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The foremost constituents of human blood are plasma, water, hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), and white blood cells. The discovery of these constituents is a very imperative source to identify numerous sicknesses such as anemia, hemophilia, and myeloma. Due to its supporting real‐time explorations, great sensitivity, and simple fabrication with low cost, photonic surface plasmon resonance device (PSPRD) has a massive chance for identifying blood constituents. Kreschmann configuration is based on the projected PSPRD, and the transfer matrix technique is exhausted to analyze the reflectance of PSPRD. The thicknesses of the PSPRD layers have been adjusted to reach the best efficiency. The different constituents of blood have been inspected with their performance parameters. The topmost sensitivity 298 deg RIU−1 is triumphed for RBCs. As a result, it is anticipated that the projected PSPRD is a good candidate for the recognition and revealing of other biomolecules in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidants such as vitamin C (VC) and chromium (Cr), which effectively scavenge free radicals, may improve functional characteristics of the intestine and may reduce intestinal diseases. Cr absorption increases in the presence of VC. In poultry, VC is mainly derived from glucose; hence, Cr is an important component for glucose tolerance. We evaluated the synergistic effects of these two antioxidants together. Objectives: This study aims to investigate two levels of VC and two levels of Cr and their interaction on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestive organs, immunity, blood constituents, liver enzymes, cecal microflora, meat sensory taste and fatty acid profile of breast meat in broilers. Methods: Two levels of VC (250 and 500 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) and two levels of Cr (700 and 1400 μg/kg DM) were added to a basic diet for 42 days in five treatments. The 2 × 2 plus 1 (control group) factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomised design for 42 days using 360 one‐day‐old male chicks. Results: Very low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride level, liver enzymes, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, fat content, odour, chewing ability, elasticity and oral sensation traits were affected by combination of VC and Cr. Conclusions: Combination of VC and Cr can increase unsaturated fatty acids and decrease saturated fatty acids, as well as improve cecal microbial flora, and may be useful as antioxidant compounds and non‐antimicrobial stimulants for economic growth. The use of 250 mg/kg of VC and 700 μg/kg of Cr is recommended in broiler diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND:Animal blood is a large-volume by-product of the meat industry. Besides blood meal fertiliser, blood is marketed for human consumption as a supplement. Minimal comparative work on slaughterhouse animal blood fractions has been carried out. In this study, slaughterhouse deer, sheep, pig and cattle blood parameters were compared. Some blood constituents were determined. Fractionated blood was assessed for antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging,oxygen radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antimicrobial activity were also assessed. RESULTS: Serum iron ranged from35.3±0.6 μmol L-1 in cattle to 16.3±3.1 μmol L-1 in deer. Cattle had the highest total plasma proteins (81.7±1.5 g L-1). While the plasma fractions contained considerable antioxidant activity, the red blood cell fractions of all four animal species contained higher antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Negligible levels of ACE inhibitory activity were found for all animal blood fractions. Antimicrobial activity was detected towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with sheep white blood cells from which a crude neutrophil extract was obtained which demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth rates of these bacterial strains. CONCLUSION: Fractionated animal blood obtained from local slaughterhouses contains native proteins that possess antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine whether some non-nutritive feed additives (NNFA) could block the adverse effects of aflatoxin (AF) on growth performance and physiological parameters of Cobb broilers throughout the period from 1 to 21 day of age. There were eight treatments consisting of two levels of AF at 0 and 200 ppb and four NNFA within each AF level. These additives included mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 2 g/kg