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Objective Methods Results Conclusions The aim was to investigate the mediating role of inflammatory biomarkers in the causal effect of body composition on glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes.A retrospective observational study and a Mendelian randomization (MR) study were used. Observational analyses were performed using data from 4717 Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–18 years who underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for body composition. MR analyses were based on summary statistics from UK Biobank, deCODE2021, Meta‐Analysis of Glucose and Insulin‐Related Traits Consortium (MAGIC) and other large consortiums. Inflammatory biomarkers included leptin, adiponectin, osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH).In a retrospective observational study, increased fat mass had a positive effect on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and homeostasis model assessment of pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA‐β) through FGF23, whereas fat‐free mass produced the opposite effects. PTH and osteocalcin played significant roles in the association of fat mass and fat‐free mass with fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR (all p < 0.05). Mediation MR results indicated that childhood body mass index affected glycaemic traits through leptin and adiponectin. There existed a causal effect of fat‐free mass on type 2 diabetes via FGF23 (indirect effect: OR [odds ratio]: 1.14 [95% CI, confidence interval: 1.01–1.28]) and adiponectin (OR: 0.85 [95% CI: 0.77–0.93]). Leptin mediated the causal association of fat mass (indirect effect: β: −0.05 [95% CI: −0.07, −0.02]) and fat‐free mass (β: 0.03 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.04]) with fasting glucose.Our findings suggest that different body compositions have differential influences on glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes through distinct inflammatory biomarkers. The findings may be helpful in tailoring management of body composition based on inflammatory biomarkers with different glycaemic statuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Physical fitness is one of the most important health indicators in children. Although appropriate body composition or certain lifestyle factors such as frequent physical activity are thought to improve physical fitness, results of previous studies are inconsistent, and most studies were from Western countries.We investigated associations of body composition and modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical activity, screen time, diet and sleep duration with physical fitness in Japanese primary school children.2308 children (age 10–12 years old) in 12 primary schools were analysed in this cross‐sectional study. Physical fitness was evaluated by sports battery tests conducted routinely and annually at schools. The total score of sports battery tests, 20‐m shuttle run (laps) and grip strength (kg) were selected as outcomes. Information about lifestyle factors was collected by two questionnaires. Associations between lifestyle factors and physical fitness were assessed by multivariable linear mixed models by sex.Frequent exercise was related to better overall physical fitness. Regarding the 20‐m shuttle run, many unfavourable lifestyle factors such as higher BMI in boys (β −7.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] −8.39, −6.35) and girls (β −3.54, 95% CI −4.50, −2.58), longer screen time (β −4.31, 95% CI −7.29, −1.34) in boys and girls (β −5.65, 95% CI −9.01, −2.30); shortest (reference) versus longest, breakfast skipping in boys (β −5.24, 95% CI −8.71, −1.77) and girls (β −3.57, 95% CI −6.84, −0.30); consumers (reference) versus skippers were associated with worse performance. Better quality of diet was associated with better results in the 20‐m shuttle run only in girls (β 2.58, 95% CI 0.24, 4.93); lowest (reference) versus highest.Frequent exercise was related to better physical fitness. Higher BMI and unfavourable lifestyle factors such as longer screen time and breakfast skipping were associated with worse results of the 20‐m shuttle run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are conflicting reports both within the lay media and scientific literature regarding the use and benefit of dietary practices that aim to reduce CHO intake in endurance athletes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intentional reduction of CHO intake and fasted training in elite endurance‐based athletes using a semi‐quantitative questionnaire. Bone is a nutritionally modulated tissue; therefore, this study also aimed to explore if these dietary practices are potentially associated with bone injury incidence. The reported reduction of CHO intake was prevalent (28%) with the primary motivation being maintenance or manipulation of body composition. However, discrepancies in athletes' awareness of CHO intake were identified providing a potential avenue of intervention especially within applied practice. The use of fasted training was more prevalent (38%) with athletes using this practice for both body composition manipulation and promoting a desired adaptive response. Forty‐four per cent of participants had suffered a radiographically confirmed bone injury at some point in their career. There was no association between reduction in CHO intake and bone injury incidence; however, the incidence of bone injury was 1.61 times higher in those who currently use fasted training compared to those who have never used it or who have used it in the past. Although a direct causal link between these dietary practices and the incidence of bone injury cannot be drawn, it provides robust justification for future investigations of the potential mechanisms that could explain this finding. Highlights: The self‐reported use of reductions in CHO intake (28%) and fasted training (38%) is prevalent in elite endurance‐based athletes and comparable to previous investigations in this area. Controlling body composition and promoting adaptive responses were common rationales for use.The incidence of bone injury is also high (44%) and there may be some association between bone injury incidence and fasted training. Further controlled experimental studies are required to determine the direct effect of nutritional strategies commonly adopted by endurance athletes on bone metabolism both acutely and chronically.There appears to be a gap in some athlete's knowledge and awareness of CHO rich foods and appropriate consumption of CHO to support endurance training and performance according to current guidelines. Future work should aim to explore and address this area further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the relationship between changes in thigh muscle‐localized bioelectrical impedance analysis (ML‐BIA) parameters and performance in a multiple‐set exercise. The sample consisted of 30 female university students (22.1 ± 3.2 years). The ML‐BIA parameters, including localized muscle resistance (ML‐R), reactance (ML‐Xc), and phase angle (ML‐AngF), were evaluated using a tetrapolar bioelectric impedance device operating at a frequency of 50 KHz. The multiple sets protocol was performed with an isokinetic dynamometer. For body composition, total and leg lean soft tissue (LST) were evaluated using dual X‐ray absortiometry. Student's t‐test for paired samples was used to compare the ML‐BIA parameters and thigh circumference pre and postexercise. Linear regression analysis was performed to verify the ∆ML‐PhA as a predictor of peak torque for the three sets alone while controlling for total and leg LST. There were differences in the ML‐R (∆ = 0.02 ± 1.45 Ω; p = 0.001; and E.S = 0.19), ML‐Xc (∆ = 2.90 ± 4.12 Ω; p = 0.043; and E.S = 0.36), and thigh circumference (∆ = 0.82 ± 0.60 cm; p < 0.001; and E.S = 0.16) pre‐ and post‐multiple sets. ΔML‐PhA was a predictor of performance in the first set (p = 0.002), regardless of total and leg LST. However, the ΔML‐PhA lost its explanatory power in the other sets (second and third), and the variables that best explained performance were total and leg LST. The ML‐BIA (ML‐R and ML‐Xc) parameters were sensitive and changed after the multiple sets protocol, and the ΔML‐PhA was a predictor of performance in the first set regardless of the total and leg LST. Highlights: Muscle‐localized bioimpedance analysis (ML‐BIA) is a noninvasive and inexpensive method used to assess specific muscle groups. It is already known that raw parameters, such as Xc, R, and PhA, can reflect cell hydration, volume, and membrane integrity. We demonstrate that these parameters can also reflect acute changes resulting from exercise.The muscle resistance and ML‐Xc values decreased after the exercise protocol, accompanied by increases in thigh circumference. These findings contribute to explaining the phenomenon of local muscle swelling.The ∆AngF accounted for 39%, 28%, and 24% of the variation in the first, second, and third sets of the multiple series exercise. Notably, in the first set, it remained a significant predictor even when controlled for total and leg lean soft tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges for some women meeting the physical employment standards (PES) for ground close combat (GCC) roles stem from physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify the modifiable and nonmodifiable characteristics predictive of passing GCC‐based PES tasks and determine the modifiable characteristics suitable to overcome nonmodifiable limitations. 107 adults (46 women) underwent multiday testing assessing regional and total lean mass (LM), percent body fat (BF%), aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), strength, power, and PES performance. Predictors with p‐value <0.200 were included in stepwise logistic regression analysis or binary logistic regression when outcomes among sexes were insufficient. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 4.617–8.522, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.463, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 2.061, p < 0.05) predicted medicine ball chest throw success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.734–11.694, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.576, p < 0.05), and leg LM (OR: 2.088, p < 0.05) predicted casualty drag success. Upper body power (OR: 3.910, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.387, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.290, p < 0.05), and total LM (OR: 1.830, p < 0.05) predicted maximum single lift success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.488–7.377, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 1.965, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 1.957, p < 0.05) predicted water can carry success. %BF (OR: 0.814, p = 0.007), V̇O2peak (OR: 1.160, p = 0.031), and lower body strength (OR: 1.059, p < 0.001) predicted repeated lift and carry success. V̇O2peak (OR: 1.540, p < 0.001) predicted 2‐km ruck march success. Modifiable characteristics were the strongest predictors for GCC‐based PES task success to warrant their improvement for enhancing PES performance for women. Highlights: Women in GCC roles require sufficient military‐specific physical fitness and anthropometric parameters, independent of sex, for successfully passing GCC‐based PES tasks as part of assessment testing and selection procedures for GCC roles.Passing GCC‐based PES tasks involving heavy lifting, dragging, pushing/throwing, and carrying may benefit from increased upper body (arm and trunk) and lower body lean mass and upper body power and maximal strength, whereas passing material handling tasks may benefit from lower percent body fat, greater lower body muscular strength, and higher aerobic capacity with the latter important for passing load carriage tasks.Military trainers should target modifiable characteristics, including upper body lean mass, power, and maximal strength to improve GCC‐based PES task performance in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Considering the current prevalence in obesity and sarcopenia globally, this study aimed to summarize the development of sarcopenic obesity research to establish the topic's past, present, and future research direction using a bibliometric analysis. A comprehensive search for publications on sarcopenia and obesity was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) database until the 31st of December 2023. We performed a detailed descriptive analysis, considering metrics like sources, authors, and documents, along with analyzing conceptual and social structures to map sarcopenic obesity research. Between 1993 and 2023, there were 4978 publications on sarcopenic obesity, representing 22.6% of the whole sarcopenia research (22070). Most published articles were originals (74.6%), and one of the highest increments in the fields was seen after 2010. The most significant contribution in this research area falls under the categories of Nutrition & Dietetics, Gerontology, and Geriatrics & Gerontology. Among regions, scientific production was located in 93 different countries. The United States, China, and South Korea had the highest contributions. The most relevant keywords were sarcopenia, obesity, and body composition. Research on sarcopenic obesity primarily focuses on epidemiology and identifying risk factors and outcome predictors. Yet, there is a shortage of research addressing prevention, early detection, and treatments to enhance the health of individuals with sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of strength versus endurance training on reducing visceral fat in individuals with obesity. Materials and Methods: For the STrength versus ENdurance (STEN) 24‐month randomized clinical trial, we assigned 239 participants with abdominal obesity to either strength or endurance training (two to three times a week, 60 min/training session) in addition to standard nutritional counselling to promote a healthy diet. Changes in abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area quantified by magnetic resonance imaging after 12 months were defined as a primary endpoint. Results: Participants (aged 44 years, 74% women, body mass index: 37 kg/m2, mean VAT volume: 4050 cm3) had an approximately 50% retention rate and a 30% good training programme adherence at 12 months. There was no difference between strength and endurance training in VAT volume dynamics after 12 and 24 months (p =.13). Only in the good adherence group did we find a trend for reduced VAT volume in both training regimens. Independently of the exercise programme, there was a continuous trend for moderate loss of abdominal subcutaneous AT volume, body fat mass, body mass index and improved parameters of insulin sensitivity. Although parameters of physical fitness improved upon both exercise interventions, the dynamics of resting energy expenditure, glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were not different between the intervention groups and did not significantly improve during the 2‐year trial (p >.05). Conclusions: Despite heterogeneous individual training responses, strength and endurance training neither affected VAT volume nor key secondary endpoints differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To perform a meta‐analysis to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting (IF), as compared with either a control diet (CON) and/or calorie restriction (CR), on body composition and cardiometabolic health in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from their inception to March 2024 to identify original randomized trials with parallel or crossover designs that studied the effects of IF on body composition and cardiometabolic health. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) or standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random‐effects models. Results: Overall, 14 studies involving 1101 adults with prediabetes or T2D were included in the meta‐analysis. IF decreased body weight (WMD −4.56 kg [95% CI −6.23 to −2.83]; p = 0.001), body mass index (BMI; WMD −1.99 kg.m2 [95% CI −2.74 to −1.23]; p = 0.001), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; WMD −0.81% [95% CI −1.24 to −0.38]; p = 0.001), fasting glucose (WMD −0.36 mmol/L [95% CI −0.63 to −0.09]; p = 0.008), total cholesterol (WMD −0.31 mmol/L [95% CI −0.60 to −0.02]; p = 0.03) and triglycerides (WMD −0.14 mmol/L [95% CI −0.27 to −0.01]; p = 0.02), but did not significantly decrease fat mass, insulin, low‐densitiy lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, or blood pressure as compared with CON. Furthermore, IF decreased body weight (WMD −1.14 kg [95% CI −1.69 to −0.60]; p = 0.001) and BMI (WMD −0.43 kg.m2 [95% CI −0.58 to −0.27]; p = 0.001), but did not significantly affect fat mass, lean body mass, visceral fat, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profiles or blood pressure. Conclusion: Intermittent fasting is effective for weight loss and specific cardiometabolic health markers in individuals with prediabetes or T2D. Additionally, IF is associated with a reduction in body weight and BMI compared to CR, without effects on glycaemic markers, lipid profiles or blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the associations between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and brain structural measures at midlife and explore how these associations may be affected by age, sex and cardiometabolic factors. Methods: We used abdominal and brain magnetic resonance imaging data from a population‐based cohort of people at midlife in the UK Biobank. Regression modelling was applied to study associations of VAT volume with total brain volume (TBV), grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) and total hippocampal volume (THV), and whether these associations were altered by age, sex or cardiometabolic factors. Results: Complete data were available for 17 377 participants (mean age 63 years, standard deviation = 12, 53% female). Greater VAT was associated with lower TBV, GMV and THV (P <.001). We found an interaction between VAT and sex on TBV (P <.001), such that the negative association of VAT with TBV was greater in men (β = −2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.32 to −10.15) than in women (β = −1.32, 95% CI −0.49 to −3.14), with similar findings for GMV. We also found an interaction between VAT and age (but not sex) on WMHV (P <.001). The addition of other cardiometabolic factors or measures of physical activity resulted in little change to the models. Conclusions: VAT volume is associated with poorer brain health in midlife and this relationship is greatest in men and those at younger ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the relationship of longitudinal changes in fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM) and waist circumference (WC) with incident kidney outcomes in people with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A total of 3927 participants with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial were included. The primary outcome was kidney outcomes, defined as a decrease in eGFR of at least 40% from baseline at follow‐up visit, or end‐stage kidney disease. Results: During a median follow‐up of 8.0 years, 450 kidney outcomes were documented after the first 1 year. In the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) group, reductions in FM (per 10% decrease, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–0.94) and WC (per 10% decrease, adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59–0.88) from baseline to 1‐year follow‐up were significantly associated with a lower risk of kidney outcomes. The change in LM was not significantly associated with risk of kidney outcomes (per 10% decrease, adjusted HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.58–1.06). In the diabetes support and education group (control group), no significant association was found between changes in body composition and kidney outcomes. Similar results were observed for the 4‐year changes in body composition. Conclusions: In this post hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD trial, longitudinal declines in FM and WC were associated with a lower risk of kidney outcomes in the ILI group in participants with overweight/obesity and T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: This study identified metabolite modules associated with adiposity and body fat distribution in childhood using gold‐standard measurements. Methods: We used cross‐sectional data from 329 children at mid‐childhood (age 5.3 ± 0.3 years; BMI 15.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2) from the Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G), a prospective pre‐birth cohort. We quantified 1038 plasma metabolites and measured body composition using the gold‐standard dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), in addition to skinfold, waist circumference, and BMI. We applied weighted‐correlation network analysis to identify a network of highly correlated metabolite modules. Spearman's partial correlations were applied to determine the associations of adiposity with metabolite modules and individual metabolites with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results: We identified a 'green' module of 120 metabolites, primarily comprised of lipids (mostly sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholine), that showed positive correlations (all FDR p < 0.05) with DXA estimates of total and truncal fat (ρadjusted = 0.11–0.19), skinfold measures (ρadjusted = 0.09–0.26), and BMI and waist circumference (ρadjusted = 0.15 and 0.18, respectively). These correlations were similar when stratified by sex. Within this module, sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)*, a sphingomyelin sub‐specie that is an important component of cell membranes, showed the strongest associations. Conclusions: A module of metabolites was associated with adiposity measures in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between lifetime breastfeeding behaviors and cardiovascular risk in later reproductive years. Method: This was a prospective 10‐year longitudinal cohort study of 168 parous women. Health, lifestyle and infant feeding questionnaires, blood samples, anthropometry and body composition were collected. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using QRISK®3 and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis performed. Results: Mean age was 42.4 years (SD 3.8; range 31–50) and 98.7% (n = 156/158) were premenopausal. Ever breastfeeding rates were 72.6% (n = 122/168) and 37.5% (n = 63/168) lifetime ≥12 months breastfeeding duration. Median durations were 5.5 weeks for exclusive breastfeeding (IQR 35.8; range 0–190) and 30.5 weeks for any breastfeeding (IQR 84.0; range 0–488). Breastfeeding duration was not associated with QRISK®3 scores in adjusted models. Lower glycoprotein acetyls were associated with ever breastfeeding (P = 0.03), and lifetime breastfeeding ≥12 months (P = 0.001). Lifetime breastfeeding ≥12 months and longer exclusive breastfeeding were associated with lower fat mass index (P = 0.03, P = 0.01), tissue percentage fat (P = 0.02, P = 0.009) and visceral adipose tissue volume (P = 0.04, P = 0.025) after correcting for confounders including body mass index. Conclusion: Longer breastfeeding is associated with favorable body composition and lower glycoprotein acetyls, a novel inflammatory biomarker associated with cardiometabolic risk. Breastfeeding is a low‐cost, health promoting behavior for women and infants. Pregnant women, especially those at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, should be counseled about the potential benefits of exclusive and longer breastfeeding duration. Synopsis: Longer breastfeeding is associated with favorable body composition and lower glycoprotein acetyls, a novel inflammatory biomarker associated with cardiometabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Exercise is recommended for the management of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), yet effects on liver histology remain unknown, especially without significant weight loss. We aimed to examine changes in surrogate measures of liver histological response with exercise training. Methods: We conducted a post hoc pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials (duration: 12–20 weeks) comparing aerobic exercise interventions with controls. The primary outcome measure was a ≥30% relative reduction in (MRI‐measured) liver fat, as a surrogate measure of liver histological response (the threshold necessary for fibrosis improvement). Secondary outcome measures were changes in other biomarkers of liver fibrosis, anthropometry, body composition and aerobic fitness. Results: Eighty‐eight adults (exercise: 54, control: 34; male: 67%) were included with mean (SD) age 51 (11) years and body mass index 33.3 (5.2) kg/m2. Following the intervention, exercise had ~5‐fold (OR [95%CI]: 4.86 [1.72, 13.8], p =.002) greater odds of ≥30% relative reduction in MRI‐measured liver fat compared with control. This paralleled the improvements in anthropometry (waist and hip circumference reduction), body composition (body fat, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue) and aerobic fitness (V̇O2peak, ventilatory threshold and exercise capacity). Importantly, these effects were independent of clinically significant body weight loss (<3% body weight). Conclusion: Exercise training led to clinically meaningful improvements in surrogate serum‐ and imaging‐based measures of liver histological change, without clinically meaningful body weight reduction. These data reinforce the weight‐neutral benefit of exercise training and suggest that aerobic training may improve liver fibrosis in patients with MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Higher adiposity and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases have been reported in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), but body composition measurements have produced inconsistent results. This controlled cross‐sectional study assessed body composition with two methods to evaluate adiposity in children with JIA. Methods: We measured body composition by dual‐ energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) from 79 JIA‐patients in two Finish university hospitals in 2017–2019. Their age‐ and sex‐matched controls (n = 79) were selected from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children‐ study and through National Registry. Results: Body fat percentage measured by BIA was higher (mean, SD) in patients compared to controls (23.1 ± 9.3% vs. 20.1 ± 7.5%, p = 0.047). Also, using DXA, there was a tendency of higher body fat percentage in patients (27.1 ± 9.1% vs. 24.6 ± 8.6, p = 0.106). BIA and DXA showed strong correlation (r from 0.810 to 0.977) in all body composition variables. Conclusion: Increased adiposity was observed in patients with JIA. Evaluation of body composition should be included in the multidisciplinary care of JIA to reduce the possible risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. BIA could be a useful tool for assessing body composition due to its clinical availability and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion There is limited research on body composition in persons with haemophilia (PwH). The literature describes an increased body fat distribution and decreased lean mass in PwH compared to healthy controls using bioimpedance analysis. Using dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), which is known to be the most accurate method, this investigation aims to postulate reference data for body composition parameters within haemophilia severity phenotypes and age groups.Persons underwent whole body DXA screening using Horizon. Body fat percentage, estimated visceral adipose tissue (VAT), appendicular fat and lean mass, and lean and fat mass in relation to body height were assessed. Haemophilia severity and five age groups were distinguished.Two hundred and one persons with mild (n = 44), moderate (n = 41), or severe (n = 116) haemophilia A/B (median age 40 [28–55; 1.IQ–3.IQ] years) were analysed. The median body fat percentage was 28.7% [25.5%–33.9%] and median estimated VAT was 657 g [403–954 g] with no significant difference between severity phenotypes (p = .474; p = .781). Persons with severe haemophilia had less lean mass compared to moderate and mild haemophilia (p = .013; p = .034). Total and appendicular fat is increased in older PwH (aged ≥40 years) compared to younger PwH (aged ≤29 years; p < .05). Lean mass did not differ between age groups.This study provides valuable reference data for body composition parameters in PwH. Persons with severe haemophilia show significantly less lean mass compared to persons with moderate or mild haemophilia. Body fat percentage and VAT did not differ between severity phenotypes, but increased with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition is vital to health, but while the link between diet and body nutritional composition is well explored in humans and other vertebrates, this information is not well understood in insects, despite the vital roles they play in ecosystems, and their increasing use as experimental models. Here we used Nutritional Geometry to explore the rapid physiological response to ingested nutrients in the haemolymph nutritional profile of Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars. We ask whether blood nutrients are maintained homeostatically in the face of variable nutritional intake, or if regulation is more flexible for some nutrients than others (allostasis), which allows animals to adapt to stress by responding in a way that prioritises efficiency of responses in the face of trade‐offs. Caterpillars were placed on 1 of 20 diets, systematically varying in their nutrient ratios (protein: carbohydrate) and density (calorie content), and their consumption was measured. After 48 h, caterpillars were bled, and the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrates and lipids) and nutrient metabolite (amino acids and simple sugars) content of the haemolymph was measured. Proteins comprised 93% of the haemolymph macronutrient pool on average and their concentration increased with protein eaten. The amino acid (AA) pool was dominated by five AAs, and the total pool increased with total nutrient intake. However, the ratio of essential to non‐essential AAs increased as the proportion of protein consumed increased. Carbohydrates were tightly controlled, increasing only on the most extreme carbohydrate intakes. Simple sugars were dominated by glucose and trehalose, and overall, the simple sugar pool showed high levels of homeostasis. Rather than strict homeostasis of blood nutritional properties, an allostatic model seemed to be a better fit for blood nutrient regulation in this generalist herbivore. This flexibility in response to the nutritional composition of the diet may, in part, explain how this species has evolved to extreme dietary generalism and may play a role in its worldwide pest status. Given the range of fitness‐related processes affected by the haemolymph, future studies should examine the physiological impacts of blood nutrient variation on reproduction, growth and response to infection and the trade‐offs between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric drug dosing is challenged by the heterogeneity of developing physiology and ethical considerations surrounding a vulnerable population. Often, pediatric drug dosing leverages findings from the adult population; however, recent regulatory efforts have motivated drug sponsors to pursue pediatric‐specific programs to meet an unmet medical need and improve pediatric drug labeling. This paradigm is further complicated by the pathophysiological implications of obesity on drug distribution and metabolism and the roles that body composition and body size play in drug dosing. Therefore, we sought to understand the landscape of pediatric drug dosing by characterizing the dosing strategies from drug products recently approved for pediatric indications identified using FDA Drug Databases and analyze the impact of body size descriptors (age, body surface area, weight) on drug pharmacokinetics for several selected antipsychotics approved in pediatric patients. Our review of these pediatric databases revealed a dependence on body size‐guided dosing, with 68% of dosing in pediatric drug labelings being dependent on knowing either the age, body surface area, or weight of the patient to guide dosing for pediatric patients. This dependence on body size‐guided dosing drives the need for special consideration when dosing a drug in overweight and obese patients. Exploratory pharmacokinetic analyses in antipsychotics illustrate possible effects of drug exposure when applying different dosing strategies for this class of drugs. Future efforts should aim to further understand the