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Within the scope of developing a new generation of Eurocodes also the European masonry standards are subjected to an evolution. Thereby new drafts for all four parts of EN 1996 have been elaborated and the final versions are available. Aim of the evolution was to implement the application experiences of the actual version, improving the ease of use and reducing the number of National determined parameters. The most severe changes of the new versions of the standards are the modifications of the calculation methods in EN 1996 parts 1‐1 and 3. Especially for masonry walls with a compressive strength and for constructions with partly supported ceilings the new simplified calculation methods showed a significant difference in the maximum capacities. Basing on this finding the conditions and rules for the design of AAC masonry according to EN 1996‐3 were adapted and thus improved for the final draft. This was a result of a big number of comparing calculations which took into account the special properties and behaviour of AAC masonry especially the ratio between compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Regarding fire resistance of masonry walls several new test results have been implemented in EN 1996‐1‐2 for revising the tabulated values. The new tables also provide clearer allocations in terms of minimum thicknesses of walls for fulfilling the conditions regarding the different periods of fire resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate whether strabismus surgery improves the learning performance – calculation, reading and drawing – of school‐aged children. Methods: In a case–control study, patients between the ages of 7 and 10 years with horizontal strabismus, recommended for surgical correction, were prospectively included. Reading, calculating and drawing abilities were evaluated before and 3 months after corrective strabismus surgery using standardized tests. Cases were compared to control patients: patients with a surgical indication postponed due to the COVID lockdown. Results: Forty‐two operated patients and 42 controls between the ages of 7 and 10 years with horizontal strabismus were included. The average reading speed was 65.8 words per minute pre‐operatively compared to 80.6 words per minute post‐operatively (p = 0.0038). The average drawing score was 71.1 pre‐operatively compared to 84.3 post‐operatively (p = 0.012). The average calculation score was 3.2 pre‐operatively compared to 3.4 post‐operatively (p = 0.363). Improvement given by strabismus surgery was confirmed avoiding the learning effect by comparison with the control group. The improvements observed were more significant in the youngest patients and esotropia. Conclusions: This study highlights that strabismus surgery significantly improved the children's reading fluency and drawing task execution. These encouraging data should be taken into account when considering the indications for strabismus surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an approach is described for a calculation concept to close the gap between lightweight construction and necessary safety for structural components made of wood materials with use in mechanical engineering. The calculation of wood‐based materials represents a challenge due to the orthotropic material behavior and the many influencing parameters on the mechanical properties. The main objective of the considerations is to predict the mechanical component behavior as precisely as possible. In the next step, the designer can use the results of the calculations to make statements about the component safety. The analyses of this article are part of the joint project "Wood‐based materials in mechanical engineering (HoMaba)". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural design of the building part BOX – Challenge from a planning perspective This article presents the challenges of the structural design of the building part BOX from a planning point of view. The BOX construction as such, the materials used and the individual components, especially the ceilings and exterior walls, are discussed. The article provides more detailed information on the design procedure for building components, and deals with special aspects and decisive construction details. It shows that carbon concrete can be used to design and implement filigree, material‐minimized building components, thus saving natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia via nitrogen reduction reaction is a rational route to save energy and relieve pollution compared to the traditional Haber‐Bosch process. In this report, ZrO2 nanosphere derived from thermolysis of Zr‐based biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid MOFs (ZrO2/C) as a non‐noble metal catalyst with large specific surface area and porous structure is proposed to fix nitrogen to ammonia at ambient conditions. Such catalyst achieves Faradaic efficiency of 11.86 % and a NH3 yield rate of 10.72 μg h−1 mg−1cat. at −0.6 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4. First‐principles calculations confirm the alternating reaction at the catalyst surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several digital image analysis systems have been developed for surface calculation of vitiligo lesions. Critical assessment of their measurement properties is crucial to support evidence‐based recommendations on the most suitable instruments and will reveal the need for future research. A systematic review was performed to systematically summarize, compare, and critically assess the measurement properties of digital and analogue analysis systems for surface calculation of vitiligo lesions following the Consensus‐Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) recommendations. Nineteen clinical trials were selected including 25 different instruments. Manual tracing on transparent sheets (contact planimetry) combined with digital measurement or point counting can be considered as the best validated method for the evaluation of target lesions taking into account the skin curvatures. Two‐dimensional digital imaging analysis on photographs seems also robust although confirmatory data of different research groups using the same digital instrument in a wide range of skin types are missing. Analysis based on 3D photography is still in its early stage but is promising for whole‐body analysis. However, the reported data on the quality of the instruments for surface area calculation of vitiligo lesions were in general rather limited. Therefore, future high‐quality validation studies are required also including full body evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrode materials have received much attention in recent years, but their solubility of organic affects the capacity of the battery and the cycling performance. The solubility can be effectively reduced by polymerization, which can improve the stability of the material, but the capacity of organic polymer materials generally decreases with an increase in molar mass. In this study, poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) (PAQS) is strongly oxidized, and its morphological characteristics and active sites are found to change without affecting its solubility, leading to enhanced the battery capacity and stability performance. The experimental results show that PAQS is converted into micro‐sized spherical particles after being treated with H2SO4 solution.This process changes the sulfone group structure of PAQS and increases its active site S=O bond. Calculations show that the adsorption energy of the S=O active site is more stable than that of the original C=O active site, making it easier for the S=O group to adsorb cations. At the same time, the conductivity of PAQS increases after the