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Where precision is paramount in managing temperature and fluid dynamics, micro heat exchangers (MHXs) emerge as indispensable tools. This review investigates the significance of MHX technology, offering readers a comprehensive roapmap from conceptualization to market application. We dissect the nuances of material selection, shedding light on cutting‐edge advancements poised to revolutionize MHX efficiency. Furthermore, we explore how the geometry of MHX influences heat transfer dynamics and pressure drop, providing insights into enhancing the overall effectiveness. We delve into the various types of control instrumentation, offering a detailed analysis of their applicability. Beyond the technical prowess, the economic landscape plays a pivotal role in the adoption of MHX technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserved biological communities can provide baseline data about the historical ecosystems and environmental conditions that preceded recent anthropogenic alteration. Freshwater mussel shells show particularly good preservation, and the shell assemblages commonly found during archaeological excavations can offer insights into past ecosystems. We studied assemblages of Unio pictorum mussel shells from palaeochannel silts associated with the Late Bronze Age site of Must Farm in eastern England (c. 850 BC), on an ancient tributary of the modern‐day River Nene. We compared archaeological shells from two sediment horizons (broadly 1300–700 BC) to live individuals collected from two analogous sites on the present‐day Nene. Size and growth rate, interannual growth variability and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) composition were compared between the populations. Size and the von Bertalanffy growth parameter L∞ differed among all four populations. Mean lengths and L∞ were higher in the two modern populations (mean lengths 77.3 ± SE 0.8 and 73.8 ± SE 1.1 mm, L∞ 91.8 ± 5.4 and 79.0 ± 8.1 mm) than the ancient populations (mean lengths 58.1 ± SE 1.6 mm and 68.4 ± SE 0.9 mm; L∞ 71.5 ± 16.9 and 76.8 ± 6.2 mm). Modern individuals also showed greater variation in age‐corrected year‐to‐year growth. δ13C was lower in modern shells (−11.8‰ for modern shells, −9.03‰ and −9.02‰ for ancient shell populations), potentially reflecting altered hydrological and nutrient regimes. δ18O and δ13C were positively correlated for all but one sampled ancient shell, but not modern shells. These results reflect changes in local environmental conditions, particularly the transition from a shallow, slow‐flowing tributary to a deeper, canalised river with faster flow, as well as effects of anthropogenic nutrient enrichment. The findings demonstrate the importance of long‐term data in studying anthropogenic ecosystem alteration and avoiding shifting baseline syndrome in conservation planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms have adapted to dynamic river flows as part of the natural flow regime. However, climate change and humans' use of fresh water are associated with decreases in the quality and quantity of surface waters. In addition, river impoundments and water withdrawals for human use regulate and dampen the dynamism of flow in many rivers. These changes to the natural flow regime can impact the spawning migrations of lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Here, our goal is to review the ecology of lamprey spawning migrations associated with river flows, with considerations for controlling invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and conserving native lampreys (including native, anadromous sea lamprey). We identify five common themes: (1) natural flow regimes provide a competitive edge to native fishes over non‐native fishes; (2) high flows (up to a threshold) attract adult lamprey and large streams attract large numbers of lamprey; (3) larval lamprey pheromones attract adult lampreys; (4) behavioral responses by adult lamprey to flow (including localized hydraulics) can inform dam passage and trapping methods; and (5) changes to rivers induced by climate change have been implicated in changing the phenology of run timing and spawning location. Controlling invasive sea lamprey and conserving native lampreys can be done with pheromones and flow management. Pheromones may be of more use under focused management efforts to control invasive sea lamprey, whereas flow management can provide a foundation for conservation of native lampreys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of single extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to yield valuable label‐free information on their morphological structure, biomarkers and therapeutic targets, though such analysis is hindered by the lack of reliable and quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of these compliant nanoscale particles. The technical challenge in mechanical property measurements arises from the existing tools and methods that offer limited throughput, and the reported elastic moduli range over several orders of magnitude. Here, we report on a flow‐based method complemented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging to provide a high throughput, whole EV deformation analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of liposarcoma‐derived EVs as a function of their size. Our study includes extracting morphological data of EVs from a large dataset of 432 TEM images, with images containing single to multiple EVs, and implementing the thin‐shell deformation theory. We estimated the elastic modulus, E = 0.16 ± 0.02 MPa (mean±SE) for small EVs (sEVs; 30–150 nm) and E = 0.17 ± 0.03 MPa (mean±SE) for large EVs (lEVs; >150 nm). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the mechanical property estimation of LPS‐derived EVs and has the potential to establish a relationship between EV size and EV mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a highly‐accelerated, real‐time phase contrast (rtPC) MRI pulse sequence with 40 fps frame rate (25 ms effective temporal resolution). Methods: Highly‐accelerated golden‐angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) with over regularization may result in temporal blurring, which in turn causes underestimation of peak velocity. Thus, we amplified GRASP performance by synergistically combining view‐sharing (VS) and k‐space weighted image contrast (KWIC) filtering. In 17 pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), the conventional GRASP and the proposed GRASP amplified by VS and KWIC (or GRASP + VS + KWIC) reconstruction for rtPC MRI were compared with respect to clinical standard PC MRI in measuring hemodynamic parameters (peak velocity, forward volume, backward volume, regurgitant fraction) at four locations (aortic valve, pulmonary valve, left and right pulmonary arteries). Results: The proposed reconstruction method (GRASP + VS + KWIC) achieved better effective spatial resolution (i.e., image sharpness) compared with conventional GRASP, ultimately reducing the underestimation of peak velocity from 17.4% to 6.4%. The hemodynamic metrics (peak velocity, volumes) were not significantly (p > 0.99) different between GRASP + VS + KWIC and clinical PC, whereas peak velocity was significantly (p < 0.007) lower for conventional GRASP. RtPC with GRASP + VS + KWIC also showed the ability to assess beat‐to‐beat variation and detect the highest peak among peaks. Conclusion: The synergistic combination of GRASP, VS, and KWIC achieves 25 ms effective temporal resolution (40 fps frame rate), while minimizing the underestimation of peak velocity compared with conventional GRASP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have compared phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC‐MRI) with arterial spin labeling (ASL) in the same cohort of subjects. However, these earlier comparisons included subjects across a wide age range, which can contribute to increased intersubject variability. We compared the range and variability of CBF based on PC‐MRI and ASL in a group of young subjects. We also explored whether the comparison between PC‐MRI and ASL was dependent on sex. Thirty young subjects (17 females) were recruited in this study. The CBF from PC‐MRI (CBFPC) was calculated as the total blood flow normalized to brain parenchyma mass. The CBF from ASL (CBFASL) was quantified based on the perfusion kinetic model. The ratio between CBFASL and CBFPC was calculated. Females exhibited significantly higher CBF using both PC‐MRI (p < 0.05) and ASL (p < 0.005) compared