Search

Background Emotionally available parent-child relationships are supportive of child health and development. When a child has cerebral palsy, a range of child and parent factors can potentially impact the parent-child relationship; however, little research has specifically addressed this question. The aim of this study is to investigate links between parent-child emotional availability and both child functional abilities and parent distress in a sample of parents and children with cerebral palsy. Methods Twenty-three mothers (mean age 37.3+/−5.7 years) and their children (mean age 4.9+/−3.3 years) with cerebral palsy completed a 20 min videoed parent-child interaction, scored using the Emotional Availability Scales. Parents also completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Correlational analyses were conducted, and qualitative observations were made. Results Parent-child dyads in which the parent reported depressive symptoms scored poorer on all aspects of parent-child emotional availability. Where parents reported experiencing anxiety or stress, increased parent hostility and decreased child responsiveness was found. There was no relationship between child functional abilities and either parent distress or parent-child emotional availability. Parent sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness were negatively associated with child peer problems. Both child responsiveness and child involvement were negatively associated with hyperactivity/inattention. Observations of video footage suggested that parent implementation of therapy strategies impacted negatively on parent-child emotional availability for some dyads. Conclusion Findings from this study are consistent with the wider literature showing a link between parental depression and the parent-child relationship and extend this link to the cerebral palsy population. The importance of routine screening for parental mental health problems in early childhood intervention is highlighted by these findings. In addition, this study emphasizes the need to better understand how therapists support parents to implement therapeutic strategies to minimize negative impact on the developing parent-child relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Feeding difficulties are relatively common in children with autism spectrum disorders ( ASD), but current evidence for their treatment is limited. This review systematically identifies, reviews and analyses the evidence for intervention in young children with ASD and feeding difficulties. Methods A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify studies from January 2000 to October 2013. Studies were included if they described interventions where the goal was to increase desirable eating behaviours or decrease undesirable eating behaviours using an experimental design, including single-subject research methodology. Studies were reviewed for descriptive information, and research quality was appraised using a formal checklist. Individual study findings were compared using Improvement Rate Difference ( IRD), a method for calculating effect size in single-subject research. Results Overall, 23 papers were included. All studies reviewed had five or fewer participants, and reported on operant conditioning style intervention approaches, where the child is prompted to perform an action, and receives a contingent response. Where quality measures were not met, it was primarily due to lack of detail provided for the purposes of replication, or failure to meet social validity criteria. Meta-analysis indicated a medium-large effect size [mean = 0.69, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 0.60 to 0.79] when the outcome measured was an increase in desirable behaviours (e.g. consuming food), but a small-negligible effect size (mean = 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.60) when the outcome measured was a decrease in undesirable mealtime behaviours (e.g. tantrums). Only a small proportion of studies reported outcomes in terms of increased dietary variety rather than volume of food consumed. Conclusions The reviewed literature consisted primarily of low-level evidence. Favourable intervention outcomes were observed in terms of increasing volume, but not necessarily variety of foods consumed in young children with ASD and feeding difficulties. Further research in the form of prospective randomized trials to further demonstrate experimental effect in this area is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To systematically review the literature on the effectiveness of early intervention programmes for children with physical disabilities. Methods: Twelve electronic databases were searched for articles published between 1990 and April 2008. The quality of articles was appraised using an adapted version of the Checklist for the Evaluation of Research Articles and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results: Ten studies were included in the review. Cross-sectional and interrupted time-series studies were of moderate methodological quality, whereas the non-randomised control trial was of moderate-to-high methodological quality. Studies differed considerably with respect to participants, types of intervention and outcomes measured. Conclusions: Positive outcomes for both children and families have resulted from early intervention. However, methodological limitations hamper a more rigorous analysis of findings across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Supporting children's participation in health-enhancing physical activities is an important occupational goal for therapists. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are thought to underpin and enable many activity options. This study had two goals: first, to examine the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical activity, and second, to use this and existing evidence to inform strategies whereby children's motivation for and engagement in physical activity can be supported. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation of 124 children, aged 6-12 years, was undertaken. FMS were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) and physical activity by pedometer step counts. Results: A weak but significant association was found between weekend physical activity and balance skills for girls. Correlations between physical activity and ball skills or manual dexterity were not significant for either gender, however, having age appropriate ball skills did result in greater but not significant levels of physical activity for all children when grouped together. Conclusions: Findings from this study question the magnitude of the relationship between children's FMS and physical activity as measured by pedometers. If the goal of health enhancement through physical activity engagement is to be realised, it is proposed that community, occupation-based approaches may offer more potential than skills-based interventions at increasing activity participation. The concept of Engaging and Coaching for Health (EACH)-Child is introduced to this end. Occupational therapists are encouraged to work collaboratively with school and community organisations to assist children to find the physical activities that best accommodate their interests, abilities and offer opportunities for lifelong engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Perceived freedom in leisure (PFL) is explored as a potential mechanism mediating relationships between physical co-ordination ability and both global life satisfaction and leisure-time physical activity participation for boys with differing levels of physical co-ordination ability. Understanding psychological mechanisms contributing to low rates of participation in physical activities for boys with developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is a clinical and research priority with potential to inform clinical interventions and preventive health initiatives. Method Sixty boys aged 10–13 years with DCD and 113 boys without DCD completed self-report measures of PFL and life satisfaction. Seven-day leisure-time activity diaries and 12-month retrospective recall questionnaires were completed by parents. Results Lower self-appraisals of PFL and overall life satisfaction were found for boys with DCD compared with boys without DCD. PFL mediated relationships between physical ability and both life satisfaction and team sport participation. Conclusion Perceived freedom in leisure, comprising self-appraisals of leisure needs satisfaction and competence, depth of involvement and perceived control over leisure outcomes, was a significant mechanism influencing leisure-time participation and life satisfaction for boys. The implications for effective intervention and preventive health programmes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Children's declining physical activity has attracted attention from those concerned with the health and well-being of the young. The present study aims to determine if the extent of walking to and from a school with an active participation program differed from that in another school without a program. Method and Results: Data from 21 parents of Grade 7 children from School A, sourced from a previous study, were compared with data from parents of Grade 7 children in School B, collected using the same questionnaire. No significant difference in the mean number of days walked to (t = 0.098, P = 0.92) or from school (t = 0.251, P = 0.80) was identified. Conclusions: This small-scale project suggests that a mélange of variables has the potential to influence children's incidental activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern cursive script, along with its precursor the beginner's alphabet, is now well established in the curricula of most Australian schools. However, debate continues regarding the advantages of this script over the previous print and cursive style. Beyond this debate, occupational therapists continue to assess and treat children with handwriting difficulties. Therefore, how children are writing using modern cursive now warrants attention, as this is the mode of choice in most Australian schools. Three hundred and seventy-two children aged between 7 and 14 years who attended Queensland government primary schools were asked to complete the speed subtest of the Handwriting Performance Test. The same writing sample was used to rate legibility on a scale from 1 (poor legibility) to 7 (good legibility). Handwriting speed (in letters per minute) did not differ significantly between boys and girls (mean (+/-SD) = 69.9+/-33.8 and 68.9+/-25.9 letters/min, respectively). In contrast, legibility was significantly better (t(370) = 3.79, P < 0.0001) for girls than boys (4.2+/-1.2 and 3.5+/-1.0, respectively). There was a low correlation between speed and legibility (r = 0.23, P > 0.05). The results are discussed in light of the shift to this new writing style and current occupational therapy practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Coaching parents to enable children's participation: An approach for working with parents and their children," by Sylvia Rodger, Fiona Graham and Jenny Ziviani in the previous issue.