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This paper investigates a nonlinear two‐player non‐zero‐sum differential game with state and input constraints. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a neural network (NN) framework to approximate the solution of the Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Isaacs (HJI) equation. The adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method is utilized where each player only needs one critic NN. To solve the issue of state and input saturations, this paper develops a novel constrained system for the differential game, firstly to make the states within the predetermined constraint set. Then, the non‐quadratic expression is used to substitute the traditional quadratic expression for the two‐player non‐zero‐sum differential game, and both of the inputs of the two players are constrained. With these treatments, the control input and the system are more in line with real‐world applications. Moreover, the stability of the system is also analyzed using the Lyapunov theorem. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate that the critic NN weights estimation errors and the system are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB), and the state and input constraints can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates a multiplayer nonzero‐sum differential game (MNDG) with switching topology and input delay. The Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) equation is used to derive the optimal control strategies. To solve the issue of switching topology, the control strategies are decoupled with the communication topology. Then, the stability of the system can be achieved regardless of changes in communication topology with the designed control strategies. This does not require a restriction on the dwell time, making the system stability conditions more relaxed. The Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) is constructed to prove the stability of the system in the presence of time‐varying input delay. To cope with the real‐world situation, the input delay is considered to be disturbed by a time‐varying perturbation in this article. With these treatments, the system is more in line with real‐world applications. Simulation examples are given to validate the efficiency of the presented methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a multi‐pursuer single‐evader nonzero‐sum differential game. Unlike traditional treatments, cooperative tracking is considered to design the optimal pursuit strategy by introducing a novel weighted topology and a scalar coupling gain. First, the distributed control strategy is designed based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) under the nonzero‐sum differential game. Then the modified LQR‐based cooperative tracking strategy is applied to achieve cooperativity among all the pursuers. The interception condition is also analyzed using a coupling gain based on the Laplacian matrix. Several illustrative examples under different scenarios are presented, and the results show that the pursuers with the proposed strategy can successfully intercept the evader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroendocrine (NE) cells comprise ~1% of epithelial cells in benign prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). However, they become enriched in hormonally treated and castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC). In addition, close to 20% of hormonally treated tumors recur as small cell NE carcinoma (SCNC), composed entirely of NE cells, which may be the result of clonal expansion or lineage plasticity. Since NE cells do not express androgen receptors (ARs), they are resistant to hormonal therapy and contribute to therapy failure. Here, we describe the identification of glypican‐3 (GPC3) as an oncofetal cell surface protein specific to NE cells in prostate cancer. Functional studies revealed that GPC3 is critical to the viability of NE tumor cells and tumors displaying NE differentiation and that it regulates calcium homeostasis and signaling. Since our results demonstrate that GPC3 is specifically expressed by NE cells, patients with confirmed SCNC may qualify for GPC3‐targeted therapy which has been developed in the context of liver cancer and displays minimal toxicity due to its tumor‐specific expression. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]