with males. The disparity in CBF between sexes was more prominent in ASL measurements. A significant correlation was observed between CBFPC and CBFASL values (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), and CBFASL tended to be lower than CBFPC values (p < 0.001). This difference between CBFASL and CBFPC was more pronounced in males, as evidenced by the smaller CBFASL/CBFPC ratio in males (p < 0.05). The measurement of global CBF with PC‐MRI and ASL are correlated, but CBFASL exhibits lower values than CBFPC. As the underestimation of CBFASL is prominent in males, ASL amplifies the sexual dimorphism in CBF compared with PC‐MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is a species of cultural, economic and conservation importance, but hitherto, investigations of critical early life stages have been few. Here, at a lake in the United Kingdom, we used swim‐up traps to investigate the phenology of fry emergence and associations between fry density and habitat. The first emergence occurred on 4 or 5 March 2020 and 2021, with numbers peaking and remaining stable in the following 2 weeks. Emergence in 2021 had finished by 27 March but on the same date in 2020 emergence was ongoing when COVID‐19 ended sampling. Substrate particle size ranged 31–94 mm and was negatively correlated with fry density. Likewise, density was negatively correlated with water depth and aquatic plant cover, but there was no relationship with flow velocity. Traps were effective and non‐destructive for assessing the location and productivity of spawning sites for this locally threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow‐induced shear stress affects renal epithelial cells in the nephron tubule with potential implications for differential functionalities of the individual segments. Disruptions of cellular mechanosensation or flow conditions are associated with the development and progression of various renal diseases. This study investigates the effects of flow on the transcriptome of various renal tubular epithelial cell types. We analyzed the transcriptome of induced renal epithelial cells (iREC) cultured under physiological flow (0.57 ± 0.05 dyn/cm2) or in static conditions for 72 h. RNA sequencing showed 861 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 503 up‐ and 358 downregulated under flow. DEGs were linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) components (e.g. Col1a1, Col4a3, Col4a4, Fn1, Smoc2), junctions (Gja1, Tubb5), channel activities (Abcc4, Aqp1), and transcription factors (Foxq1, Lgr6). Next, we performed a meta‐analysis comparing our data with three published datasets that subjected epithelial cell lines from distinct segments to flow, including proximal tubule and collecting duct cells. We found that TGF‐ß, p53, MAPK, and PI3K are common flow‐regulated pathways. Tfrc expression and thus the capability of iron uptake is commonly upregulated under flow. Many DEGs were related to kidney diseases, such as fibrosis (e.g. Tgfb1‐3 and Serpine1). To obtain further mechanistic insights we investigated the role of the PI3K pathway in flow sensing. Applying flow and inhibition of PI3K showed significantly altered expression of transcripts related to ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, and ion transport. This suggests that the PI3K pathway is a critical mediator in flow‐dependent cellular processes and gene expression, potentially influencing renal development and tissue remodeling. Finally, we derived a cross‐cell‐line summary of common as well as segment‐specific transcriptomic effects, thus providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying flow sensing in the nephron tubule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming temperatures can have negative consequences for aquatic organisms, especially cold‐adapted fishes such as Pacific salmon. The magnitude of warming is related to the thermal sensitivity of streams in salmon‐bearing watersheds (i.e., change in stream temperature for every 1°C increase in air temperature), which can vary based on several factors including streamflow. Management actions to increase streamflow may therefore benefit salmon by decreasing thermal sensitivity. However, the effects of streamflow on thermal sensitivity are often complex, as the temperature of flow inputs can directly increase or decrease temperatures. This study aimed to disentangle the influence of streamflow on thermal sensitivity and stream temperature over 4 years in the Nicola River, a regulated semiarid watershed in south‐central British Columbia, Canada. A statistical modeling approach was used to estimate streamflow effects on stream temperatures and thermal sensitivity (i.e., relationship of regional air temperature to stream temperature) at 12 sites from 2018 to 2021. Streamflow had a variable influence on stream temperatures across the watershed via both direct effects and by modulating thermal sensitivity. At a given site, streamflow was generally negatively associated with summer daily mean stream temperature, but the magnitude of its influence varied among locations and years. The influence of streamflow on thermal sensitivity was also highly variable both spatially and temporally. The analysis suggests that there may be complex relationships between streamflow, stream temperature, and thermal sensitivity, which complicates the efficacy of flow as a lever to mitigate high temperatures in regulated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All over the world, educational science outreach programs in which students can perform laboratory work have been developed. A common goal of these programs is to counteract students' decreasing motivation in STEM education. In Germany, several outreach science labs have been established over the last 20 years. It is assumed that the characteristics of these labs foster students' basic need satisfaction and qualities of motivation such as intrinsic motivation and flow. However, research in this field often lacks comparisons of motivation between the learning environments outreach science lab and school. Thus, the current study investigated students' perceived need satisfaction (relatedness, competence, and autonomy), intrinsic motivation, and flow experience during experimentation at an outreach science lab (n = 231) and at school (n = 203). We found that experimentation in the two different learning environments resulted in a comparable degree of perceived autonomy and intrinsic motivation. However, differences in perceived relatedness, competence, and flow experience were found in favor of the students who experimented at the lab. Thus, visiting outreach science labs is especially beneficial for students' perception of relatedness, effectiveness, and enjoyment during experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct sea water splitting as asource of clean renewable energy is indeed a holy grail and necessitates the invention of unprecedented avenues. Toward this goal, for the first time, the effect of thermo‐hydrodynamic processes modulation (electrolyte flow and heating) on water splitting reactions, through the controlling of the nanocatalyst surface environment, is studied thoroughly. A catenated sulphur type‐nickel polysulphide‐based single crystalline, high surface area 3D electrocatalyst (NiS2pSxsurface), with surface‐enriched oxygen evolution reaction (OER, Ni3+) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, pSn2−) catalyzing species, is prepared by a single‐step process. Thermo‐hydrodynamic processes‐induced electrochemical analysis demonstrates a dramatic improvement in the electrocatalytic performance of the catalyst, by both flow and temperature modulation. Decoupling contributions from the electrolyte and electrodes heating demonstrate an intrinsic electrode property influence on the overall temperature‐dependent electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a chlorine‐phobic behavior of the NiS2pSxsurface catalyst is observed, even at 80 °C, for direct seawater oxidation, confirming the electrocatalyst potential for direct seawater splitting. Notably, a cell voltage of 1.39 V (at 10 mA cm−2), reaching industrially practical large‐scale of >500 mA cm−2 is observed for additive‐free direct seawater splitting, which is the lowest reported cell voltage to date, even for alkaline additive‐based electrolysers. Consequently, an alternative approach for direct seawater splitting is realized and can be universally extended to any present‐day electrocatalyst platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Regular