diet, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) at 2 g/kg diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lac) at 2 g/kg diet. At 21 day of age, five chickens of each treatment were slaughtered to study dressing percentage and relative weight of inner organs and glands. AF had a significant negative effect on body weight gain (BWG), and feed intake, while impairing feed conversion ratio (FCR). Aflatoxin significantly increased percentage liver, lymphocyte (%), monocyte (%), serum triglyceride level, and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), concentrations while decreasing dressing percentage, intestinal percentage, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hgb), packed cell volume (PCV), heterophil (%), heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, total serum protein and serum albumin. Aflatoxin adversely affected the morphology of the liver, bursa and the thymus. There was a significant interaction between AF and NNFA on the relative weights of liver, heart and intestine. Lac completely blocked the negative effects of AF on the percentage liver and the heart and partially on the intestine. In conclusion, Lac was most effective in reversing the adverse effects of AF on growth and FCR and on the percentage, functions and morphology of the liver. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate also improved the economic traits of broilers but was less effective than Lac and more effective than MOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five Hisex commercial layers and forty-five local Saudi breed layers were used to compare and assess the effect of water restriction under hot conditions on blood constituents and immune response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The trial was divided into three periods: control (7 day), water restriction (14 day) and rehydration (7 day). During water restriction, layers from each breed were divided into three groups that received 0%, 20% and 40% restriction of drinking water relative to the control period. The immune response against ND was affected by breed; it also declined significantly with 40% water restriction 10 days post-restriction. Water restriction did not affect haematocrit value, plasma total protein, albumin, glucose or osmolality, which may not suggest a reduction in plasma volume. However, plasma creatinine increased in both breeds because of water restriction that remained elevated during rehydration. Water restriction increased plasma urea in the local group, while it decreased in the commercial group. Irrespective of rate of water restriction, it can be concluded that the two breeds can withstand up to 40% water restriction during high environmental temperature. However, the local breed may be superior in water conservation in relation to the commercial layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood samples from 362 milking Icelandic dairy cows were sampled over a 3 year period. The cows came from 9 herds in 2 areas in Iceland, the north (area 1) and the south (area 2). The cows were kept in tie-stalls and fed hay, silage and concentrates 2-4 times a day during winter but grazed on pasture during summer and received concentrates twice daily. The total of 963 samples were collected and analysed for glucose, urea, calcium, magnesium and ketone bodies. The effects of year, season, area, herd and age were studied. The overall means and standard deviations for the blood constituents were in agreement with the findings of other authors. The effects of year were significant for all the blood constituents. The effect of season was also significant for all constituents except Mg. The effect of area was significant for urea and Mg but not for glucose and Ca. The differences between herds were significant only for Mg in area 1, but for glucose urea and Mg in area 2. Glucose, Ca and Mg were negatively correlated with age, although the correlation coefficients were small, r = - 0.18, - 0.23 and - 0.24, respectively. Cows with clinical ketosis (and blood ketone concentrations > 10 mmol/l) had significantly lower glucose and Ca values than healthy cows (P < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). The glucose values were significantly correlated with urea (r = - 0.09, P < 0.001), Ca (r = 0.12, P < 0.001) and Mg (r = 0.09, P < 0.01). Urea was significantly correlated with Mg (r = 0.09, P < 0.01) and Ca was correlated with Mg (r = 0.10, P < 0.001). Zusammenfassung Blutkonzentrationen von Glucose, Harnstoff, Calcium und Magnesium bei laktierenden Milchkühen Bei 362 laktierenden Isländischen Milchkühen wurden 3 Jahre lang Blutproben entnommen. Die Kühe gehörten zu 9 Herden, die in 2 Gebieten von Island, nämlich