treatment. The experimental results show that the capacity of the battery is 128.3 mAhg−1 at a current rate of 2 C when the strongly oxidized PAQS is used as the negative electrode, while the initial capacity was only 84.3 mAhg−1 under the same test conditions before the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous study (Somekawa et al. Langmuir2019, 35, 11345–11350) a non‐Bornian solvation model was successfully applied to computational prediction of the adsorption equilibrium for nonionic surfactants at the oil (O)/water (W) interface. In this study, the method was extended to the adsorption of "ionic" surfactants at the polarized O/W interface. In this extension, the electrostatic potential of an ionic surfactant in the electric double layer formed at the O/W interface was taken into account together with the chemical potential estimated using the non‐Bornian solvation model. The calculation results clearly showed that a cationic surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion) was adsorbed at the nitrobenzene/W interface, when the interfacial potential was negative. This prediction was consistent with the previous experimental observation using electrocapillary measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to elucidate the proton conduction mechanism in sodium tantalite with an orthorhombic perovskite structure, o‐NaTaO3, proton sites and elementary processes of proton jumps in the crystal were explored using first‐principles calculations. In this crystal, interoctahedral hopping plays a key role in the proton conduction, contrast to cubic perovskites where protons migrate over a long range only by rotation and intraoctahedral hopping. The interoctahedral hopping results from the tilting structure of TaO6 octahedra units, which accelerates the relatively fast proton migration along b‐ and c‐axes compared to that along a‐axis. This suggests that the low symmetry of the crystal structure can be beneficial to proton conduction in some cases, although the low symmetry is generally considered to make the potential barrier of long‐range proton migration higher. Considering the trapping effect of Ti dopants as the change in the concentration of mobile protons, the calculated proton conductivity is in excellent agreement with the experimental one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic molecule adsorption sites in a Sr2CaCu2Oy (0(Sr)212) half unit cell upon water molecule intercalation were estimated by simulation using Molecular Orbital PACkage (MOPAC) program. For water molecules, the unit cell was elongated with increasing the number of molecules. Upon four water molecules intercalated between the two SrO layers, the upper Sr atom moved along the c‐axis by 1.49 Å. This value was smaller than but comparable to the experimentally obtained elongation of half of the c‐parameter. The primary reason of the elongation is the repulsive force between Sr–H atoms in the two SrO layers. For ethanol and acetone molecules, stable intercalation sites were not found in the 0(Sr)212 crystal. These results coincided to the experimental results, which did not show intercalations. It was concluded that MOPAC can reproduce the organic molecule intercalation phenomena in oxide crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical estimation of arrays of objects is faster and more accurate when items can be clustered into groups, a phenomenon termed "groupitizing." Grouping can facilitate segregation into subitizable "chunks," each easily estimated, then summed. The current study investigates whether spatial grouping of arrays drives specific neural responses during numerical estimation, reflecting strategies such as exact calculation and fact retrieval. Fourteen adults were scanned with fMRI while estimating either the numerosity or shape of arrays of items, either randomly distributed or spatially grouped. Numerosity estimation of both classes of stimuli elicited common activation of a right lateralized frontoparietal network. Grouped stimuli additionally recruited regions in the left hemisphere and bilaterally in the angular gyrus. Multivariate pattern analysis showed that classifiers trained with the pattern of neural activations read out from parietal regions, but not from the primary visual areas, can decode different numerosities both within and across spatial arrangements. The behavioral numerical acuity correlated with the decoding performance of the parietal but not with occipital regions. Overall, this experiment suggests that the estimation of grouped stimuli relies on the approximate number system for numerosity estimation, but additionally recruits regions involved in calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase relations in the ZrO2–Ta2O5–Nb2O5 system were experimentally investigated, and thermodynamic modeling was consequently performed in the present work. Samples with the selected compositions were synthesized using coprecipitation method, and then separately equilibrated at 1573 and 1673 K. The microstructural characterizations and phase analyses were carried out with the support of the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX). The phase transformations were measured through differential thermal analysis (DTA). No ternary compounds exist, while Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 phases substantially extend into the ternary system. Moreover, binary Ta2Zr6O17 and Nb2Zr6O17 phases form a continuous solid solution (A2Zr6O17) in the ternary system. A three‐phase equilibrium region β‐Ta2O5 + A2Zr6O17 + Nb2O5 was speculated. Based on the available literature, the ZrO2–Nb2O5, ZrO2–Ta2O5, and Nb2O5–Ta2O5 binary systems were critically evaluated and optimized by means of the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) method. Combining with thermodynamic parameters of the binary systems, phase relations in the ternary system were extrapolated. However, the extrapolation cannot reproduce our experimental results, especially for the ternary solubilities of ZrO2 in the Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 phases and the melting behavior of selected samples. Finally, the ternary mixing parameters were introduced, and our experimental data were well reproduced by the improved thermodynamic descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising dielectric material, tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) exhibits multi‐phase co‐existing under common fabrication conditions, so it is highly desired to predict theoretically which phase is of the largest dielectric constant. Considering that the specific operations and parameters employed in ab initio calculations may lead to considerably different lattice structure, we set the experimental lattice constants as the criteria to select the functional and parameters in density of functional theory and calculated the dielectric tensors of crystalline δ‐, β‐, LSR‐, B‐, and Z‐Ta2O5, showing that the dielectric constant is very sensitive to the lattice constants and δ‐Ta2O5 possesses the largest dielectric constant, 375.1, which is about 10 times larger than those of the other four phases and the experimental measurement of common Ta2O5 samples with several phases co‐existed, and furthermore, the dielectric constant of δ‐ and β‐Ta2O5 could be enhanced to 1175.2 and 939.5, respectively, with the Ta atom replaced by Ti atom at a molar ratio of 7.14%, which is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations of Ti‐doped β‐, LSR‐, and H‐Ta2O5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ash fusion characteristics including ash properties and morphological changes in high‐temperature fusion test were studied among four types of fuels comprising two woody biomass, three straw biomass, two bituminous coals, and three biomass/coal