monitoring of particle concentration in conjunction with turbidity analysis provides supplementary data that can provide important water quality information. Particle analysis using flow imaging microscopy (FIM) can help operators better understand various treatment processes and algae growth in source waters. Specific size ranges can be monitored using FIM for target pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: As critical infrastructure, water systems must be designed to withstand seismic hazards where earthquakes are expected. While several planning tools and design solutions exist for seismic hazards, they are not standardized for the water community. Designing buried infrastructure to withstand differential ground movement and severe shaking comes with several challenges for water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious leisure perspective (SLP) aligns with humanistic counseling principles. A most significant professional implication is that humanistic counselors can create optimal leisure lifestyle strategies linked to the AHC principles of discovering meaning and purpose, developing deep connections with people and nature, moving toward growth and change, maintaining a holistic approach to humanity, and developing creativity. Future research implications and practical steps that humanistic counselors can use in professional practice to connect the SLP to humanistic counseling principles are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐skill activities—defined as those for which ability increases with practice over time—tend to contribute more to well‐being than do low‐skill ones. Nevertheless, consumers may spend the majority of their leisure time partaking in low‐skill activities (e.g., watching television, listening to music, web surfing)—despite correctly recognizing that higher‐skill activities, despite requiring more effort, are more happiness‐inducing. We explore this paradox in the present research. Results from five experiments (three online experiments and two lab experiments) confirm that consumers report being happier when spending time on high (vs. low) skill activities, and that the increased happiness from these high‐skill activities is mediated by increased "flow" from them. Expertise in an activity moderates this effect, such that those who are relative experts in a high‐skill activity experience increased happiness and meaning compared to those who are amateurs. We discuss how consumers can utilize this knowledge to improve their well‐being, and how marketers and employers can build on our findings to enhance customer and employee satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Much work has focused on inattention in the classroom, examining how episodes of task‐unrelated thought (i.e., mind wandering) and engagement with various forms of media (e.g., media multitasking, smartphone use) influence retention of lecture material. However, considerably less work has examined factors that may positively influence attentiveness in lectures. Aims: We aimed to explore whether the trait‐level tendency to experience 'flow'—defined here as the subjective experience of deep and effortless concentration—is related to in‐class reports of engagement and understanding during undergraduate lectures, as well as academic performance. Sample: Participants were undergraduate students in Psychology at a University in Ontario, Canada. Methods: We measured trait flow (i.e., deep, effortless concentration) at the beginning of each semester, and assessed engagement and understanding during lectures via experience sampling probes throughout two semesters in several university courses. Experience sampling probes were presented intermittently using a laptop application. We also measured students' trait mind wandering and grit, and collected students' course grades. Results: The general tendency to experience deep, effortless concentration predicted engagement and understanding in lectures throughout the term, as well as final course grades, over and above students' grittiness and tendency to mind wander. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the everyday tendency to experience flow extends to a classroom environment and has implications for academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow is an intrinsic motivational state associated with full task engagement, positive affect, and enhanced performance. While research has examined how different language tasks interact with flow experiences, no study has examined learner flow experiences in a wide range of tasks using an experience sampling method to determine how universal basic task features (e.g., modality, participant structure, information distribution, and targeted skills) interact with flow. The present study aims to respond to this gap in the research. Participants were 13 teachers and 327 students from 18 intact French L2 classes in a Canadian postsecondary school. Teachers selected and implemented an average of six tasks from their personal repertoires at random moments throughout the semester. Immediately following each task, learners anonymously completed a flow experience questionnaire (N = 1408; α = 0.91), and teachers a task description questionnaire containing 17 basic task features (N = 81). Statistical analyses show that 10 of the 17 variables significantly interacted with learners' flow experiences. The results not only validate a frequently used flow measurement and establish norms for future research but also outline a framework language teachers can use to evaluate and modify practices to improve learners' subjective classroom experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated environmental variables associated with spawning migration behavior for a dual‐spawning population of endangered Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus in the Great Pee Dee River, South Carolina. Methods: From 2016 to 2021, 147 Atlantic Sturgeon were captured, implanted with acoustic transmitters, and monitored using a stationary array of 40 receivers located every 5–20 km along a 302‐km section of the Great Pee Dee River from the river mouth at Winyah Bay to the first movement barrier at Blewett Falls Dam, North Carolina. Result: We observed 47 Atlantic Sturgeon attempting 74 spring migrations and 39 Atlantic Sturgeon attempting 76 fall migrations across 4 years of telemetry observations (2018–2021). Mixed‐effects models indicated that discharge interacted with water temperature to affect both migration initiation and upriver movement, and these interactions differed between the spring and fall runs. Spring runs were cued by rising temperatures and high river discharge, whereas fall runs were cued by falling temperatures and low discharge. Within migrations, spring‐run fish migrated further upriver when discharge was falling, and fall‐run fish moved further upriver when discharge was rising. Overall, fall‐run sturgeon migrated significantly further upriver than spring‐run sturgeon. Conclusion: Differences in migratory behavior between the two runs suggest potentially unique adaptations to ambient river conditions during the respective spawning seasons. Identifying the environmental factors that drive—and thereby limit—Atlantic Sturgeon migrations in the Great Pee Dee River informs regional recovery efforts and highlights the importance of studying and managing this species at the population level. Impact statementSome populations of Atlantic Sturgeon have uniquely adapted to spawn in both spring and fall. Each seasonal spawning run is cued differently by the interplay between river temperature and flow. Because they are present in rivers for a longer period of time, dual‐spawning sturgeon may be more susceptible to a wider range of threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For large, regulated rivers, operators can impact abiotic conditions for the benefit of the ecosystem, primarily by controlling the volume of discharge from upstream reservoirs. Understanding the decision space around discharge is necessary for evaluating tradeoffs between environmental and other objectives. As a result of climate change, warming water temperatures are increasingly becoming a concern for thermally‐sensitive fauna. In California's largest river, the Sacramento, extinction risk of salmon populations is linked to high water temperatures. Yet, little is known about how much water temperature in lower reaches can be affected by reservoir discharge operations, and the potential benefits