pediatric drug dosing and obesity paradigm across pediatric age ranges and drug classes to optimize drug development and clinical care for this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions To assess the efficacy and safety of diacerein monotherapy in adults with obesity.Forty‐two adults with obesity participated in the study and were randomly assigned to receive diacerein or placebo in addition to lifestyle modification for 14 weeks, in a double‐blinded fashion. Differences in changes in body weight, body composition, metabolic variables, fatty liver‐related indicators, cardiovascular system variables, lifestyle score and metabolic factors were compared.Post‐treatment weight loss percentage from baseline was −6.56% (−8.71%, −4.41%) in the diacerein group and −0.59% (−2.74%, 1.56%) in the placebo group. Compared with the placebo group, the diacerein group showed significant improvements in body composition, metabolic variables and indicators related to fatty liver. In addition, after 14 weeks of treatment, diacerein led to a significant reduction in serum visfatin concentration versus the placebo group. The reductions in total body fat mass and visceral fat area mediated the weight loss induced by diacerein. No significant differences were found between the groups in the number of adverse events and safety variables.For adults with obesity, diacerein led to a clinically meaningful weight loss and provided multiple metabolic benefits with acceptable safety. These results support that diacerein is a promising candidate medicine to be developed for obesity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent transgender medicine is a growing clinical field. Gender‐affirming medications for transgender youth may include gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, gender‐affirming hormones or both. To evaluate the potential effects of GnRH agonists (puberty suppression) on pharmacokinetic processes for transgender youth, we searched PubMed from inception to May 2024 for publications on the effects of GnRH agonists on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion for transgender adolescents or effects on hormones (including gonadotropins, adrenal androgens, sex steroids) that are associated with changes in drug metabolism during puberty in the general adolescent population. No publications discussed the effects of GnRH agonist treatment on pharmacokinetic processes for adolescent transgender people. Sixteen publications observed marked decreases in gonadotropins and sex steroids for both adolescent transgender men and adolescent transgender women and slight effects on adrenal androgens. During GnRH agonist treatment, changes in body composition and body shape were greater for adolescent transgender people than for cisgender adolescent people. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of GnRH agonists on drug metabolism and other pharmacokinetic processes for transgender adolescents receiving GnRH agonists and other gender‐affirming medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions To assess the effects of a small‐molecule nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibitor, 5A1MQ, on body composition, metabolic variables, fatty liver pathologies, and circulating biomarkers in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice, and characterize its plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution in vivo.DIO mice were administered vehicle or 5A1MQ once daily for 28 days. Longitudinal measures of body composition, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, and terminal measures of liver histopathology and serum markers, were evaluated. Plasma and tissue PK were established in age‐ and strain‐matched mice after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous dosing of 5A1MQ.5A1MQ treatment dose‐dependently limited body weight and fat mass gains, improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and suppressed hyperinsulinaemia in DIO mice. Liver histology from 5A1MQ‐treated DIO mice showed attenuated hepatic steatosis and macrophage infiltration, and correspondingly reduced liver weight, size, and triglyceride levels. 5A1MQ treatment normalized circulating levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and ketone bodies, supporting an overall improvement in liver and metabolic functions. The pharmacodynamic effects of 5A1MQ were further corroborated by its high systemic exposure and effective distribution to metabolically active tissues, including adipose, muscle and liver, following subcutaneous dosing of mice.This work validates NNMT inhibition as a viable pharmacological approach to ameliorate metabolic imbalances and improve liver pathologies that develop with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Assessing the internal condition of swallowing‐related muscles and muscle strength and size is important because their deterioration may lead to dysphagia. However, there are few reports on stiffness of swallowing‐related muscles measured using shear‐wave elastography (SWE) and their qualitative characteristics.We measured stiffness of swallowing‐related muscles using SWE to investigate the relationship between muscle stiffness and body composition as well as other relevant variables in healthy adults.Thirty healthy adults were included in this cross‐sectional study. We evaluated stiffness of the genioglossus muscle (GGM) and geniohyoid muscle (GHM) using SWE. Skeletal muscle mass index, body mass index (BMI), handgrip strength, tongue pressure, and cross‐sectional areas of the muscles were measured, and we determined their relationship with muscle stiffness.For muscle stiffness, the mean value for the middle GGM was 7.08 ± 1.92 kPa, that for the posterior GGM was 9.31 ± 2.68 kPa, and that for the GHM was 8.84 ± 2.15 kPa. In multiple regression analysis, with stiffness of the posterior GGM as the dependent variable, BMI (β = −.473, p = .039) was a significant negative explanatory variable. However, with the GHM stiffness as the dependent variable, BMI (β = .419, p = .033) was a significant positive explanatory variable.Stiffness of the posterior GGM was positively correlated with BMI and that of the GHM was negatively correlated with BMI. Stiffness, as measured using SWE, has the potential to capture the intramuscular characteristics of swallowing‐related muscles, particularly the posterior GGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a metabolic disorder with limited treatment options. The thyroid hormone receptor (THR)‐β agonist resmetirom/MGL‐3196 (MGL) increases liver fat oxidation and has been approved for treating adult MASH. However, over 60% of patients receiving MGL treatment do not achieve MASH resolution. Therefore, we investigated the potential for combination therapy of MGL with the mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 to improve fatty liver disease outcomes in the GAN mouse model of MASH.C57BL/6J male mice were fed GAN diet for 38 weeks before stratification and randomization to treatments including MGL, BAM15, MGL + BAM15, or no drug control for 8 weeks. Treatments were admixed in diet and mice were pair‐fed to control for drug intake. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, tissue lipid content, and histological analyses.MGL + BAM15 treatment resulted in better efficacy versus GAN control mice than either monotherapy in the context of energy expenditure, liver fat loss, glucose control, and fatty liver disease activity score. Improvements in ALT, liver mass, and plasma cholesterol were primarily driven by MGL, while improvements in body fat were primarily driven by BAM15. No treatments altered liver fibrosis.MGL + BAM15 treatment had overall better efficacy to improve metabolic outcomes in mice fed GAN diet than either monotherapy alone. These data warrant further investigation into combination therapies of THR‐β agonists and mitochondrial uncouplers for the potential treatment of disorders related to fatty liver, obesity, and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Aim Methods Results Conclusions There is a scarcity of published studies evaluating transgender/gender‐diverse youth before initiating gender‐affirming hormones.To study the body composition, metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and lifestyle habits in treatment‐naïve transgender youth.Cross‐sectional study evaluating 153 transgender youth [median age 15.7 years, 94 transgender males] who attended The Israeli Children and Adolescents Gender Clinic between 6/2021–12/2022. Clinical, metabolic data and lifestyle habits (diet, physical activity and sleep patterns) were retrieved from the medical files. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index and muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐scores were calculated by sex designated at birth.Weight categories differed between genders, with a greater proportion of subjects classified as underweight among transgender females, and a greater proportion affected by overweight/obese/severe obese among transgender males (p = 0.035). The odds for MetS components were increased by 2.2 for every 1 standard deviation decrease in the muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐score (95%CI: 1.45 to 3.26, p < 0.001). About one‐third of the cohort did not meet any of the three lifestyle recommendations. Transgender males had increased odds for MetS components by 3.49 (95%CI: 1.63 to 7.44, p = 0.001).Treatment‐naïve transgender‐male adolescents have an imbalance between muscle and adipose tissue, which places them at increased susceptibility for MetS components even prior to hormonal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obese people are mostly unable to maintain successful weight loss after the end of a dietary change. One reason is that conventional weight reduction concepts neglect physiological hunger and satiety perception, leading to a relapse to previous eating habits on the long run. We examined the long‐term efficacy of a psychological smartphone weight loss program, which avoids any dietary instructions and aims at relearning of satiety perception. Parameters of body weight alterations and psychological features, for example, satiety perception, food cravings, and emotional eating, were explored in a nonrandomized experimental study comprising 75 obese participants. Measurements occurred at baseline, two times during program application, as well as at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Participants displayed significant weight loss during the entire study period (p = .029) and showed an improved body composition at the 6‐month follow‐up (p = .018). These effects were associated with increased satiety perception, as well as reduced food cravings, and emotional eating habits. Notably, all improvements in measured parameters significantly sustained between the end of the program and the 12‐month follow‐up (p < .005 for all). Psychological relearning of satiety perception may outclass dietary approaches in terms of long‐term efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study conducted in Japan examined the effects of semaglutide injections on treatment satisfaction and eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study found that semaglutide injections improved treatment satisfaction and eating behavior in patients with diabetes. The injections also resulted in reductions in body weight and glycated hemoglobin levels. Adverse events were reported in some patients, with loss of appetite being the most frequent. Overall, the study suggests that semaglutide injections can be an effective treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the study had some limitations, including a small sample size and a short study period, so further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term effects. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (aPBSCT) is the standard of care for adults with relapsed lymphoma, yet recipients remain at risk of developing chronic health conditions (CHCs). It was hypothesized that body composition measurements of skeletal muscle and fat are associated with late‐onset CHCs and nonrelapse mortality after aPBSCT. Methods: Leveraging the Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study, we examined association between pre‐aPBSCT body composition and new‐onset grade 3–5 CHCs among 187 adults with lymphoma treated with aPBSCT (2011–2014) surviving ≥2 years after aPBSCT. Using computed tomography scans at the L3 level, skeletal muscle mass (skeletal muscle area and skeletal muscle density [SMD]) and body fat (subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue) were measured and quantified as sex‐specific z‐scores. Competing risk models were built to study the impact of body composition on incident grade 3 through 5 CHCs and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) adjusting for confounders. Results: The study cohort had a median age at aPBSCT of 57 years with 63% males, 77% non‐Hispanic Whites and 81% with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of grade 3 through 5 CHCs was 47% (95% Confidence Interval, CI, 38%–56%). Each SD increase in SMD was associated with 30% reduced risk of grade 3 through 5 CHCs (95% CI, 0.50–0.96). The 10‐year cumulative incidence of NRM was 16% (95% CI, 10–22). No body composition measure was associated with NRM. Conclusions: The association between SMD and grade 3 through 5 CHCs following aPBSCT could inform development of prognostic models to identify adults with lymphoma at greatest risk of morbidity following aPBSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The identification of predictive parameters of the success of multidisciplinary weight loss interventions (MWLI) appears essential to optimize obesity management. The association between baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and changes in anthropometric parameters and body composition during MWLI remains underexplored in adolescents with obesity. Objectives: To assess whether baseline CRF was associated with the effectiveness of a 16‐week MWLI measured through improved body mass, body mass index (BMI) and body composition (percentage of total fat mass (FM) as the main criterion). Methods: Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were respectively measured by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during maximal exercise tests and dual‐photon x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), before (T0) and after (T1) a 16‐week MWLI in 165 adolescents (aged 13.3 ± 1.38 years, 61.2% female, BMI 35.11 ± 5.16 kg/m2). Results: Reductions in BMI and total FM percentage between T0 and T1 were greater in subjects with a baseline VO2peak ≥ 3rd quartile compared to the first quartile (p < 0.001) and the interquartile range (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Baseline VO2peak and VO2 at the first ventilator threshold were positively correlated with the reductions in body mass, BMI and total and visceral FM percentages and with the increase in lean mass (LM) percentage between T0 and T1 after adjustment for age and gender (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Initial CRF is associated with the success of MWLI in adolescents with obesity. Improving their aerobic fitness before starting a MWLI might be a promising strategy to optimize its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement behaviors within the 24‐h day, including physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and sleep, are associated with cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the association between 24‐h movement composition and cardiometabolic health while accounting for sleep efficiency. Altogether, 1134 participants from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study, free from prior cardiovascular disease, provided at least 4 days of 24‐h activity and sleep efficiency measured with a wearable ring. Participants' body composition was assessed with bioimpedance, blood pressure, and waist circumference were measured, and lipids and glucose were analyzed from a fasting blood sample. Linear regression models for cardiometabolic outcomes were created with 24‐h movement composition and covariates, including sleep efficiency and behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose‐dependent associations between time use and outcomes. Beneficial associations with the outcomes were detected when sedentary time was reallocated to light PA, moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), or sleep. For example, substituting 30 min of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with 7.2% (95% CI from −9.8% to −4.5%) lower visceral fat area, 4.9% (95% CI from −6.5% to −3.3%) lower body fat percentage, 1.6% (95% CI from −2.3% to −0.9%) smaller waist circumference, and 2.4% (95% CI from 1.2% to 3.5%) higher high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after accounting for gender, marital status, education level, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep efficiency. Substituting sedentary time with sleep or light PA showed beneficial but smaller differences in adiposity measures and HDL cholesterol. Limiting sedentary time should be encouraged in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intense interval exercise training has been shown to improve performance and health of untrained and trained people. However, due to the exercise intensity causing high‐perceived exertion, the participants often do not wish to continue the training. The 10‐20‐30 training concept consists of low intensity for 30 s, 20 s at a moderate pace, and then 10 s with high intensity either running or cycling. A 10‐20‐30 training session consist of two to four 5‐min blocks. The 10‐20‐30 training improved fitness and performance as well as lowered blood pressure and body fat of both untrained and trained individuals even with a significant reduction in the training volume. Similarly, hypertensive, diabetic, and asthmatic patients lowered body fat, improved fitness, and performance during a 10‐20‐30‐training intervention period. In addition, hypertensive patients reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure markedly with the 10‐20‐30 training twice a week for 8 weeks. Diabetic patients lowered long‐term blood sugar (HbA1c), which did not occur with moderate‐intensity exercise training. Furthermore, asthmatic patients improved their control of asthma and asthma‐related quality of life with the 10‐20‐30 training. The adherence for the patient groups was high (>80%), and no adverse events were reported. Thus, the 10‐20‐30 training seems to be time efficient and feasible for untrained and trained individuals as well as patients and may be used in the prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. Highlights: What is already known? Aerobic moderate‐intensity exercise training has been shown to improve fitness and health of untrained individuals.Intense exercise training has been shown to benefit some patient groups, but many patients are struggling with the training due to the strenuous effort experienced during training.Untrained individuals and patients have difficulties to find time and motivation to do physical activities. What are the findings? The 10‐20‐30 training is a new training modality, which has greater benefits than aerobic moderate‐intensity training, and is a more time‐efficient way to improve performance and health even in trained people.The 10‐20‐30 training reduces blood pressure and body fat in untrained and already trained people even with lowered training volume.The 10‐20‐30 training is feasible for hypertensive, diabetic, and asthmatic patients, who with the 10‐20‐30 training are reducing blood pressure, improve long‐term blood sugar management, and lower symptoms of asthma, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that multiple sclerosis (MS) induces a decline in motor and cognitive function and provokes a shift in gut microbiome composition in patients. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the effect of dance classes on the motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition of MS patients. In this randomized controlled trial, 36 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 18) and the passive control group (n = 18). Supervised rock and roll and sports dance classes were performed for 12 weeks at a frequency of two times a week. Before and after the intervention, fecal samples were taken and the motor and cognitive function assessments were completed. Fecal microbiota were categorized using primers targeting the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA. Our results revealed significant differences in mobility performance (T25‐FWT), attention and working memory (TMT B), and finger dexterity (9‐HPT) within the experimental group. Furthermore, we reported favorable shifts in gut microbial communities (an increase in Blautia stercoris and a decrease in Ruminococcus torques) within the experimental group. In conclusion, our randomized control trial on the effects of 12‐week dance classes in MS patients found significant improvements in motor and cognitive functions, with further moderate influence on gut microbiota composition. Highlights: This study demonstrated that dance class training improved mobility, leg function performance (T25‐FW), upper extremity function (9‐HPT), and cognitive functions (TMT‐B) in MS patients.An increase in some common and some not yet fully reviewed commensals, for example, Blautia stercoris, Clostridium algidixylanolyticum, Eubacterium xylanophilum, Megasphaera indica, and Parabacteroides faecis, was observed after dance class training in MS patients.This study showed a significant decrease in pathogens, namely Parvimonas micra and Ruminococcus, within the experimental group; on the contrary, we reported an increased relative abundance of other pro‐inflammatory bacteria, Bilophila wadsworthia, within the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia predicts morbidity and