mixtures. On the basis of ash fusion behavior and kinetic analysis of the ash melting process, a high‐precision acquisition method for ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) was developed. First, a reading index of AFTs was proposed; that is, in high‐temperature fusion test, initial deformation temperature (IDT), softening temperature (ST), and fluid temperature (FT) could be identified by the height shrinkage of 38%, 86%, and 98%, or the area shrinkage of 50%, 77%, and 97%, respectively. Kinetic analysis conducted on height/area shrinkage indicated that activation energy was highly related to temperature difference among IDT, ST, and FT, and low activation energy facilitated the enlargement of the temperature differences of ST‐IDT and FT‐ST. XRD patterns illustrated low activation energy had a promotion effect on the generation of higher melting substances such as KAlSi3O8 and CaSiO3, causing the elevation of the ST and FT. At last, a calculation method for AFTs based on activation energy and average height/area shrinkage was performed, which had high repeatability within an average error of ~6°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geklebte Verbindungen haben im Konstruktiven Glasbau ein großes Anwendungspotential. Allerdings sind die Vorbehalte gegenüber einem tragenden Einsatz aufgrund der fehlenden Kenntnis des Tragverhaltens noch groß. Zwar ist die Abhängigkeit des Materialverhaltens vom vorherrschenden Spannungszustand neben den Einflüssen aus Temperatur, Belastungsgeschwindigkeit und Belastungsgeschichte prinzipiell geklärt, bisher aber nur schwer quantifizierbar. In diesem Beitrag sollen unter klarer Definition der Randbedingungen die Möglichkeiten einer rechnerischen Prognose vorgestellt werden. Über FEM‐Einheitszellenberechnungen mit dem Ogden‐Modell werden über die Spannungsmehrachsigkeit klebstoffspezifische Steifigkeitsortskurven abgeleitet. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Versuchen ergibt überaus zufriedenstellende Übereinstimmungen. Simplified calculated load‐deformation prediction of adhesive joints with hyperelastic behaviour in glass construction. Bonded joints have great application potential in structural glass construction. However, there are still major reservations against a load‐bearing application due to the lack of knowledge of the load‐bearing behaviour. Although the dependence of the material behaviour on the prevailing stress state in addition to the influences of temperature, load speed and load history has been clarified in principle, it has been difficult to quantify it to date. In this paper the possibilities of a computational prognosis shall be presented under clear definition of the boundary conditions. Using FEM unit cell calculations with the Ogden model, adhesive‐specific stiffness location curves are derived via the stress multiaxiality. The comparison of the results with tests results in very satisfactory similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of innovative wood‐concrete composite floors in prefabricated construction method The use of wood in construction as a natural and sustainable building material is becoming increasingly important. New developments are moving towards the use of wood in multi‐storey residential and office buildings. In addition to the ecological advantages, the favourable room climate and the direct experience of wooden surfaces on walls and ceilings are also important for the user. In storey construction, the wood‐concrete composite construction method in particular, which makes optimum use of the static advantages of both building materials, has proven to be forward‐looking. The newly developed wood‐concrete composite floor described in this paper consists of CLT panels and precast concrete elements. The wooden element mainly absorbs the bending tensile forces and the concrete slab mainly absorbs the bending compressive forces. The necessary shear connection is made via so‐called cleats, which are milled into the wood and formed in the concrete in complementary form. The connection is also secured with an adhesion bond. In addition to the development of the design and the appropriate manufacturing method, shear tests on small bodies and several large‐scale bending tests on ceiling elements on a scale of 1 : 1 were carried out to investigate the load‐bearing behaviour. Furthermore, in order to find a suitable calculation method, the gamma method and the discrete were compared with the bending tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental principles for obtaining mass spectral isotopic distributions are applied to a general computer program that can be used to calculate and present in tabular and graphic form the isotopic contributions for any molecular formula. A unique feature is the retention of the isotopic distribution, exact mass, and absolute abundance for all individual peaks at each mass. Special considerations have been made for the large number of isotopic combinations that occur for many higher mass compounds. The computer program accepts the input of a molecular formula followed by interactive input of a number of parameters that affect the final presentation of the theoretical distribution profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐demand service firms secure market power by cultivating and operationalising calculative asymmetries between the platform and labour. In this article, I analyse dynamic (or 'surge') pricing as an exemplary calculative technique. I show how the asymmetrical application of price‐setting allows firms to leverage control at the aggregate level while maintaining the façade of autonomy at the individual level, thereby legitimising workers' classification as independent contractors but solving the coordination problems that the classification introduces. The article complements and extends previous critical research into the platform or 'on‐demand' service economy by analysing how management scientists model and simulate on‐demand marketplaces. I consider management science to be a calculative technique for optimising operational efficiency. A critical review of management science provides novel insights into platforms' efforts to monopolise calculative agency at the expense of other market participants. The article concludes by considering implications for broader critiques of platform labour management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK online food delivery company Deliveroo has a platform that automates the coordination of meal delivery, creating a market for the delivered meal. This market indicates the necessity to examine the social arrangements produced through the platform beyond the labour of the delivery worker. Markets comprise heterogeneous actors that require their coordination to be calculated. Deliveroo, though, offers two competing views of markets. First, as interfaces in which supply and demand are represented as autonomous blocs that are articulated through the goods of the delivered meal whose constitution, including the labour of delivery, is black‐boxed. Second, as agencement—formatting collective arrangements—in which the goods of the delivered meal are contingently calculated as a flexible arrangement of riders, restaurants and customers whereby these actors have differing degrees of choice concerning their participation, and through which new service performances are emerging in the necessity for their contingent interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating tungsten into the N3 core of a N‐fused porphyrin (NFP; 1) affords high‐valent tungsten(VI)‐NFP complexes, WClO2‐1 and 21‐chlorinated WClO2‐3. The X‐ray structure of WClO2‐1 reveals a distorted octahedral geometry with sitting atop metal coordination. The absorption spectrum of WClO2‐1 displays