to salmon. We used a process‐based water temperature model to estimate the ability of reservoir discharge to mediate river temperature heating processes impacting downstream locations (discharge‐mediated temperature management). To bound this analysis, we used historical forcings over a recent 29‐year span. Results indicate reservoir discharge increases of up to 340 cms over the historical record could have decreased water temperature in the lower reaches by up to 3.6°C. Salmon require water below 20°C during most stages of their lifecycle, and we found that normative water operations could ensure 20°C was rarely exceeded for two potential management seasons, in late‐spring and early‐fall. These periods coincide with important rearing and migratory periods for salmon, during which they frequently experience excessive temperatures under the management status‐quo. This analysis provides stakeholders tools to manage conditions for native fauna in the face of a warming climate, and a framework for developing similar tools in other large, regulated rivers. Plain Language Summary: High river water temperatures have long been known to have lethal effects on juvenile and adult salmon in California's Sacramento River. While water temperatures are managed in the upper 30 km for winter‐run Chinook salmon eggs, no effort is made to manage water temperatures in the remaining 450 km of the Sacramento River. We use a water temperature model to estimate water temperatures as a result of hypothetical river flow simulations to demonstrate that reservoir discharge management can effectively reduce water temperatures throughout the non‐tidal portions of the Sacramento River during key times of the year for migrating salmon. We suggest, and give examples for how, discharge‐mediated temperature management can be used as a tool to mitigate against excessively warm temperatures in the Sacramento River. Key Points: Discharge‐mediated temperature management can be used as a tool to mitigate against excessively warm temperatures in the Sacramento River [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination and its association with sociodemographic factors on the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women and on postmenopausal bleeding. Methods: This is a retrospective cross‐sectional study conducted between September 22, 2022, and November 30, 2022, via a questionnaire distributed to 359 health care workers (HCWs) at Lebanese American University Medical Center–Rizk Hospital and St John's Hospital. Inclusion criteria included female Lebanese HCWs who were vaccinated and aged 18 to 65 years. Results: Change in cycle length was significantly associated with age (P = 0.025 after the first dose and P = 0.017 after the second dose), level of education (P = 0.013 after the first dose and P = 0.012 after the second dose), and fibroids (P = 0.006 after the second dose and P = 0.003 after the third dose). The change in cycle flow was significantly associated with age (P = 0.028), fibroids (P = 0.002 after the second dose and P = 0.002 after the third dose), bleeding disorders (P = 0.000), and chronic medications (P = 0.007). The change in symptoms was associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (P = 0.021), chronic medications (P = 0.019 after the second dose and P = 0.045 after the third dose), and fibroids (P = 0.000). Conclusion: COVID‐19 vaccination can influence the menstrual cycle. Age, body mass index, level of education, underlying comorbidities, and use of chronic medications are significantly associated with changes in menstrual length, flow, and symptoms following vaccination. Synopsis: COVID‐19 vaccination has a significant effect on the menstrual cycle length, flow, symptoms, and duration of bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile health apps are increasingly being recognized as effective tools for improving the efficiency and sustainability of healthcare systems. However, a major challenge faced by the industry is achieving long‐term adoption of Apps. This is a critical issue because many apps are abandoned after only a few uses, and low adoption rates limit the potential impact of these apps on healthcare outcomes. In this paper, we examine this issue by integrating the Customer Value Theory and the Person‐Artifact‐Task model to study how the functional experience of app users, derived from technology features such as perceived ease of use, personalization, and usefulness, enables a state of flow through the users' hedonic and social experiences of recognition and attractiveness. We comprehensively measure the impact of the psychological state of flow in terms of users' cognitive, emotional, and conative responses. Our results indicate that the functional experience of users is central to achieving flow through hedonic and social experiences, while other antecedents of flow, such as health severity and health empowerment, have a lower impact on app use. Developing a positive psychological response towards Apps is also essential to improve users' perception of health improvement, satisfaction, and loyalty. By understanding the factors that contribute to long‐term adoption of apps, we can better design and promote these apps to improve healthcare outcomes and promote sustainable healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a novel pressure‐controlled Hele‐Shaw cell to investigate different physical processes in rough fractures using 3D‐printed rock analogs. Our system can measure high‐resolution fracture aperture and tracer concentration maps under relevant field stress conditions. Using a series of hydraulic and visual measurements, combined with numerical simulations, we investigate the evolving fracture geometry characteristics, pressure‐dependent hydraulic transmissivity, flow channeling, and the nature of mass transport as a function of normal stress. Our experimental results show that as the fracture closes and deforms under increasing normal loading: (a) the contact areas grow in number and size; (b) the flow paths become more focused and tortuous; and (c) the transport dynamics of conservative tracers evolve toward a higher dispersive regime. Moreover, under the applied experimental conditions, we observed excellent agreement between the simulated‐ and the experimentally measured‐hydraulic behavior. Key Points: A novel pressure‐controlled Hele‐Shaw cell was introduced to study fracture deformation, flow, and mass transport in 3D‐printed fracturesIn situ aperture maps and tracer concentration fields were measured under relevant field stress conditionsWe linked the changes in mass transport dynamics to the evolution of the aperture field and the channelization degree of the flow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: We aimed to investigate the relationship between the degree and location of vertebrobasilar stenosis and quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (QMRA) distal flow. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke with ≥50% stenosis of the extracranial or intracranial vertebral or basilar arteries, and QMRA performed within 1 year of stroke. Standardized techniques were used to measure stenosis and to dichotomize vertebrobasilar distal flow status. Patients were grouped based on the involved artery and the severity of disease. All p‐values were calculated using chi‐squared analysis and Fisher exact test with statistical significance defined as p <.05. Results: Sixty‐nine patients met study inclusion, consisting of 31 with low distal flow and 38 with normal distal flow. The presence of severe stenosis or occlusion was 100% sensitive, but only 47% predictive and 26% specific of a low distal flow state. Bilateral vertebral disease was only 55% sensitive but was 71% predictive and 82% specific of a low‐flow state and was five times and nearly three times more likely to result in a low‐flow state compared to unilateral vertebral disease (14%) and isolated basilar disease (28%), respectively. Conclusions: Severe stenosis of ≥70% may mark the minimal threshold required to cause hemodynamic insufficiency in the posterior circulation, but nearly half of these patients may remain hemodynamically sufficient. Bilateral vertebral stenosis resulted in a fivefold increase in QMRA low distal flow status compared to unilateral vertebral disease. These results may have implications in the design of future treatment trials of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anthropocene is deployed as incontrovertible fact, yet its foundations merit strong critique