mortality in end‐stage chronic liver disease (ESCLD). Here, we describe changes in body composition in children with ESCLD before and after liver transplantation (LT). Methods: Retrospective analysis of whole body DXA scans performed before and after LT over 4 years. Appendicular and whole‐body fat mass and lean mass were expressed as fat mass (FMI) and lean mass (LMI) index z‐scores. Sarcopenia was defined as leg LMI z‐score <−1.96. Results: Eighty‐three DXA scans of children before or after LT were studied. Sarcopenia had a positive correlation with weight (0.8, p <.01), height (0.48, p <.05), and BMI z‐score (0.77, p <.01), as well as arm, trunk, and total mean mass indices. It correlated negatively with indices of hypersplenism: PLTs (−0.57, p <.01), Neu (−0.50, p <.05), WCC (−0.44, p <.05), and days to discharge (−0.46, p <.05). At baseline: 13/25 (52%) children were sarcopenic and stayed in the hospital after LT for longer. Eight were stunted with a higher WCC and Ne/Ly ratio. All had normal FM indices. One year after LT, 12/26 children remained sarcopenic. Seven were stunted. Two years after LT, 5/15 were sarcopenic, and 5 were stunted. Three years after LT, 1/10 was sarcopenic, and 2 were stunted. By 4 years after LT, 1/7 was sarcopenic, and the same one was stunted. FM indices remained normal. Conclusions: Sarcopenic patients stayed longer in the hospital after LT. Lean mass indices were mostly within the normal range by 4 years after LT. 32% of children were stunted, and markers of inflammation were correlated with stunting. Fat mass was preserved at the cost of lean mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To harmonise computed tomography (CT) and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition measurements allowing easy conversion in longitudinal assessments and across cohorts to assess cardiometabolic risk and disease. Retrospective cross‐sectional observational study from 1996 to 2008 included participants in the Pennington Center Longitudinal Study (PCLS) (N = 1967; 571 African American/1396 White). Anthropometrics, whole‐body DXA and abdominal CT images were obtained. Multi‐layer segmentation techniques (Analyze; Rochester, MN) quantified visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Clinical biomarkers were obtained from routine blood samples. Linear models were used to predict CT‐VAT from DXA‐VAT and examine the effects of traditional biomarkers on cross‐sectional‐VAT. Predicted CT‐VAT was highly associated with measured CT‐VAT using ordinary least square linear regression analysis and random forest models (R2 = 0.84; 0.94, respectively, p <.0001). Model stratification effects showed low variability between races and sexes. Overall, associations between measured CT‐VAT and DXA‐predicted CT‐VAT were good (R2 > 0.7) or excellent (R2 > 0.8) and improved for all stratification groups except African American men using random forest models. The clinical effects on measured CT‐VAT and DXA‐VAT showed no significant clinical difference in the measured adipose tissue areas (mean difference = 0.22 cm2). Random forest modelling seamlessly predicts CT‐VAT from measured DXA‐VAT to a degree of accuracy that falls within the bounds of universally accepted standard error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Lipoedema is the disproportionate accumulation of adipose tissue in the lower body, often associated with hormonal changes in women. Lipoedema is commonly misdiagnosed as lymphoedema or obesity due to similarities in appearance. The aim of this study is to compare body composition and fluid measures of women with lipoedema, lymphoedema, and matched control participants, to determine differences that may help distinguish between each condition. One hundred and eleven participants aged over 18, who presented with the complaint of leg swelling and underwent indocyanine green lymphography were included in this study. Our analysis showed that the individuals with lymphoedema had a significantly higher overall total body water (lymphoedema: 9.6 ± 4.2 L, lipoedema: 7.4 ± 2.3 L, control: 7.5 ± 1.8 L; p <.001) and extracellular fluid (lymphoedema: 4.6 ± 1.6, lipoedema: 3.4 ± 1.0 L, control: 3.5 ± 0.7 L; p <.001) in the legs when compared to individuals with lipoedema and matched control participants. Individuals with lipoedema had a significantly higher overall fat mass as a percentage of body weight when compared to individuals with lymphoedema (lymphoedema: 33.1% ± 9.5%, lipoedema: 39.4% ± 6.5%; p =.003). We are unable to distinguish between individuals with lipoedema and control participants, therefore further research needs to be conducted to help reduce misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Management of obesity requires a multidisciplinary approach including physical activity interventions, which have significant impacts on overall health outcomes. Greater levels of lean muscle mass are significantly associated with improved health and reduced risk of comorbidities and should be preserved where possible when undertaking rapid weight loss. This article reports on the physical and functional outcomes achieved during a 12‐week intensive multidisciplinary intervention targeting obesity and evaluates correlations between body composition and functional outcomes. We additionally aimed to investigate the test–retest reliability and levels of agreement in body composition measurements using bioimpedance spectroscopy between seated and standing positions. Of the 35 participants included in analysis, significant differences were observed between baseline and post‐intervention measures. These included weight loss of 12.6 kg, waist circumference reduction of 10.5 cm, fat mass reduction by 2.9%, muscle mass increase by 1.6%, 54.5 m improvement in the 6‐minute walk test and 3.8 rep improvement in the 30‐second sit‐to‐stand test. No significant correlations were observed between physical and functional outcome measures. Excellent test re‐test reliability was observed in bioimpedance spectroscopy seated measurements (ICC >.9). Significant differences were observed between seated and standing bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements, however they are regarded as small differences in a clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The goal of this study is to quantify the assumptions associated with the Wasserman‐Hansen (WH) and Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database (FRIEND) predictive peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) equations across body mass index (BMI). Assumptions in pVO2 for both equations were first determined using a simulation and then evaluated using exercise data from the Stanford Exercise Testing registry. We calculated percent‐predicted VO2 (ppVO2) values for both equations and compared them using the Bland–Altman method. Assumptions associated with pVO2 across BMI categories were quantified by comparing the slopes of age‐adjusted VO2 ratios (pVO2/pre‐exercise VO2) and ppVO2 values for different BMI categories. The simulation revealed lower predicted fitness among adults with obesity using the FRIEND equation compared to the WH equations. In the clinical cohort, we evaluated 2471 patients (56.9% male, 22% with BMI >30 kg/m2, pVO2 26.8 mlO2/kg/min). The Bland–Altman plot revealed an average relative difference of −1.7% (95% CI: −2.1 to −1.2%) between WH and FRIEND ppVO2 values with greater differences among those with obesity. Analysis of the VO2 ratio to ppVO2 slopes across the BMI spectrum confirmed the assumption of lower fitness in those with obesity, and this trend was more pronounced using the FRIEND equation. Peak VO2 estimations between the WH and FRIEND equations differed significantly among individuals with obesity. The FRIEND equation resulted in a greater attributable reduction in pVO2 associated with obesity relative to the WH equations. The outlined relationships between BMI and predicted VO2 may better inform the clinical interpretation of ppVO2 values during cardiopulmonary exercise test evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to determine the effect of upper‐body high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic risks in individuals with chronic paraplegia. Twenty‐seven individuals (14 females, 13 males, mean ± SD age: 46 ± 9 years) with chronic paraplegia (spinal cord injury between T2 and L5 >1‐year post‐injury) took part in a randomized controlled trial and were included in the final analysis. Participants in the HIIT group (n = 18) performed ∼30 min of arm crank exercise (60 s intervals at 80%–90% peak heart rate) four times per week, for 6 weeks. Participants in the control (CON) group (n = 9) were asked to maintain their habitual diet and physical activity patterns over the study period. Outcome measures were taken at baseline and follow‐up. The primary outcome measures were fasting insulin, peak power output (PPO) and peak aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$). Secondary outcome measures included body composition, postprandial glycaemic control, fasting blood lipids, inflammatory biomarkers and resting blood pressure. Differences between groups were assessed by ANCOVA, using baseline values as a covariate. PPO was higher in the HIIT (101 W, 97–106) compared to the CON (90 W, 83–96) group at follow‐up (P = 0.006). There were no differences in fasting insulin (P = 0.415) or relative V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$ (P = 0.417). Postprandial Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISIMatsuda) was higher in the HIIT (5.42, 4.69–6.15) compared to the CON (3.75, 2.46–5.04) group at follow‐up (P = 0.036). Six weeks of upper‐body HIIT increased PPO and ISIMatsuda, with no other beneficial effect on cardiometabolic component risks in persons with chronic paraplegia. Highlights: What is the central question of this study?What is the effect of upper‐body high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic component risks in individuals with chronic paraplegia?What is the main finding and its importance?Six weeks of upper‐body HIIT increased PPO and improved insulin sensitivity, but had no beneficial effect on other cardiometabolic component risks in persons with chronic paraplegia. The large effect size observed for insulin sensitivity may be important in terms of reducing the risk of type‐2 diabetes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasps are understudied in their contribution to pollination services. In order to better understand the ecological contribution of wasp communities to plant pollination, we conducted three studies to compare bees and wasps by (1) the plant communities visited in agricultural and prairie environments, (2) body pollen composition as an indirect measure of pollination and (3) a single‐visit deposition study as a direct measure of pollination in the plant species complex Solidago canadensis.We found wasps visit a distinct early‐blooming exotic plant community from bees but have overlapping use of late‐blooming