bathochromically shifted Q‐like bands beyond 1000 nm, indicating an inherently narrow HOMO‐LUMO energy gap. DFT calculations show that the degeneracy of the LUMO and LUMO+1 pair of 1 is significantly resolved by the tungsten(VI) coordination. Conclusively, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry provide a rationale for the narrow HOMO‐LUMO energy gap in the “16‐electron” d0 tungsten(VI)‐NFP complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red phosphor is indispensable to achieve warm white light in the white light diode (WLED) application. However, the current red phosphors suffer from high cost and harsh synthesis conditions. In this study, an oxide‐based rare‐earth‐free red‐emitting phosphor Li3Mg2NbO6:Mn4+ (LMN:Mn4+) has been successfully synthesized by a simple solid‐state reaction method. The relationship between crystal structure and luminescence was investigated in detail. The site occupancy of the doping Mn4+ ion in the LMN host has been discussed from the point of bond valence sum. How the coordination environment of doping Mn4+ affects the energy level of doping Mn4+ ion has been illustrated via the Tanabe‐Sugano energy‐level diagram. Moreover, warm white light has been obtained using LMN:Mn4+ as compensator to the YAG:Ce3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightning to an overhead transmission line system can cause a breakdown between arcing horns of the lower line and a jumper wire of the upper line due to the rising of hot gases generated by arc jets between arcing horns. This article describes the experiments and the calculations regarding the rising of the hot gases for the case of 66 kV overhead transmission lines. The calculations were carried out considering the length of the arc jet, the electromagnetic force acting between the arc jet and the arc column, the force due to the arc jet spouting from the arcing horn, and the buoyant force of the hot gases for various arc currents and two types of arcing horn. As a result, it was found that the calculation results showed a tendency similar to the experimental ones. Furthermore, the breakdown phenomena between the arcing horns and the jumper wire were also investigated using the calculation results. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the occasion of the Olympic sailing competitions in Kiel, the ZOB and the multi‐storey car park above it were built in 1972. The two‐storey multi‐storey car park, equipped for about 560 parking spaces, was originally connected to the railway station quay, the main railway station and the city centre by three pedestrian bridges. These bridges were demolished over the years. The new construction of the Atlantic Hotel in 2009 made it necessary to partially demolish the multi‐storey car park and the ZOB. At the same time, preparations began for the redesign of the remaining ZOB site. However, the original idea of renovating the building, which had been reduced in size by the construction of the new hotel, and additionally increasing it by two parking levels, was rejected. The poor structural condition and the planning of a new attractive bus station ultimately required demolition. In the new planning of the ZOB, two construction sites were defined. The design for the new multi‐storey car park on construction site 2 took into account the specifications for the number of storeys, the spacing areas, the maximum eaves height and the materials used in the neighbouring buildings as an independent building. The rounding of the facade at Stresemannplatz gives passers‐by coming from the west a clearer view of the harbour. The spindle, which is raised above the 6th floor, serves as a recognizable point visible from afar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of pyridine–Ag has been a hot topic since the finding of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering; however, there is still challenge to accurately evaluate the interactions within nano‐systems. Here we have synthesized chemically pure Ag18 nanoclusters by a facile method based on laser ablation in liquid and conducted a joint experimental and theoretical Raman spectroscopic study for pyridine adsorbed on the specific‐sized Ag clusters. As a result, altered Raman feature for the pyridine‐Ag18 system in contrast to pure pyridine is observed shedding light on the charge‐transfer interactions between pyridine and Ag. Utilizing natural population analysis, we studied the charge distribution before and after pyridine adsorbed on the Ag18 cluster. Also, we calculated static polarizability components and isotropic polarizability of pyridine and the pyridine‐Ag18 complex and studied the donor‐acceptor orbital overlaps via natural bond orbital analysis, charge decomposition analysis, electron density difference analysis, and density of state analysis. Such a comprehensive and semiquantitative study provides firm evidence for the chemical mechanism in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An orientational average method is used to calculate the piezoelectric coefficients of KNbO3 and K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KN and KNN) piezoceramics, which is the first time that an ab initio method has been used to directly compare the piezoelectric coefficients with the experimental results of the orthorhombic alkali niobate‐based lead‐free piezoceramics. It is found that the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d¯33∗ of orthorhombic KN and KNN piezoceramics is mainly contributed by d33 and d15 of their single crystal. The approximately 70% increase in the calculated d¯33∗ is confirmed in pure orthorhombic KNN over KN piezoceramics. The increased response of the internal coordinates of Na and O atoms to macroscopic strain is considered the main origin of the enhanced piezoelectricity. The underlying mechanism is that the smaller atomic size of Na provides more room for itself and the adjacent O atoms in the perovskite structure, which leads to the increased local structural instability. In this case, the Na and its nearby O atoms are easier to move when an external stress is applied on the KNN and then induce the substantial change in polarization. This work provides a microscopic insight to understand the enhanced piezoelectricity in KNN piezoceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additional rail stresses due to long‐term deformations of railway viaducts with ballastless track – model and reality The long‐term deformation of the bridge superstructure due to temperature changes of the bridge itself and due to creep and shrinkage in the case of concrete bridges leads to a major part of the additional rail stresses, while welding the rail continuously over bridges with ballastless track. In this paper, the results of an extensive monitoring performed on several long railway viaducts with ballastless track are analysed, in order to verify the actual models used to calculate the additional rail stresses. In a first step the monitoring concept as well as the methodology of the analyse and the plausibility check of the data are presented. In the next step, the monitoring results are analysed to evaluate the temperature load case to apply in the calculation. The focus of the paper is on the analyse of the measured long‐term data of rail stresses and rails displacements on a period of nearly two years. These results are compared to those of the model calculation. In the case of ballastless track, the longitudinal rail restraint is the major parameter governing the additional rail stresses. With the chosen measurement layout, it was also possible to analyse the longitudinal rail restraint occurring in situ under real conditions. All these results provide important knowledge on the calculation of additional rail stresses on bridges with ballastless