to challenge how particular voices and locations are absented, silenced, or enrolled in the fallacies that attend this epochal framework. Other placed, grounded, and scale‐sensitive explanations exist for present and future state scenarios, including on islands—often the focus of apocalyptic thinking. Dealing with historical and contemporary struggles to decolonise is more powerful than engaging with a reified framework that is part of ongoing colonial‐imperial excesses, uneven development, and racial capitalism. This work considers how four of us, as instigating authors, worked with five others, as collaborating authors, to understand academic works, activism, and artistic expressions of island life and concerns. Our aim was to learn about how and why their efforts to prioritise decolonisation is at the heart of what is needed to shore up island peoples' futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport in numerical weather models is typically restricted to advection by the resolved wind field, and representation of other flow processes relies on forcing or coupling to other models. A discussion of non‐advective transport in numerical weather models is presented and illustrated using two examples. These are the sea breeze and surface water flow. Simple models of these phenomena are represented in an adapted version of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) by means of modifying the existing cold‐pool scheme in the UM. This approach of incorporating different transport processes in one framework could facilitate a better representation of the Earth system, by increasing interaction between meteorological, surface and subsurface processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Literature regarding alternative tubing for fluid delivery in irrigation and debridement procedures is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare three different apparatuses with varying quantities of irrigation fluid to assess efficiency of administration and evaluate overall time for fluid administration. Methods: This model was designed to compare available methods of gravity irrigation used in practice. Fluid flow time was measured for three types of tubing: single‐lumen cystoscopy tubing, Y‐type double‐lumen cystoscopy tubing, and nonconductive suction tubing. Irrigation times were assessed for varying volumes of 3, 6, and 9 L to investigate the relationship between bag changes and irrigation time. Bag changes were not conducted for the 3 L trial, but were for 6 and 9 L trials. Dimensions of cystoscopy tubing consisted of 4.95 mm internal diameter and 2.1 m length in both single‐lumen and Y‐type double‐lumen apparatus. Nonconduction suction tubing dimensions were 6.0 mm internal diameter and standard 3.7 m in length. Results: The mean flow time for suction tubing was significantly faster than the cystoscopy tubing for the 3 and 9 L trials (p < 0.001). At 6 L, flow time for the suction tubing and the double lumen cystoscopy tubing were similar, 264 versus 260 s, respectively. At 9 L, the mean flow time for the suction tubing was 80 s faster (410 vs. 491 s) compared with single‐lumen cystoscopy and was nearly 30 s faster compared with Y‐type cystoscopy tubing. Conclusion: The results of this study provide insight into a faster, widely available, and cost‐efficient alternative to commonly used cystoscopy tubing. Key Message: Irrigation and debridement procedures for wound management, open fractures, and infections are a common clinical practice for orthopedic surgeons. This study was conducted to compare tubing delivery apparatuses and assess the efficiency of these methods. The results demonstrate the mean flow time for suction tubing was faster in 3 and 9 L trials in comparison with cystoscopy tubing and Y‐type double‐lumen cystoscopy tubing. The results of this study provide insight into a faster, widely available, and cost‐efficient alternative to commonly used cystoscopy tubing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 4D Flow MRI is a quantitative imaging technique to evaluate blood flow patterns; however, it is unclear how compressed sensing (CS) acceleration would impact aortic hemodynamic quantification in type B aortic dissection (TBAD). Purpose: To investigate CS‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI performance compared to GRAPP‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI (GRAPPA) to evaluate aortic hemodynamics in TBAD. Study Type: Prospective. Population: Twelve TBAD patients, two volunteers. Field Strength/Sequence: 1.5T, 3D time‐resolved cine phase‐contrast gradient echo sequence. Assessment: GRAPPA (acceleration factor [R] = 2) and two CS‐accelerated (R = 7.7 [CS7.7] and 10.2 [CS10.2]) 4D Flow MRI scans were acquired twice for interscan reproducibility assessment. Voxelwise kinetic energy (KE), peak velocity (PV), forward flow (FF), reverse flow (RF), and stasis were calculated. Plane‐based mid‐lumen flows were quantified. Imaging times were recorded. Tests: Repeated measures analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: The KE and FF in true lumen (TL) and PV in false lumen (FL) did not show difference among three acquisition types (P = 0.818, 0.065, 0.284 respectively). The PV and stasis in TL were higher, KE, FF, and RF in FL were lower, and stasis was higher in GRAPPA compared to CS7.7 and CS10.2. The RF was lower in GRAPPA compared to CS10.2. The correlation coefficients were strong in TL (r = [0.781–0.986]), and low to strong in FL (r = [0.347–0.948]). The ICC levels demonstrated moderate to excellent interscan reproducibility (0.732–0.989). The FF and net flow in mid‐descending aorta TL were significantly different between CS7.7 and CS10.2. Conclusion: CS‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI has potential for clinical utilization with shorter scan times in TBAD. Our results suggest similar hemodynamic trends between acceleration types, but CS‐acceleration impacts KE, FF, RF, and stasis more in FL. Evidence Level: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of re‐greening of urban spaces, it is crucial to examine the impact of green spaces on the population. In this qualitative study carried out in France (Nantes), 28 people with a plot in an allotment garden were questioned through semi‐directive interviews about the psychosocial impact of this type of space. Using thematic and lexicometric analyses, the different psychosocial benefits of these spaces are highlighted and put into perspective with the conflicts occurring there. The content analysis foregrounded the benefits of allotment garden regarding psychological well‐being, (notably through the feeling of flow), physical health, self‐development and social bonding. Nevertheless, these benefits are balanced by the different conflicts reported by the participants. By showing that positive and negative social aspects are significantly associated in the participants' discourse, the lexicometric analysis strengthened the idea that these elements must be considered jointly to better describe the reality of allotment gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: 3D printing provides a new way of molding chocolate with complex geometrical structures. The screw extruder can efficiently transport the liquid chocolate, which has been adopted to investigate the effect of the profile of the screw flight on the flow. First, the rheological behavior of the liquid chocolate is measured and the Cross equation is demonstrated as the proper rheological model. Then, based on the rheological behavior, an improved lattice Boltzmann method is creatively proposed, for which the effectiveness is validated by the classical Poiseuille flow. Third, the geometrical structure of the screw extruder is analyzed and transformed. The possible changes in the profiles of the screw flights are listed. Finally, the fluid analysis is conducted and the necessary streamlines figures, cloud charts and velocity distributions are obtained. RESULTS: The large dip angle in straight cases has an obvious effect on the velocity distribution and the common flow area. The position of the convex point is the additional important factor, whereas the concave profiles are the most moderate in the proposed cases. CONCLUSION: The changes in the profiles will affect the chocolate flow. The work is significant for extrusion theory in 3D printing. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater ecosystems are both incredibly biodiverse and highly threatened globally. Variation in environmental parameters including habitat and flow can substantially affect many ecological processes within riverine aquatic communities, but the ties between such parameters and ecology are neither well studied nor understood. In highly variable tropical dryland river systems, assessing such relationships requires data collection over inter‐decadal time scales, which is not typically permitted on development schedules driven over short periods (including election and funding cycles). Here, we used seine net sampling data collected over an 18‐year period in the tropical dryland Fitzroy River, Western Australia, to assess how environmental and temporal factors including habitat, seasonality, and inter‐annual variation in wet season magnitude affect the community assemblage structure, recruitment, and growth of aquatic species in dryland rivers. Results demonstrated that macrohabitat (main channel vs floodplain creek) and the magnitude of wet season rains and resultant flooding both had a substantial influence on biotic communities, alongside seasonal and diel variation. The magnitude of wet season flooding (measured as river discharge volume) had the greatest impact on assemblage composition within floodplain creek habitats and was a significant driver of recruitment rates and growth of recruits and adults of several species examined. This study highlights key considerations for conserving dryland river systems and constituent biota. Specifically, these are maintaining (a) rhythmicity of flow within each year, (b) diversity of flow volume between years, and (c) a variety of habitat types including ephemeral, semi‐permanent, and permanent shallow floodplain and deeper main channel pools, in order to support a diverse array of generalist and specialist diadromous and potamodromous fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: The Public Protection Classification (PPC) is used as an input in determining home insurance cost, and the available fire flow is an important input in determining the PPC. To determine a water system's available fire flow, either hydrant flow tests or hydraulic modeling can be used to calculate water main capacity. Each method has its pros and cons, and familiarity with each enables the engineer to select the best approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical mechanism underlying the mechanical behavior of glassy polymers has been studied over decades but remains a long‐standing issue. A consensus view achieved is that the yield, flow, and stress relaxation behaviors are due to structural relaxation in the polymer mainly caused by chain conformation transitions. This is the key physical idea behind the many existing elastic–plastic constitutive models for glassy polymers. In this paper, such a constitutive model was employed for predicting and analyzing the stress relaxation of a glassy polymer. It is found that the model works well in predicting the pre‐yield stress relaxation but significantly underestimates the post‐yield stress relaxation. As considering the chain conformation transition alone leads to a dilemma for the model to concurrently represent the yield/flow and stress relaxation behaviors, the model was extended to incorporate an additional structural relaxation mechanism assumed to originate from the dissociation of weak linkages in the chain network. The extended model succeeds in concurrently representing the yield/flow, and stress relaxation behaviors in the whole deformation region, of which the reasons were analyzed. The knowledge revealed in this paper is instructive and may shed new light on understanding the structural relaxation and mechanical behavior of glassy polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to establish the mechanism by which virtual reality (VR) media characteristics affect learning transfer in a VR‐based job‐training environment. The two main determinants of learning transfer are the technology and the learner, but not many studies have considered both factors simultaneously. Objectives: This study aims to ascertain the mechanism by which VR media characteristics affect learning transfer with flow as a mediator, and to explore whether presence moderates the effect of VR media characteristics on flow. Methods: A survey of semiconductor facilities engineers who received VR‐based job training was conducted. A total of 106 responses were used in the statistical analysis. A path analysis was conducted to determine the promotional mechanism that connects VR media characteristics, flow, and learning transfer. Results and Conclusions: The results were as follows. First, VR media characteristics had a positive impact on learning transfer. Second, flow acted as a mediator in the relationship between VR media characteristics and learning transfer. Third, presence played a moderating role in the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. Key takeaways: This study is significant as it identifies elements to consider in relation to both the technological and learner aspects of VR while designing a VR‐based job‐training programme. A corporation should consider VR media characteristics from a technological perspective, and flow and presence from a learner's perspective. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Corporations provide virtual reality (VR)‐based job training because of its positive impact.Interactions between the VR environment and learners impact flow.Presence is important as learner's subjective awareness affects efficacy. What this paper adds: VR media characteristics influence learning transfer in VR‐based job training.VR media characteristics affect flow, which, in turn, affects learning transfer.Presence moderates the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. Implications for practice and/or policy: VR media characteristics influence learning transfer in VR‐based job training.VR media characteristics affect flow, which, in turn, affects learning transfer.Presence moderates the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DC Water installed state‐of‐the‐art technology to detect hard‐to‐find leaks in water pipes and valves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attachment point of the polymer chain to a force‐responsive molecular unit (mechanophore) is a decisive parameter determining bond scission rate and ultimately the mechanochemical reaction outcome. However, such regiochemical polymer substituent effects have not yet been investigated for 9‐π‐extended anthracene‐maleimide Diels‐Alder adducts. Here we combine three methods, namely ultrasonication, CoGEF computation, and flow activation, to understand the influence of the pulling point location on the mechanochemical reactivity of this mechanophore class. We find minor mechanochemical reactivity differences between the investigated constitutional mechanophore isomers. Concomitantly, our results highlight the capabilities and limitations of the employed experimental techniques for such delicate variances and raise the question whether these are relevant for mechanochemical applications in a material context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution of minerals in contact with water plays a crucial role in geochemistry. However, obtaining molecular insight into interfacial chemistry is challenging. Dissolution typically involves the release of ions from the surface, giving rise to a charged mineral surface. This charge affects the interfacial water arrangement, which can be investigated by surface‐specific vibrational Sum Frequency Generation (v‐SFG) spectroscopy. For the fluorite‐water interface, recent spectroscopic studies concluded that fluoride adsorption/desorption determines the surface charge, which contrasts zeta potential measurements assigning this role to the calcium ion. By combining v‐SFG spectroscopy and flow experiments with systematically suppressed dissolution, we uncover the interplay of dominant fluoride and weak calcium adsorption/desorption, resolving the controversy in the literature. We infer the calcium contribution to be orders of magnitude smaller, emphasizing the sensitivity of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) represents a major challenge following cardiovascular interventions. While mechanisms are poorly understood, the inefficient preventive methods incentivize the search for novel therapies. A vessel‐on‐a‐dish platform is presented, consisting of direct‐contact cocultures with human primary endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exposed to both laminar pulsatile and disturbed flow on an