native plants and similar network interaction metrics. This suggests wasps may fill an ecological niche distinct from bees, while also serving as common native plant visitors. We also found that body pollen density and pollen fidelity in four and five (out of six) wasp families, respectively, were comparable to or greater than the bee family Colletidae. Three wasp families also showed comparable to or greater visit fidelity than two (out of five) bee families examined. These results suggest wasps may carry and potentially deliver substantial pollen to specific plants. In addition, controlled single‐visit deposition revealed the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus deposits a similar amount of pollen grains as the bumble bee Bombus impatiens, suggesting surprisingly high pollination efficiency that warrants further investigation.Our multi‐pronged study shows the importance of investigating the role of wasps as pollinators, especially by focusing on direct plant‐pollination metrics to determine wasp pollination efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) has been linked to motor function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, quantification of the relationship between ALMI and disease‐specific clinical outcome assessment trajectories is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine associations between dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived estimates of ALMI and motor function in ambulatory patients with DMD. Methods: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal clinical visit data from 137 glucocorticoid‐treated patients with DMD collected via structured motor assessment protocol evaluated associations between ALMI and motor function indexed by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and 10 Meter Walk/run Test (10MWT). Body composition was assessed using DXA. ALMI was calculated by dividing arm and leg lean mass by height in m2; fat mass index (FMI) was calculated by dividing whole body fat mass by height in m2. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to estimate associations between ALMI and motor function, controlling for age and FMI. Results: The full prediction model (age, age,2 ALMI, and FMI) explained 57% of the variance in NSAA scores and 63% of the variance in 10MWT speed. A 1 kg/m2 higher ALMI value predicted a 5.4‐point higher NSAA score (p <.001) and 0.45 m/s faster 10MWT speed (p <.001). A 1 kg/m2 higher FMI value predicted a 1.5‐point lower NSAA score (p <.001) and 0.14 meters/second slower 10MWT speed (p <.001). Discussion: DXA‐derived estimates of ALMI and FMI are associated with motor function in DMD and may explain variation in DMD disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate if combining low muscle mass with additional body composition abnormalities, such as myosteatosis or adiposity, could improve survival prediction accuracy in a large cohort of gastrointestinal and genitourinary malignancies. Methods: In total, 2015 patients with surgically‐treated gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Skeletal muscle index, skeletal muscle radiodensity, and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue index were determined. The primary outcome was overall survival determined by hospital records. Multivariate Cox hazard models were used to identify independent predictors for poor survival. C‐statistics were assessed to quantify the prognostic capability of the models with or without incorporating body composition parameters. Results: Survival curves were significantly demarcated by all 4 measures. Skeletal muscle radiodensity was associated with non‐cancer‐related deaths but not with cancer‐specific survival. The survival outcome of patients with low skeletal muscle index was poor (5‐year OS; 65.2%), especially when present in combination with low skeletal muscle radiodensity (5‐year overall survival; 50.2%). All examined body composition parameters were independent predictors of lower overall survival. The model for predicting overall survival without incorporating body composition parameters had a c‐index of 0.68 but increased to 0.71 with the inclusion of low skeletal muscle index and 0.72 when incorporating both low skeletal muscle index and low skeletal muscle radiodensity/visceral adipose tissue index/subcutaneous adipose tissue index. Conclusion: Patients exhibiting both low skeletal muscle index and other body composition abnormalities, particularly low skeletal muscle radiodensity, had poorer overall survival. Models incorporating multiple body composition prove valuable for mortality prediction in oncology settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) refers to the long‐lasting reduction of gut function below the minimum necessary to absorb macronutrients, water, and/or electrolytes. Patients with CIF likely develop various forms of malnutrition and dehydration, yet studies that focus primarily on body composition are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the body composition of adult patients with CIF. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cohort study was performed at the Radboud University Medical Center, a tertiary referral center for CIF treatment in the form of home parenteral nutrition. We collected available bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data from routine care between 2019 and 2023. The primary outcome was body composition, which was evaluated by assessing body mass index (BMI), fat‐free mass index (FFMI), and fat percentage (fat%). Results: Overall, 147 adult patients with CIF were included with a median (interquartile range) age of 58 (25–68) years; 69% were female. The mean (SD) BMI was 22.1 (4.3) kg/m2, FFMI was 14.2 (1.9) kg/m2 in females and 17.0 (2.0) kg/m2 in males, and fat% was 33.7% (6.8%) in females and 24.6% (6.4%) in males. 63% had an FFMI below references, and 48% had a high fat%. Conclusion: This study found that most adult patients with CIF have an unfavorable body composition characterized by a high fat% and low FFMI despite having a normal mean BMI. These results highlight the necessity for in‐depth nutrition assessment, including BIA measurement. Moreover, future studies should focus on exercise interventions to increase FFMI and improve body composition and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses are at risk for perinatal adverse outcomes. Fetal body composition reflects the fetal nutrition status and hold promise as potential prognostic indicator. MRI quantification of fetal anthropometrics may enhance SGA risk stratification. Hypothesis: Smaller, leaner fetuses are malnourished and will experience unfavorable outcomes. Study Type: Prospective. Population: 40 SGA fetuses, 26 (61.9%) females: 10/40 (25%) had obstetric interventions due to non‐reassuring fetal status (NRFS), and 17/40 (42.5%) experienced adverse neonatal events (CANO). Participants underwent MRI between gestational ages 30 + 2 and 37 + 2. Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, True Fast Imaging with Steady State Free Precession (TruFISP) and T1‐weighted two‐point Dixon (T1W Dixon) sequences. Assessment: Total body volume (TBV), fat signal fraction (FSF), and the fat‐to‐body volumes ratio (FBVR) were extracted from TruFISP and T1W Dixon images, and computed from automatic fetal body and subcutaneous fat segmentations by deep learning. Subjects were followed until hospital discharge, and obstetric interventions and neonatal adverse events were recorded. Statistical Tests: Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions for the association between TBV, FBVR, and FSF and interventions for NRFS and CANO. Fisher's exact test was used to measure the association between sonographic FGR criteria and perinatal outcomes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: FBVR (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2–0.76) and FSF (OR 0.95, CI 0.91–0.99) were linked with NRFS interventions. Furthermore, TBV (OR 0.69, CI 0.56–0.86) and FSF (OR 0.96, CI 0.93–0.99) were linked to CANO. The FBVR sensitivity/specificity for obstetric interventions was 85.7%/87.5%, and the TBV sensitivity/specificity for CANO was 82.35%/86.4%. The sonographic criteria sensitivity/specificity for obstetric interventions was 100%/33.3% and insignificant for CANO (P = 0.145). Data Conclusion: Reduced TBV and FBVR may be associated with higher rates of obstetric interventions for NRFS and CANO. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This work aimed to parse out the role of changing environments on body composition, total energy expenditure, and physical activity in the Mexican Pima, a population experiencing rapid industrialization. Methods: Using doubly labeled water, we compared energy expenditure and physical activity in a longitudinal cohort of Mexican Pima (n = 26; female: 12) in 1995 and 2010. Body mass and composition were assessed by bioimpedance analysis. To determine the effects of environmental factors on body weight independent of age, we compared the 1995 longitudinal cohort with an age‐ and sex‐matched cross‐sectional cohort (n = 26) in 2010. Results: Body mass, fat mass, and fat‐free mass all significantly increased between 1995 and 2010. Despite a 13% average increase in body weight, weight‐adjusted total daily energy expenditure decreased significantly. Measured physical activity levels also decreased between 1995 and 2010, after we adjusted for weight. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the recent industrialization of the Maycoba region in Sonora, Mexico, has contributed to a decrease in physical activity, in turn contributing to weight gain and metabolic disease among the Mexican Pima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to examine the effect of age of obesity onset, sex, and their interaction on abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) morphology (degree of adipocyte hyperplasia or hypertrophy). Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, we isolated adipocytes via collagenase digestion from abdominal and femoral SAT biopsies taken from male and female adults with childhood‐onset obesity (CO; n = 8 males, n = 16 females) or adult‐onset obesity (AO; n = 8 males, n = 13 females). Regional body composition was measured with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and a single‐slice abdominal computed tomography scan. Mean adipocyte size was measured in abdominal and femoral SAT and was used to quantify morphology in android and gynoid subcutaneous fat, respectively. Results: Abdominal SAT morphology was more hyperplastic in females with CO than females with AO (p = 0.004) but did not differ between males with CO and males with AO (p = 0.996). Conversely, femoral SAT morphology was more hypertrophic in males and females with CO than those with AO. Conclusions: Age of obesity onset appears to affect SAT morphology differently in the abdominal and femoral regions of male and female adults. Our findings challenge the notion that SAT is uniformly hyperplastic in CO and hypertrophic in AO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism examines the effectiveness of a weight-loss and health program that incorporates respiratory muscle training (RMT) in individuals with obesity. The program, which includes portion control and RMT, resulted in significant improvements in weight management, biomarkers, and cardiovascular parameters. Compliance with the program was associated with greater weight loss and improvements in various health measures. The study suggests that this non-pharmacological approach could be a safe and effective method for weight loss and improving health variables. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential of this approach. [Extracted from the article]