track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although polarization lidar technology has been widely used to detect depolarized particles, many difficulties still exist in measuring accurate values for the depolarization ratio. This ratio is basically related to the difference between the optical and the electronic gain of the lidar's channels, the polarization purity of the laser pulse, and the error in the alignment between the laser's polarization plane and the polarizer. We propose here an algorithm for the calibration and calculation of polarization lidars. Numerical simulations showed that the depolarization ratio profile retrieved from the proposed algorithm agrees well with the simulated profile. The proposed algorithm no longer requires the laser source to be linearly polarized. Instead, the light polarization can be elliptical or random. During the installation process, the polarization of the detector is no longer required to be parallel or perpendicular to the polarization direction of the laser source and can be done in any direction. Key Points: An algorithm was proposed to retrieve the depolarization ratio from polarization lidar dataThe algorithm no longer requires the laser source to be linearly polarized, allowing for elliptical or random polarization to be usedThe polarization of the detector is no longer required to be parallel or perpendicular to the polarization plane of the laser source [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body surface area (BSA) can reflect metabolic rate that might normalize dosing of chemotherapeutics across widely variable weights within a species. The current BSA formula for dogs lacks height, length, and body condition. Hypothesis: Computed tomography (CT) imaging will allow inclusion of morphometric variables in allometric modeling of BSA in dogs resulting in an improved formula for BSA estimation. Animals: Forty‐eight dogs from 4 institutions with whole‐body CT images. Methods: Retrospective and prospective case series. Body surface area was contoured using whole‐body CT scans and radiation therapy planning software. Body length and height were determined from CT images and also in 9 dogs by physical measurement. Nonlinear regression was used to model the BSA data sets using allometric equations. Goodness‐of‐fit criteria included average relative deviation, mean standard error, Akaike information criterion, and r2 (derived from the r‐value generated by regression models). Results: Contoured BSA differed from the current formula by −9% to +19%. Nonlinear regression on untransformed data yielded BSA = 0.0134 × body weight [kg]∧0.4746 × length (cm)∧0.6393 as the best‐fit model. Heteroscedasticity (increasing morphometric variability with increasing BSA) was an important finding. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Computed tomography‐derived BSA was used to incorporate body length into a novel BSA formula. This formula can be applied prospectively to determine whether it correlates with adverse events attributed to chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the aim to design a particular material for low and high frequency cooperative electromagnetic absorption at high temperature, a multiscale design is proposed by combining the microstructure and meta‐structure in one material. The SiCf/Si3N4 composite is prepared via the chemical vapor infiltration technique with SiCf as the EM wave absorbing phase and Si3N4 as the wave‐transparent ceramic matrix. The crossing grooved meta‐structure is designed and fabricated to further improve its absorbing properties and to guarantee its absorbing capacity stability at high temperature. A minimum reflection loss of −15.3 dB and −14.8 dB can be reached at 8 and 18 GHz with a total thickness of 5 mm. The temperature‐dependent reflection loss of the designed meta‐structure keeps relative reliable high temperature absorbing performances from room temperature to 500°C. This effective enhanced EM wave absorbing property is believed to be a consequence of multiscale effect induced by combining the traditional EM absorbing materials with metamaterial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac output, stroke volume, and measurement of other hemodynamic parameters can be useful in the management of critical patients. Given the broad size disparity of veterinary patients, the raw values can vary widely. Their indexed values, however, allow for quick assessment of hemodynamic status and a more standardized target setting by the veterinary care team. Monitors such as lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) and pulse contour cardiac output (PICCO) can display and record the data using indexed values as long as the correct body surface area (BSA) is used. In people, the BSA is calculated using the DuBois formula by entering the patient's weight and height; however, it does not apply to animals because the equivalent relationship is not represented by this formula. Given that the hemodynamic monitors are manufactured for use in human patients, the calculations need to the adapted for veterinary use. As such, the Dubois formula has been rearranged to calculate an assumed height to be entered in the monitor software along with the patient's weight. Once the information is entered, a correct BSA will be calculated by the monitor, and indexed data will be readily available for analysis. Key findings: Tables with the calculated heights for dogs and cats were generated. The weights and calculated heights were computed into the LiDCO and PICCO monitors for verification, and the correct BSAs were displayed as a result. Significance: The information supplied here allows clinicians and researchers to quickly input patient data into the hemodynamic monitor and obtain indexed data. Indexed data facilitates advanced hemodynamic monitoring by standardizing targets (goal‐directed therapy) and allowing for quicker comparison between patients. The table could be used with any monitor that utilizes the DuBois formula for BSA calculation, but the resulting BSA should be validated before proceeding with hemodynamic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates on risk have largely assumed risk to be the outcome of calculative practices. There is a related assumption that risk objects come only in one form, and that the reason not everything can be transformed into a risk is because of the difficulties in calculating and creating universal quantitative comparisons. In this article, building on recent studies of preparedness that have broadened understandings of risk, we provide an analysis of how preparedness measures might themselves produce risk, in particular through risk's durable instantiation, or what we call 'concretization'. Our empirical focus is on how government agencies in two countries shifted their attention from the risk of nuclear attack during the Cold War to an all hazards approach to preparedness. Comparing the mid‐ to late‐twentieth century histories of the UK and Switzerland, we show that both countries shifted from focusing from a single risk to plural risks. This shift cannot be explained by a change in prevailing calculative practices, or by the fact that the risks changed historically. Instead, it is driven by historically specific changes in how risks are produced and reproduced in relation to how materializations of risk operate over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematics anxiety (MA) refers to the experience of negative affect when engaging in mathematical activity. According to Ashcraft and Kirk (2001), MA selectively affects calculation with high working memory (WM) demand. On the other hand, Maloney, Ansari, and Fugelsang (2011) claim that MA affects all mathematical activities, including even the most basic ones