im Norden (Gebiet 1) und Süden (Gebiet 2) gehalten wurden. Die Kühe waren im Winter im Anbindestall untergebracht und erhielten 2-4mal täglich Heu, Silage und Kraftfutter. Während des Sommers befanden sie sich auf der Weide. Insgesamt wurden 963 Blutproben entnommen und auf Glucose, Harnstoff, Calcium, Magnesium und Ketonkörper untersucht. Es wurde der Einfluß des Jahres, der Saison, des Gebiets, der Herde und des Alters untersucht. Die Gesamtmittelwerte, Standardabweichungen der Blutwerte stimmten mit Befunden anderer Autoren überein. Der Einfluß des Jahres war bei allen Blutwerten signifikant. Das gleiche gilt, mit Ausnahme des Mg, für die Saison. Der Einfluß des Gebiets war für Harnstoff und Mg signifikant, nicht jedoch für Glucose und Ca. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Herden waren im Gebiet 1 nur für Mg signifikant, im Gebiet 2 jedoch für Glucose, Harnstoff und Mg. Glucose, Ca und Mg waren mit dem Alter negativ korreliert, wenn auch die Korrelationskoeffizienten gering waren (r = -0,18, -0,23 bzw. -0,24). Kühe mit Ketose (und Blut-Ketonkörper-Konzentrationen > 10 mmol/l) wiesen signifikant niedrigere Glucose- und Ca-Werte auf als gesunde Kühe (p < 0,001 bzw. 0,01). Die Glucosewerte waren mit den Harnstoff- (r = -0,09, p < 0,001), Ca- (r = 0,12, p < 0,001) und Mg- (r = 0,09, p < 0,01) Werten korreliert. Die Harnstoffwerte waren signifikant mit den Mg-Werten (r = 0,09, p < 0,01), und die Ca-Werte signifikant mit den Mg-Werten korreliert (r = 0,10, p < 0,001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood samples were collected from pregnant Mask-Texel crossbred ewes in 7 flocks in the last month of pregnancy. One of the flocks was fed indoors but the others were on pasture. Blood samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, inorganic phosphorus (P in), urea, glucose, acetoacetate (AA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterfied fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin. The main purpose was to obtain estimates of variation with flock, number of fetuses and age and to study influences on the concentration of the blood constituents. All constituents were significantly affected by flock. The effect of the number of fetuses was significant for Ca, Mg, inorganic phosphate, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. The age of the ewes (the ewes were divided in two groups: 1. ewes 1 and 2 years, 2. older ewes) had no significant influence on the blood constituents. The numerical values of the correlation coefficients between the blood constituents were low, although in many cases significant. It is concluded that the metabolic capacity of the ewes is under severe strain in late pregnancy, when increased size of fetuses increases the strain on the maternal carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study this together with the effect of flock accounted for the major part of the variation. Zusammenfassung Einflüsse der Herde, der Zahl der Foeten und des Alters auf einige biochemische Blutbestandteile bei hochträchtigen Schafen unter Feldbedingungen Bei 7 Herden trächtiger Mask-Texel-Kreuzungs-Schafe wurden im letzten Trächtig-keitsmonat Blutproben entnommen. Eine Herde wurde im Stall gefüttert, die anderen Herden waren auf der Weide. Die Blutproben wurden auf Ca, Mg, anorganisches Phosphat (P in), Harnstoff, Glucose, Azetoazetat (AA), β-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), freie Fettsäuren (NEFA) und Insulin untersucht. Der Hauptzweck der Untersuchung war, die Abhängigkeit der Variation von der Herde, der Zahl der Foeten und dem Alter abzuschätzen und die Einflüsse auf die Konzentration der Blutbestandteile zu prüfen. Alle untersuchten Blutbestandteile wurden durch die Herde signifikant beeinflußt. Die Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der Foeten war für Ca, Mg, anorganisches Phosphat, Azetoazetat und β-Hydroxybutyrat signifikant. Das Alter der Schafe (die Schale wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: 1. ein bis zwei Jahre alte Tiere, 2. ältere Tiere) hatte auf die Blutbestandteile keinen signifikanten Einfluß. Die tür die Zusammenhänge zwischen den einzelnen Blutbestandteilen berechneten Korrelationskoeffizienten waren zwar klein, aber in vielen Fällen signifikant. Es wird geschlossen, daß die Stoffwechselkapazität des Schafes in der Hochträchtigkeit starken Belastungen ausgesetzt ist, wenn der mütterliche Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel durch die Zunahme der Größe des Foetus stark belastet wird. In der vorliegenden Studie determinierte dieser Faktor zusammen mit dem Faktor Herde hauptsächlich die Streuung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]