaric acid insensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determinative laboratory tests which distinguish Rhodococcus fascians from all other coryneform plant pathogenic bacteria were used to compare strains of this species with representative strains of Clavibacter spp. and Curtobacterium spp. The strains were also compared by colony hybridization using genomic DNA from R. fascians as a probe. Only strains of R. fascians authenticated with the determinative tests gave positive reactions to the probe. The pathogenicity of strains was tested in seedlings of Lathyrus odoratus L. (sweetpea) grown in soil, and aseptically in agar in tubes. Fasciation was induced in sweetpea by 20 strains of R. fascians from Begonia sp., Brodiaea laxa, Canca X heilbornn nm. pentagona, C. pubescens, Dahlia sp., Fragaria x ananassa, Lathyrus odoratus, and Verbascum nigrum. Strains of R. fascums from Chrysanthemum sp., Gladiolus sp., and Justida brandegeana did not induce fasciation in sweetpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructure of cell inclusions of different ornamental plants infected with several filamentous viruses of the potyviruses was studied at the transmission electron microscope. The plants examined were: Crocus sativus, Hyacintkus sp.3 Gladiolus sp., rhizomatous Iris, Mascan sp., Nerine bowdenii and Sparaxis sp. Differences in morphology of cylindrical inclusions have been used to separate the potyviruses in several subdivisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the Fusarium resistance of Gladiolus genotypes using standardized conditions. Absence of disease symptoms; Estimation on the rate-specifity of the resistance; Assessment of genetic variation.

Application of the growth retardant CCC to gladiolus plants resulted in stimulation of stem length, increased number of flowers per spike and a slight advancement of anthesis date. Leaves of treated plants were heavier that control and contained a higher amount of water and chlorophyll. The anthocyanin content in petals was also greatly increased. CCC had little or no effect on the content of the endogenous gibberellins in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction, but markedly increased the content of the native gibberellins in the aqueous fraction. The mode of action of CCC in plants is discussed on the basis of these results and a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown on filter paper moistened with aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of different gibberellins. GA increased movement of dry matter from the cotyledons, mainly to the hypocotyl, at concentrations as low as 10-6 M, the optimum being at about 10-3 M in light and 10-4 M in darkness. Of the four pure gibberellins tested, GA4, which is the most active in promoting hypocotyl elongation, was no more active than the other gibberellins in increasing translocation from the cotyledons, but directed the internal distribution of dry matter to the hypocotyls rather than to the radicle. GA increased water absorption from concentration of 3× 10-6 M in the dark, but only from 10-4 M in the light. Concentrations higher than 6× 10-3 M suppressed water absorption of both dark- and light-grown seedlings. Effects of GA on variations in dry matter, water content per leaf area and water percentage were studied during night hours with sweet lime (Citrus limettioides Tanaka) and gladiolus plants. GA enhanced the depletion of dry matter from leaves of both species plants. GA enhanced the depletion of dry matter from leaves of both species (as it did in Cucumis). It did not, however, affect the translocation from young gladiolus leaves in the growing stage. Water percentage and water content per leaf area were also increased by GA treatment of sweet lime seedlings. The effect of GA on translocation and internal distribution of sucrose-C14 applied to one primary leaf of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied 4, 6, and 20 hrs after the application of the sugar. GA decreased the translocation of applied sugar during the first 6 hrs, but increased it later (after 20 hrs) twofold, as compared with a control. GA always increased the upward translocation of C14 and decreased the downward movement of the isotope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the two major types of disease of gladiolus caused by Fusaria. In the Fusarium rot of stored corms which is attributed to Fusarium oxysporum, small reddish-brown, water-soaked spots may develop on the sides and lower halves of the corm. During the storage period these spots increase in size and become more or less circular, rather sunken, ridged lesions, up to an inch in diameter. When slightly infected corms are planted, they give rise to weak plants which may die before flowering. The Fusarium Yellows disease, which is attributed to Fusarium orthoceras, is characterized by the yellowing of the foliage and collapse of the flower spike during the growing season.

Premise: Gladiolus palustris (Iridaceae) is an endangered European perennial tetraploid herb with special conservation interest in the European Union. Microsatellite markers can serve as effective tools for the conservation genetics of this species. Methods and Results: We utilized a 454 pyrosequencing approach to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) regions in a microsatellite‐enriched library. Of all SSR regions, 46 were screened for specific PCR amplification, and 15 were found to be applicable in the target species. We found 1.62–3.08 alleles per population (effective alleles: 1.58–2.08) that indicated moderate to high genetic diversity values (0.28–0.44) in three pilot populations. Cross‐species amplification was less effective in G. imbricatus and G. tenuis. Conclusions: The primers reported here can be used for the population genetic characterization of G. palustris. They will help us to better understand the conservation genetics of this highly endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the incidence of a large number of mites on part of a consignment of Acidanthera corms in Holland in January 1952. It was found that the mite was probably a new species and large numbers of corms were examined for further infestations. The mite was found in corms with Botrytis Rot in three out of six separate consignments inspected. Some time later a single Gladiolus corm showing the Core Rot phase of Botrytis Rot was also found infested with the mite. In both the Acidanthera and Gladiolus corms the Botrytis Rot was found to be caused by Botrytis gladiolorum Timmermans.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one on the flowering plant Sinobambusa tootsik, another on the manufacture of paper and artificial flowers in China by Mark Nesbitt, and another on Gladiolus hybrid by Michael Tooley.

Examines the occurrence of tobacco rattle virus in gladiolus in India. Characteristics of tobacco rattle virus; Identification of notched leaf blade margin symptoms; Reaction of plants with polyclonal antibodies.

Reports on the occurrence of Tobacco ringspot virus (TobRSV) in gladiolus in India. Cultivation of gladiolus for its cut flowers; Description of other gladiolus diseases; Cultivars that exhibited flower color-break symptoms; Necrotic local lesions induced after inoculation; Transmission of the disease on contaminated tools used during harvesting of flowers and corms.

Presents an article on the records of the species Elachiptera cornuta causing damage to gladioli as of December 1959. Number of plants recorded by Doctor H. Pape that have been damaged by the species in Berlin, Germany; Other European country that has records of E. cornuta attacks.