such as magnitude comparison. The two theories make opposing predictions on the negative effect of MA on magnitude processing and simple calculation that make minimal demands on WM. We propose that MA has a selective impact on mathematical problem solving that likely involves processing of magnitude representations. Based on our hypothesis, MA will impinge upon magnitude processing even though it makes minimal demand on WM, but will spare retrieval‐based, simple calculation, because it does not require magnitude processing. Our hypothesis can reconcile opposing predictions on the negative effect of MA on magnitude processing and simple calculation. In the present study, we observed a negative relationship between MA and performance on magnitude comparison and calculation with high but not low WM demand. These results demonstrate that MA has an impact on a wide range of mathematical performance, which depends on one's sense of magnitude, but spares over‐practiced, retrieval‐based calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home numeracy has been defined as the parent-child interactions that include experiences with numerical content in daily-life settings. Previous studies have commonly operationalized home numeracy either via questionnaires or via observational methods. These studies have shown that both types of measures are positively related to variability in children's mathematical skills. This study investigated whether these distinctive data collection methods index the same aspect of home numeracy. The frequencies of home numeracy activities and parents' opinions about their children's mathematics education were assessed via a questionnaire. The amount of home numeracy talk was observed via two semi-structured videotaped parent-child activity sessions (Lego building and book reading). Children's mathematical skills were examined with two calculation subtests.We observed that parents' reports and number of observed numeracy interactions were not related to each other. Interestingly, parents' reports of numeracy activities were positively related to children's calculation abilities, whereas the observed home numeracy talk was negatively related to children's calculation abilities. These results indicate that these two methods tap on different aspects of home numeracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific domain model for math disabilities postulates a core number deficit which presents a prime target for remedial interventions. This longitudinal study identified two groups of Grade 3 students based on their basic calculation abilities: students with persistent difficulties through Grade 4 (PD group) and students whose performance improved into the average range (IP group). Baseline data revealed a distinct cognitive profile for students in the PD group featuring predominant deficits in symbolic number processing. A conceptual intervention based on explicit teaching of basic arithmetic procedures was implemented when students attended Grade 5 or 6. Students in the PD group benefited more from the programme, especially in performing written calculations and in multiplication speed. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Most interventions focus on young students' basic arithmetical skills to prevent serious math problems in future. Few interventions target older students who often face persistent math difficulties. These interventions are usually procedural and focus on age‐appropriate math skills.What does this study add? A conceptual intervention was implemented to remediate basic calculation deficits at the end of elementary school. The aim was to help students compensate for their gaps in knowledge and motivate them to engage in math activities. Neuropsychological testing of arithmetic abilities revealed difficulties in symbolic number processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The translocation time τ of partially charged polymers through a neutral nanopore is calculated using Fokker-Planck equation with adsorbing-adsorbing boundary conditions. For the polymer with one charged monomer, we find that τ is dependent on the position of the charged monomer and on the magnitude of the driving force f inside the nanopore. When the charge is located at the front half of the polymer chain, τ is larger than that of neutral polymer and increases with f. When the charge is located at the back half, it is smaller than that of the neutral polymer and decreases with increasing f. We have also studied the behavior of a symmetrical polymer with two like charges located symmetrically in the chain and that of an asymmetrical polymer with two unlike charges. Moreover, we have calculated the translocation time for a general condition of polymer with two randomly distributed charges. All results show that τ is dependent on the positions of charges in the polymer chain and on the magnitude of the driving force. The results can be explained qualitatively by the free-energy landscape of polymer translocation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1017-1025 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum excess carrier concentration in Si under the electron beam irradiation is calculated as a function of beam energy and diffusion length. The values obtained are compared with approximated ones. It is shown that the Berz and Kuiken expression can be used for the excess carrier concentration estimation. A possibility to reach the low excitation conditions in EBIC and CL measurements on Si is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current european standards for axle calculations (EN 13103 and EN 13104) are based on an analytical method applying flexural beam principle for critical sections selected by the designer. The method bases on works performed in the 1960s that were introduced to different international reports and recommendations before being adopted by the mentioned european standards. The present procedures for design, production and maintenance of axles lead to reliable products, as shown by the accumulated experience along the last decades. These methods are widely accepted and applied to axle designs in common usage. However, in order to look for optimized products, more accurate modelling techniques like the finite element analysis (FEA) should be adopted, especially for complex structures like powered axles. The characteristics of the finite element models to be applied to railway axles have been analysed in terms of element definition, convergence analysis, boundary conditions, etc. Parametric analyses have been performed to assess the applicability of the models. The numerical models generated have been validated through the comparison with experimental results coming from full scale fatigue tests. Finally, a methodology to design axles using modelling tools as a complement to current european norms is proposed looking for a compromise between the computational effort and the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using qualitative data, this study explores Russians' reactions to increases in consumer prices caused by the current economic crisis. The financial turbulence has reinforced doubts about the fairness of market prices and the overall legitimacy of the market order in Russia. Suspicion and cynicism about the State and seller behaviour become the main mode of price perception, encouraging proactive, calculating price behaviour. Respondents' narratives reveal that proactive price behaviour is considered to be a sign of social competence, financial independence, and high cognitive capacity. Proactive pricing behaviour allows consumers to use their purchasing power for resistance to market injustice and social insecurity and to increase personal chances for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A