orbital shaker. With contractile SMCs sitting below a confluent EC layer, a model that successfully replicates the architecture of a quiescent vessel wall is created. In the novel IH model, ECs are seeded on synthetic SMCs at low density, mimicking reendothelization after vascular injury. Over 3 days of coculture, ECs transition from a network conformation to confluent 2D islands, as promoted by pulsatile flow, resulting in a "defected" EC monolayer. In defected regions, SMCs incorporated plasma fibronectin into fibers, increased proliferation, and formed multilayers, similarly to IH in vivo. These phenomena are inhibited under confluent EC layers, supporting therapeutic approaches that focus on endothelial regeneration rather than inhibiting proliferation, as illustrated in a proof‐of‐concept experiment with Paclitaxel. Thus, this in vitro system offers a new tool to study EC‐SMC communication in IH pathophysiology, while providing an easy‐to‐use translational disease model platform for low‐cost and high‐content therapeutic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the concept of CT can provide an overall understanding of disinfection and ensure compliance with pathogen inactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To share our centre's experience dealing with ureteric obstruction, in particular malignant obstructions, by investigating the deformation and flow velocity of three commonly used, readily accessible ureteric stents under at different compression levels and surface change at three time points (new, 1 month and 3 months after implantation). Subjects and Methods: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was conducted on ureteric JJ stents, including the Cook Universa Soft, the Kang Yi Bo (KYB) antireflux and the Urovision Visiostar ESWL JJ stents. Deformation caused by compression was measured using a digital force gauge. Intraluminal flow velocity was tested with the stents subject to different compression levels. Results: The Urovision Visiostar JJ stent demonstrated significantly better anti‐compression capability. The Cook Universa Soft and KYB antireflux JJ stents showed favourable draining velocity without compression, but the velocity dropped substantially on compression. The velocity of the KYB antireflux JJ stent reduced substantially after 3 months of implantation, while the Urovision Visiostar achieved the best draining effect when under compression at all three time points. Conclusion: The Urovision Visiostar JJ stent demonstrated significantly greater resistance to compression than the other two JJ stents, as well as better drainage under compression. Patients with benign or malignant ureteric compression might benefit from use of the Urovision Visiostar stent. Large prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Games have a wide range of potential uses, from mediating conservation conflicts to changing behaviors. However, there have been few impact evaluations of serious games published in the environmental field. We conducted the first cross‐cultural evaluation of an environmental mobile game, Save The Purple Frog. In a randomized control trial with both UK and Indian participants, we found very strong evidence that Save The Purple Frog had a positive impact on learning (effect size 0.62, p = 0.0001), but no evidence that it affected behaviors or attitudes. Our study contributes to the evidence base for environmental serious games, demonstrating their potential as an engaging tool for environmental education. We suggest examining the impact of longer gameplay as a future research direction, as well as exploring different gameplay styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanowires (AgNW) mixed with nanocellulose nanowires (NCNW) are deposited in photolithgraphed gratings of varying depth. The nanocellulose onto which the AgNWs are mixed is of varying length. It is found that the recirculation flow is larger when the length of the NCNW is longer, and the grating used is deeper. The electrical properties of the resulting quasi‐1D electrode is tested both before it is transferred into the nanocellulose paper and after, and it is observed that it retains the same order of magnitude for the conductivities as the 0.3 and 0.2%wt concentrations for the bare AgNW. This is attributed to the use of the NCNW, at high concentrations. Using the NCNW in the mixtures allows for the AgNW to be transferred from the gratings to any substrate. Using the NC paper allows to obtain a nearly transparent or translucent nearly 1D electrode, where 1D refers to the fact the length of the obtained electrode far exceeds its width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is reducing summertime water availability and elevating water temperature, placing human consumptive needs in competition with needs of coldwater fishes. We worked with natural resource managers in the Snoqualmie River (Washington, USA) to develop riparian management scenarios, and used a process‐based modeling system to examine how a threatened population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) may respond to climate change and whether riparian restoration could reduce climate effects. Linking models of global climate, regional hydrology, water temperature, and fish, we projected that streams would become warmer year‐round and drier during summer, further stressing salmon. Climate change accelerated egg emergence, increased juvenile growth and survival, and accelerated outmigration of sub‐yearling migrants. Growth was depressed for salmon remaining instream during summer (potential yearling migrants). Riparian restoration counteracted ~10% of summer increases in water temperature, and affected salmon similarly regardless of whether riparian buffers were partially or fully restored, whereas riparian degradation further warmed streams. Riparian restoration fully mitigated climate change effects on potential yearling migrant size, but only minimally affected sub‐yearling migrants (assessment metrics changed <2%). Our results will be useful for watershed managers in aligning priorities for fish and humans and our framework can be applied elsewhere. Research Impact Statement: Coupling a hydroclimatic and a fish model enabled us to mechanistically evaluate when and where riparian restoration was most likely to benefit a threatened salmon population in a future climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Respiration‐related CSF flow through the cerebral aqueduct may be useful for elucidating physiology and pathophysiology of the glymphatic system, which has been proposed as a mechanism of brain waste clearance. Therefore, we aimed to (1) develop a real‐time (CSF) flow imaging method with high spatial and sufficient temporal resolution to capture respiratory effects, (2) validate the method in a phantom setup and numerical simulations, and (3) apply the method in vivo and quantify its repeatability and correlation with different respiratory conditions. Methods: A golden‐angle radial flow sequence (reconstructed temporal resolution 168 ms, spatial resolution 0.6 mm) was implemented on a 7T MRI scanner and reconstructed using compressed sensing. A phantom setup mimicked simultaneous cardiac and respiratory flow oscillations. The effect of temporal resolution and vessel diameter was investigated numerically. Healthy volunteers (n = 10) were scanned at four different respiratory conditions, including repeat scans. Results: Phantom data show that the developed sequence accurately quantifies respiratory oscillations (ratio real‐time/reference QR = 0.96 ± 0.02), but underestimates the rapid cardiac oscillations (ratio QC = 0.46 ± 0.14). Simulations suggest that QC can be improved by increasing temporal resolution. In vivo repeatability was moderate to very strong for cranial and caudal flow (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.55–0.99) and weak to strong for net flow (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.48–0.90). Net flow was influenced by respiratory condition (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The presented real‐time flow MRI method can quantify respiratory‐related variations of CSF flow in the cerebral aqueduct, but it underestimates rapid cardiac oscillations. In vivo, the method showed good repeatability and a relationship between flow and respiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsuccessful drillings are issues in groundwater exploration using electrical resistivity profiling (ERP) and vertical electrical sounding (VES). Many