Background Methods Results Conclusions The aim of the study was to use bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess nutritional status of elderly patients admitted to hospital and quantitatively measure the impact of the Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (CAVUHB) model ward. Secondary objectives were to assess the feasibility of using BIA in this patient population and compare nutrition risk screening tools against fat‐free mass index (FFMI).A prospective, comparative, single‐centre, service evaluation of a 'model ward for nutrition and hydration' undertaken in medical and rehabilitation beds in a large UK teaching hospital.A total of 450 BIA measurements were taken using a Bodystat Multiscan 5000 on 162 patients; several patients had repeated measurements during their hospital stay. Patients tolerated the procedure well, but lack of accurate weight, implanted medical devices and tissue viability precluded some participants.BIA is quick, non‐invasive, simple to complete and can elicit huge data about an individual's body composition. In a larger cohort of medical admissions, BIA could assist in identifying the sensitivity and specificity of the nutrition screening tools. The collective benefit of a series of nutritional interventions preserved nutritional status better in this elderly inpatient population than usual models of care. Although results were not statistically significant, there is an opportunity with the new model of care to better support frail patients and prevent deconditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions We aimed to evaluate how urine specific gravity (USG) and rates of supposed hypohydration vary by race/ethnicity, and to examine how adjustment for several important factors impacts estimated USG.Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross‐sectional study evaluated a total of 4195 (2098 female, 2097 male) Americans and categorized them as supposedly hypohydrated (USG≥1.020) or not using spot urine samples. USG and prevalence of supposed hypohydration were compared across racial/ethnic groups, separately by gender. The analyses considered the impact of urine creatinine, body composition, age, dietary nutrients, and physical activity.Differences in supposed hypohydration prevalence were observed by race/ethnicity in men (p = .030) and women (p < .001). In unadjusted models, Black women's USG (1.0189) was higher (p < .05) than all the other race/ethnicity groups' USG (1.0142–1.0171). In men, Blacks' USG (1.0197) was higher (p < .05) than the USG of Whites (1.0177) and other/multi‐racial (1.0176) but not Mexican Americans (1.0196) or other Hispanics (1.0192). Adjustments for age, arm circumference, nutrients (protein, sodium, potassium, and moisture), and physical activity minimally influenced USG estimates. Further adjustment for urine creatinine lowered USG for Black women and men by 0.003 and 0.0023, respectively, with no notable lowering of USG in the other races/ethnicities. Supplemental analyses matching Whites and Blacks on age, moisture intake, and poverty‐to‐income ratio confirmed racial differences in urine creatinine and USG, though the effects were most pronounced in women.Using a USG≥1.020 to identify hypohydration in all races/ethnicities may be inappropriate due to, among other factors, differences in urinary creatinine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion The purpose of this study was to enhance the current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiome and osteoarthritis (OA) and associated pain using pet dogs as a clinically relevant translational model.Fecal samples were collected from 93 owned pet dogs. Dogs were designated as either clinically healthy or OA pain using validated methods. Metagenomic profiling was performed through shotgun sequencing using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. MetaPhlAn2 and HUMAnN2 were used to evaluate bacterial taxonomic and pathway relative abundance. Comparisons between healthy and OA‐pain groups were performed individually for each taxa using nonparametric tests following Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons. Permutation analysis of variance was performed using Bray‐Curtis distance matrices. All downstream analyses were completed in R.No significant differences between healthy and OA‐pain dogs were observed for alpha and beta diversity. We found 13 taxa with nominally significant (P < 0.05) associations with OA case status, but none of the associations remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. No differences in alpha or beta diversities or the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were found regarding pain severity, mobility or activity level, age, or body composition score.Similar to recent studies in humans, the present study did not demonstrate a significant difference in the fecal microbial communities between dogs with OA pain and healthy control dogs. Future research in this naturally occurring model should expand on these data and relate the gut microbiome to gut permeability and circulating proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory molecules to better understand the influence of the gut microbiome on OA and OA pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions To investigate the associations of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score with subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue volume and hepatic lipid content (HLC) in people with diabetes and to examine whether changes in the DASH diet were associated with changes in these outcomes.In total, 335 participants with recent‐onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the German Diabetes Study were included in the cross‐sectional analysis, and 111 participants in the analysis of changes during the 5‐year follow‐up. Associations between the DASH score and VAT, SAT and HLC and their changes were investigated using multivariable linear regression models by diabetes type. The proportion mediated by changes in potential mediators was determined using mediation analysis.A higher baseline DASH score was associated with lower HLC, especially in people with T2D (per 5 points: −1.5% [−2.7%; −0.3%]). Over 5 years, a 5‐point increase in the DASH score was associated with decreased VAT in people with T2D (−514 [−800; −228] cm3). Similar, but imprecise, associations were observed for VAT changes in people with T1D (−403 [−861; 55] cm3) and for HLC in people with T2D (−1.3% [−2.8%; 0.3%]). Body mass index and waist circumference changes explained 8%‐48% of the associations between DASH and VAT changes in both groups. In people with T2D, adipose tissue insulin resistance index (Adipo‐IR) changes explained 47% of the association between DASH and HLC changes.A shift to a DASH‐like diet was associated with favourable VAT and HLC changes, which were partly explained by changes in anthropometric measures and Adipo‐IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Desmopressin improves nocturia frequency; however, reports on its long‐term efficacy and safety are few, and concerns regarding its effect on body composition exist. We thus investigated the efficacy and safety of long‐term desmopressin administration and its effect on body composition.This retrospective study, conducted at Chikugo City Hospital between August 2020 and December 2022, involved 133 men (mean age, 77.7 years) with nocturnal and persistent nocturia, who were administered an initial dose of 50 μg desmopressin. Efficacy endpoints included nocturnal urinary frequency, nocturnal urinary volume, hours of undisturbed sleep, nocturnal polyuria index, initial nocturnal urinary volume, and daily urinary frequency in a frequency‐volume chart (3 days), before treatment and at 1, 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks after desmopressin administration. Additionally, the effects of desmopressin on body composition were examined, including blood–brain natriuretic peptide and a chest radiography, before and 52 weeks after administration.Treatment improved most efficacy endpoint evaluation parameters. Around 87.6% of patients showed improved symptoms after 52 weeks compared with those before treatment (score ≤ 3). The blood–brain natriuretic peptide level rose; however, cardiothoracic ratio was unchanged.Long‐term administration of desmopressin is thus effective and safe in older people with nocturnal polyuria, with little effect on body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant‐based diets reduces the risk of chronic conditions. The interaction between protein source and other macronutrients—fat (F) and carbohydrate (C)—has yet to be investigated. The aim was to assess the main and interactive effects of protein‐source (plant vs. animal) and F:C (high or low) and the transition from an Australian diet to a whole food diet on various health markers in older individuals. This single‐blinded, parallel, randomised experimental trial used a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare pro‐vegetarian (70:30 plant to animal) versus omnivorous (50:50 plant to animal) diets at 14% protein and varying fat‐to‐carbohydrate ratios (high fat ~40% vs. low fat ~30%) over 4 weeks. Study foods were provided, alcohol consumption was discouraged, and dietary intake was determined through food records. Analysis included both RCT and observational data. Changes in appetite, palatability of diets, and dietary intake were assessed. Body composition, muscle strength, function, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health parameters were measured. Data from 113 (of the 128 randomised) individuals aged 65–75 years were analysed. Pro‐vegetarian diets reduced diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Moreover, the overall sample exhibited increased short‐chain fatty acids and FGF21 levels, as well as improvements in body composition, function, and cardio‐metabolic parameters irrespective of dietary treatment. Transitioning to a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fibre, and moderate protein was associated with improved health markers in older age, with added benefits from pro‐vegetarian diets. Further research on long‐term effects is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]