group contribution method is introduced to describe the swelling behavior of thermo-sensitive hydrogel systems. The accuracy of group contribution calculations is strongly dependent on the choice of thermodynamic model. Therefore, we revise the modified double lattice (MDL) model and develop a new expression for the interaction energy parameter using the association theory of Sanchez to take into account complex polymer/solvent mixing. The net Helmholtz energy for a hydrogel is established by combining the revised MDL model and modified Flory-Rehner elastic model. Group parameters are generated by fitting to experimental swelling data from both homopolymer and copolymer gel systems. The effect of salt on the volume phase transition is modeled by introducing an additional salt-specific parameter to investigate various stimuli-response swelling behavior. Calculated swelling equilibria using the new group contribution method shows excellent agreement with experimental data and various stimuli-response volume phase transitions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 455-463 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing amount of ageing civil steel infrastructure requests an enhanced assessment of this infrastructure in terms of determining its residual fatigue life in a more realistic way than this has been done in the past. Often the relevant materials data for cyclic loading of such an ageing infrastructure is not available and its retrieval turns out to be relatively cumbersome bearing the urgency in data availability and continuous cost pressure in mind. This article addresses different approaches and techniques on how materials data for cyclic loading can be obtained at a fraction of the effort compared to state-of-the-art techniques, considering load increase tests, non-destructive testing techniques and finally even a stepped bar specimen allowing a complete set of materials data (stress-strain behaviour and stress- and strain-life curve) to be obtained with a single specimen in the end only. Options for 'digitizing' materials data evaluation are discussed and some prospect on application of those novel approaches and techniques in damage accumulation assessments on real steel infrastructure is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Im Eisenbahnbrückenbau wird der Entwurf des Tragsystems sehr stark von der Gleis‐Tragwerks‐Interaktion geprägt. Im Teil 1 des vorliegenden Beitrags (Heft 2/2016) wurde die historische Entwicklung der Betrachtungsweise des Zusammenwirkens von Gleis und Tragwerk zusammengefasst. Weiterhin wurden die Grundsätze der Modellbildung zur Berechnung der Interaktionseffekte sowie die Interpretation der Berechnungsergebnisse vorgestellt. Im Teil 2 des Beitrags soll näher auf die Nachweisführung und insbesondere auf die Hintergründe der im Regelwerk verankerten Grenzwerte für die Kräfte und Verformungen im Gleis eingegangen werden. Es wird ersichtlich, dass die meisten im aktuellen europäischen Regelwerk gültigen Grenzwerte aus Untersuchungen der 1980er‐Jahre stammen. Eine Überprüfung und gegebenenfalls Anpassung ist dringend erforderlich. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Nachweisführung kann jedoch nur dann erfolgen, wenn die bisher bewährten Ansätze nachvollzogen und beurteilt werden können. Basierend auf einer umfangreichen Recherche wird in diesem Beitrag der Status quo beschrieben und Ansätze für die notwendigen Forschungsarbeiten zusammengetragen. Track‐bridge‐interaction – Part 2: backgrounds of the verification method Track‐bridge‐interaction has a major influence on the structural design of railway bridges. In the first part of this paper (see Vol. 93 (2016), No. 2) a brief overview describing the historical development of the consideration of the interaction effects has been given. Furthermore, basic principles of the calculation model as well as recommendations on how to deal with the results of the calculation has been presented. The aim of the second part of this article is to show the backgrounds of the verification scheme and especially to explain where the limit values for the additional rail stresses and deformations come from. It becomes apparent, that most rules contained in national and international codes are based on investigations carried out in the 1980s. An actualisation and further development of the codes is necessary, but can only be achieved if the well‐proven methods and limits used so far are well understood. This part of the article describes the actual status quo based on a literature research and gives outlines for future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Primary school math skills form a basis for academic success down the road. Different math skills have different antecedents and there is a reason to believe that more complex math tasks require better self-regulation. Aims The study aimed to investigate longitudinal interrelations of calculation and problem-solving skills, and task-persistent behaviour in Grade 1 and Grade 3, and the effect of non-verbal intelligence, linguistic abilities, and executive functioning on math skills and task persistence. Sample Participants were 864 students (52.3% boys) from 33 different schools in Estonia. Methods Students were tested twice - at the end of Grade1 and at the end of Grade 3. Calculation and problem-solving skills, and teacher-rated task-persistent behaviour were measured at both time points. Non-verbal intelligence, linguistic abilities, and executive functioning were measured in Grade 1. Results Cross-lagged structural equation modelling indicated that calculation skills depend on previous math skills and linguistic abilities, while problem-solving skills require also non-verbal intelligence, executive functioning, and task persistence. Task-persistent behaviour in Grade 3 was predicted by previous problem-solving skills, linguistic abilities, and executive functioning. Gender and mother's educational level were added as covariates. Conclusions The findings indicate that math skills and self-regulation are strongly related in primary grades and that solving complex tasks requires executive functioning and task persistence from children. Findings support the idea that instructional practices might benefit from supporting self-regulation in order to gain domain-specific, complex skill achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrichment and recovery of valuable components in industrial waste waters by traditional liquid-liquid solvent extraction is not economic due to extremely low concentrations of those targets. Large-phase-ratio extraction exhibits potential advantages for recovery of small quantities of target components from large volume of aqueous solutions. A novel bubbling extraction tower is proposed toward performing solvent extraction at large aqueous-to-oil phase ratios in this work. Organic extractants were covered onto surface of gas bubbles to form a layer of organic liquid membrane and the dispersed organic phase in tower could be small enough. The target components are extracted from aqueous feed solution onto the surface of the bubbles, and the enrichment ratios could be extremely high. We develop a feasible methodology to calculate tower height and operation phase ratios of the bubbling extraction tower, which is essential for future industrial scale-up. Experimental results in pilot test are highly consistent with calculations. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3889-3897, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All electrostimulation studies on arithmetic have so far solely reported general errors. Nonetheless, a classification of the errors during stimulation can inform us about underlying arithmetic processes. The present electrostimulation study was performed in a case of left parietal glioma. The patient's erroneous responses suggested that calculation was mainly applied for addition and a combination of retrieval and calculation was mainly applied for multiplication. The findings of the present single-case study encourage follow up with further data collection with the same paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: adsorption; calculation; ionic surfactant; oil/water interface; solvation model EN adsorption calculation ionic surfactant oil/water interface solvation model 1 1 1 08/19/22 20220812 NES 220812 B The Cover Feature b illustrates a computational prediction of the adsorption equilibrium for ionic surfactants at the electrified oil/water interface. Adsorption, calculation, ionic surfactant, oil/water interface, solvation model. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: AAPM Task Group 111 proposed to measure the equilibrium dose-pitch product D⁁eq for scan modes involving table translation and the midpoint dose DL(0) for stationary-table modes on the central and peripheral axes of sufficiently long (e.g., at least 40 cm) phantoms. This paper presents an alternative approach to calculate both metrics using the measurements of scanning the standard computed tomographic (CT) dosimetry phantoms on CT scanners. Methods: D⁁eq was calculated from CTDI100 and [variant_greek_epsilon](CTDI100) (CTDI100 efficiency), and DL(0) was calculated from D⁁eq and the approach to equilibrium function H(L) = DL(0)/Deq, where Deq was the equilibrium dose. CTDI100 may be directly obtained from several sources (such as medical physicist's CT scanner performance evaluation or the IMPACT CT patient dosimetry calculator), or be derived from CTDIVol using the central to peripheral CTDI100 ratio (R100). The authors have provided the required [variant_greek_epsilon](CTDI100) and H(L) data in two previous papers [X. Li, D. Zhang, and B. Liu, Med. Phys. 39, 901-905 (2012); and ibid. 40, 031903 (10pp.) (2013)]. R100 was assessed for a series of GE, Siemens, Philips, and Toshiba CT scanners with multiple settings of scan field of view, tube voltage, and bowtie filter. Results: The calculated DL(0) and DL(0)/Deq in PMMA and water cylinders were consistent with the measurements on two GE CT scanners (LightSpeed 16 and VCT) by Dixon and Ballard [Med. Phys. 34, 3399-3413 (2007)], the measurements on a Siemens CT scanner (SOMATOM Spirit Power) by Descamps et al. [J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 13, 293-302 (2012)], and the Monte Carlo simulations by Boone [Med. Phys. 36, 4547-4554 (2009)]. Conclusions: D⁁eq and DL(0) can be calculated using the alternative approach. The authors have provided the required [variant_greek_epsilon](CTDI100) and H(L) data in two previous papers. R100 is presented for a majority of multidetector CT scanners currently on the market, and can be easily assessed for other CT scanners or operating conditions not covered in this study. The central to peripheral Deq ratio is about 1.50 and 1.12 times of R100 for the 32- and 16-cm diameter PMMA phantom, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on angle-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging for determining unknown orientations of collagen fibers in ligaments is presented. Collagen fibers were stepwise rotated around two independent axes within a 3T magnetic resonance tomograph (from 0° to 180°, step size = 10°). Analyzing the magnetic resonance signal intensity of each voxel as a function of the rotation angle, directions were calculated by means of a computational algorithm. The accuracy of the algorithm was validated using 1000 random test directions, revealing an average deviation of 4.4° (median ± standard deviation: 2.7° ± 9°). Subsequently, the presented method was applied to three specimens of the human iliotibial tract mounted in different directions in a rotatable plastic box. Polarized light microscopy was used to verify parallel alignment of the collagen fibers in the three specimens. The calculated directions were compared with the directions of the specimens. Analyzing each voxel separately, average deviations (median ± standard deviation) in the three specimens were: 11.2° (3.6° ± 20.4°), 12° (5° ± 24.1°), and 20.4° (8.7° ± 27°). If the magnetic resonance signal intensity of each voxel was averaged with the intensity of immediately neighboring voxels, average deviations (median ± standard deviation) were 8.5° (3.6° ± 17.4°), 6.2° (0° ± 18°), and 9.2° (5° ± 19.2°). The presented method has the potential to be applied in situ to anatomical structures like cartilage, ligaments, tendons and fascia. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that the dehydrogenation of LiNH2BH3 (LAB) proceeds through a combination of the decomposition of the LiBH2NH3 (LBA) and LAB isomers. The dehydrogenation of LBA, an isomer of LAB, is discussed in this article. It is demonstrated that the loss of H2 from LBA takes place in a two-step reaction. Studies of the dehydrogenation process were performed using Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with a 6-311++G(3df,2pd) basis set. The intrinsic reaction coordinate was calculated to determine the minimum energy paths. Finally, the rate constants were obtained using the transition-state theory (TST), TST/Eckart, canonical variational transition-state theory (CVT), CVT/small-curvature tunneling correction, and CVT/zero-curvature tunneling correction methods from 200 to 2500 K. This is the first report on a different dehydrogenation mechanism for an alkali-metal amidoborane, and the energy barrier of LBA is much lower than that of the traditionally studied LAB. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that the dehydrogenation of LiNH2BH3 (LAB) proceeds through a combination of the decomposition of the LiBH2NH3 (LBA) and LAB isomers. The dehydrogenation of LBA, an isomer of LAB, is discussed in this article. It is demonstrated that the loss of H2 from LBA takes place in a two-step reaction. Studies of the dehydrogenation process were performed using Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with a 6-311++G(3df,2pd) basis set. The intrinsic reaction coordinate was calculated to determine the minimum energy paths. Finally, the rate constants were obtained using the transition-state theory (TST), TST/Eckart, canonical variational transition-state theory (CVT), CVT/small-curvature tunneling correction, and CVT/zero-curvature tunneling correction methods from 200 to 2500 K. This is the first report on a different dehydrogenation mechanism for an alkali-metal amidoborane, and the energy barrier of LBA is much lower than that of the traditionally studied LAB. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports Raman spectroscopy investigation of phase transitions in Rb2NaYF6 crystal. The experimental spectra were compared with the calculated one. The spectra were obtained in temperature range from 8 to 300 K. The Raman spectra shows anomalous temperature-dependent behavior at T1 = 154 and T2 = 122 K. Soft mode restoration has been found, which allows us to attribute first transition at 154 K to displacive type. Detailed analysis temperature dependencies of the line positions and widths have been performed. We found no effects of possible lattice disorder anywhere, except narrow (about 20 K) range above the T1 temperature. The Raman spectra of Rb2NaYF6 crystal have been obtained and analyzed under hydrostatic pressure up to 4.33 GPa (at T = 295 K). The high pressure experiment up to 4.33 GPa did not disclose any effects associated with phase transitions. The lattice vibration spectra were calculated up to 10 GPa. The calculation has been demonstrated that the Rb2NaYF6 does not undergo high pressure phase transition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]