geophysical companies spend a lot of money without obtaining the flow rate (FR) required during the campaigns for drinking water supply (CDWS). To solve this problem, we applied the support vector machines (SVMs) to real‐world data to predict the FRs before any drilling operations. First, from the ERP and VES, the features such as shape, type, power, magnitude, pseudo‐fracturing index, and ohmic‐area were defined including the geology of the survey area. Second, the FRs were categorized into four classes (dry: FR0 (FR = 0), unsustainable: FR1 (0 < FR ≤ 1), and productive boreholes: FR2 (1 < FR ≤ 3) and FR3 (FR > 3 m3/hr)) and associated with the features to compose two separated data sets: a multiclass data set (D $\mathcal{D}$) for common prediction during the CDWS and a binary data set Db ${\mathcal{D}}_{b}$ (FR < FR2, FR ≥ FR2) addressed to the population living in a rural area. Features were vectorized and data were transformed before feeding to the SVM algorithms. As a result, the SVM models performed 77% of good predictions on D $\mathcal{D}$ and 83% on Db ${\mathcal{D}}_{b}$. Better performances with the optimal hyper‐parameters in D $\mathcal{D}$ (81.61%) and Db ${\mathcal{D}}_{b}$ (87.36%) were achieved using the polynomial and radial basis function kernels respectively. Furthermore, the learning curves have shown that the performance scores on D $\mathcal{D}$ can be improved if larger training data becomes available (275 test samples at least) while it is not necessarily so for Db ${\mathcal{D}}_{b}$. As a benefit, the proposed approach could minimize the rate of unsuccessful drillings during future CDWS. Plain Language Summary: The electrical resistivity profiling and the vertical electrical sounding are cheap geophysical subsurface imaging methods. They are most preferred to find groundwater during the campaigns of drinking water supply, especially in developing countries. However, despite the use of both methods, the numerous unsuccessful drillings, due to their wrong locations, have considerably increased the budget of the project and thereby limiting the number of boreholes previously intended for the population. To solve this problem, a technique was developed using one famous method of artificial intelligence called support vector machines to predict the flow rate (FR) before the drilling operations. To check the efficiency of the proposed approach, the technique was tested with data from a region in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa), which faced a considerable water shortage. The results show 77% capability to predict an accurate FR and 83% when the problem is addressed to the population living in a rural area. Henceforth, the proposed technique can be used to select the right locations expecting to give the recommended FR to minimize the rate of unsuccessful drillings, and indirectly reduce the problem of water scarcity. Key Points: The support vector machines (SVMs) are used to predict groundwater flow rate (FR) before the drilling operationsPrediction data are gathered from electrical profiling, vertical electrical sounding, and boreholesThe SVM models correctly perform 77% and 83% of FR predictions for multiclass and binary data sets respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrologically sensitive macroinvertebrate indices have been developed in Europe, the Americas and New Zealand to serve many purposes such as monitoring ecological responses to drought, flow regulation, water extraction and the provision of environmental flows. We created an Australian Macroinvertebrate Flow Index (AMFI) based on relative current‐velocity preferences of numerous Australian invertebrate families and genera, derived from a large dataset composited from past biomonitoring programs. We tested the new index with datasets independent from those used for its derivation, showing that it correlated strongly with current velocity and responded mostly as expected to discharge fluctuations downstream of a large dam. A genus‐level version was more responsive than a family‐level version, but the sensitivity of the family‐level version was improved by the incorporation of weighting based on taxon abundance. We suggest possible uses of the new index and recommend further development and testing, particularly in relation to intermittent streams and environmental flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the largest and fastest‐growing markets for live streaming, and the purchase of virtual gifts in live streaming is the core for streamers and live streaming platforms in China to survive and thrive. Compared to western countries, live streaming in China highlights the lively social atmosphere and heated social interactions among streamers and viewers. This study develops a cultural context‐sensitive model that contextualises the purchase of virtual gifts in live streaming in China. Specifically, we focus on the viewer's social experience and the social atmosphere in live streaming which have received limited attention yet. We introduce viewers' social perceptions with regard to the streamer and other viewers (ie, perceived proximity to the streamer and sense of belonging to the viewer crowd) and show how such social perceptions contribute to the development of flow experience, which subsequently leads to purchase intention. This study also reveals how such social perceptions can be shaped by the contextual setting consisting of the IT‐related factors of live streaming (ie, responsiveness, two‐way communication, social presence, and self‐presentation) and the cultural characteristics of China (ie, social orientation and harmony). Our research offers both theoretical guidance for practitioners into cultivating viewers' purchase of virtual gifts in China's live streaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global digital gaming industry has grown rapidly in recent years. Rapid technological advancements are changing the ways in which players can interact with video games as individuals and collectives. In addition to the increased penetration of games, the reasons for which people play and employ games need careful attention. In this paper, we have systematically reviewed the peer‐reviewed journal articles (n = 91) relevant to the gamers' motivations of playing digital games. In addition to analysing the publication trends, we have identified and discussed a set of six key motivational themes (immersion and flow, gratification and affect, escapism, social interaction, identification, and goal orientation). Subsequently, we call for further research on theoretical and methodological advancement as well as individual/social wellbeing and dark sides of digital gaming in relation to players' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Water distribution systems should have a surge mitigation strategy in place to address the common occurrences of high‐ and low‐pressure surges, which can sometimes be harmful to system infrastructure. Transient models are useful in analyzing the complexities of transient hydraulics, such as determining best surge mitigation devices and methods, and assessing operating procedures. Two surge tank projects—one in Nevada and one in North Carolina—are examples of the beneficial roles transient models play in analyzing flow conditions and recommending solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: biodiversity; conservation; ecological awareness; flow; human-nature relations; science communication; sustainability EN biodiversity conservation ecological awareness flow human-nature relations science communication sustainability 519 533 15 04/06/22 20220401 NES 220401 INTRODUCTION The mounting interest in the psychological construct of "nature connectedness" derives from a perceived understanding that the estrangement between people and more than human nature is the key determinant of the global ecological crisis (Ives et al., 2017; Nisbet et al., 2009; Richardson et al., 2020; Swaisgood & Sheppard, 2011), which is proving to be one of the humanities' greatest challenges (IPCC, 2014). Exposure to urban nature and tree planting are related to pro-environmental behavior via connection to nature, the use of nature for psychological restoration, and environmental attitudes. Noticing nature, nature connectedness and time in nature: Associations with Human and Nature's Wellbeing during the Corona Pandemic. Nature experiences and adults' self-reported pro-environmental behaviors: The role of connectedness to nature and childhood nature experiences. [Extracted from the article]