Search

Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) is an emerging pathogen which significantly reduces rice yields in the southern region of China. It is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis, which overwinters in rice fields. Our field investigations revealed that RSMV infection causes delayed rice heading, resulting in a large number of green diseased plants remaining in winter rice fields. This creates a favorable environment for leafhoppers and viruses to overwinter, potentially contributing to the rapid spread and epidemic of the disease. Next, we explored the mechanism by which RSMV manipulates the developmental processes of the rice plant. A rice heading‐related E3 ubiquitin ligase, Heading date Associated Factor 1 (HAF1), was found to be hijacked by the RSMV‐encoded P6. The impairment of HAF1 function affects the ubiquitination and degradation of downstream proteins, HEADING DATE 1 and EARLY FLOWERING3, leading to a delay in rice heading. Our results provide new insights into the development regulation‐based molecular interactions between virus and plant, and highlights the importance of understanding virus‐vector‐plant tripartite interactions for effective disease management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, the training of implant placement has shifted from once entirely instructor–student teaching to the increasing use of computer‐assisted simulation. Based on computerized virtual planning, dynamic navigation has been used for implant placement with higher accuracy than the traditional freehand protocol. However, whether dynamic navigation benefits to the training of dental students in implant placement remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the surgical performance of dental students in implant placement using computer‐assisted dynamic navigation and freehand approaches. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 dental students (6 males, 14 females, age: 25.6 ± 0.5 years) were enrolled in this study. With the traditional freehand approach (training 1) as the control protocol, computer‐assisted dynamic navigation (training 2) was used in the training of dental students in implant placement. For each training, both the operating time (OT) of students and placement accuracy represented by the linear (at the implant platform, Dpl, and apex, Dap) and angular (Dan) deviations between the virtually planned and placed implants were recorded. Statistical comparisons were made between the two training protocols as well as male and female surgeons. Results: OT2 was around twice of OT1 (p <.0001), whereas Dan1 was almost three times of Dan2 (p <.0001). Dap1 and Dpl1 were significantly higher than Dap2 (p =.014) and Dpl2 (p =.033) respectively. Besides, male students showed statistically higher Dpl1 (p =.033) and Dan1 (p =.002) than females. No significant difference was found between male and female students in OT1, OT2, Dpl2, Dap1, Dap2 and Dan2. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the use of computer‐assisted dynamic navigation in the preclinical training could improve the surgical performance of the dental students in implant placement. The combination of dynamic navigation with the traditional preclinical surgical training may benefit to dental students and could be applied in dental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracyclines are currently the most commonly used class of antibiotics, and their residue issue significantly impacts public health safety. In this study, a surface modification of perovskite with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide led to the generation of stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters in aqueous systems and improved the biocompatibility of perovskite. A perovskite quantum dot‐based ECL sensing strategy was developed. Utilizing the corresponding aptamer of the antibiotics, strain displacement reactions were triggered, disrupting the ECL quenching system composed of perovskite and Ag nanoclusters (Ag NCs) on the electrode surface, generating a signal to achieve quantitative detection of several common tetracycline antibiotics. The perovskite quantum dot provided a strong and stable initial signal, while the efficient catalytic activity of the silver cluster enhanced the recognition sensitivity. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline were used as examples to demonstrate the differentiation and quantitative detection through this method. In addition, the aptasensor exhibited analytical performance with the linear range (0.1–10 μM OTC) and good recovery rates of 94.7% to 101.6% in real samples. This approach has the potential to become a sensitive and practical approach for assessing antibiotic residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent statistics suggests that over 60% of active Cenozoic subduction initiation (SI) cases are related to the strike‐slip fault. A number of previous studies have shown that the lithospheric weak zone is a necessary condition for the SI. However, the direct effect of strike‐slip motion on lithospheric weakening and SI has rarely been investigated in numerical models due to the challenge of complex 3D boundary conditions. In this study, a new 3D model has been built with both strike‐slip and compression boundary conditions. The model results indicate that the compression at a strike‐slip boundary provides a favorable condition for the SI, with producing and maintaining a lithospheric‐scale weak zone that facilitates strain localization and SI. In addition, the high strike‐slip velocity and buoyant overriding plate contributes to the SI of young oceanic plate. This mechanism satisfies a large number of natural SI cases in the Cenozoic. Plain Language Summary: Subduction zone is one of the most important elements of plate tectonics on the present Earth. How to form a new subduction zone, that is, subduction initiation (SI), is still a challenging issue in geodynamics. The lithospheric weak zone is a necessary condition for SI; otherwise, the required force for breaking the lithosphere is too high. The strike‐slip fault is a natural weak zone, and is thus a favorable place for SI. However, the strike‐slip fault is generally set as a simple weak zone in the previous models, because the strike‐slip motion itself is challenging for the numerical simulation. In this study, we have built a new 3D model with complex boundary conditions, including both strike‐slip and compression components. Based on the systematic numerical studies, we find that the compression at a strike‐slip boundary provides a favorable condition for the SI. We also find that the high strike‐slip velocity and buoyant overriding plate contributes to the SI of young oceanic plate. This mechanism satisfies and explains a large number of natural SI cases in the Cenozoic. Key Points: A new 3D model has been developed with both strike‐slip and compression boundary conditionsSubduction initiation (SI) prefers transpression with both compression and shear componentsCenozoic SI favors strike‐slip fault with buoyant overriding plate and young subducting plate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closure of a subduction zone with continental terrane collision and accretion is generally thought to be followed by the initiation of a new subduction zone in the neighboring oceanic plate, which is suggested to happen repeatedly during the evolution of Tethyan system. Although the Indian‐Asian continental collision has occurred for >50 Myrs, there is still no clear sign for subduction initiation (SI) of the northern Indian oceanic plate, which is a puzzling issue and requires further investigations. This problem is studied here by systematic 3‐D thermo‐mechanical numerical models with a constant stress boundary condition. The model results indicate that the lack of proper weak zones at passive continental margin plays a critical role in hindering the collapse and SI of the northern Indian oceanic plate. In addition, the wedge‐shaped southern Indian continental margin provides an additional resistance for the SI. However, the strain localization with shortening of the Tibetan Plateau does not have a significant effect on the SI of Indian oceanic plate in the current models, which requires further studies with wider Tibetan plate. The numerical results explain why no SI has occurred in the northern Indian Ocean with pushing from the high gravitational potential energy of the uplifted Tibetan Plateau and seafloor spreading in the Northern Indian Ocean, and further predict that the future SI is more likely to occur in the northwestern Indian Ocean than the northeastern region due to continuous counterclockwise rotation of the Indian Continent. Plain Language Summary: The collision between continental plates builds many large mountain belts on the Earth, with the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau as the greatest one. After the mountain building, the large convergent force may lead to the formation of a new subduction zone in the neighboring oceanic plate, which was defined as "subduction transference." As the latest stage of Tethyan evolution, Indian‐Asian collision has occurred for more than 50 Myrs; however, there is still no clear sign for subduction initiation at the northern Indian oceanic plate, which is a puzzling issue. In this study, a series of 3‐D numerical models are conducted to investigate why there is no subduction transference, as well as whether and where the subduction of Indian oceanic plate is going to happen. The model results indicate that the absence of proper weak zones at the northern Indian oceanic plate is the primary factor that hinders its subduction initiation. Additionally, the wedge‐shaped geometry of southern Indian continental margin also plays a role in resisting the collapse of the margin. We further predict that the future SI is more likely to occur in the northwestern Indian Ocean than the northeastern region because of continuous counterclockwise rotation of the Indian Continent. Key Points: Series of 3‐D thermomechanical models are conducted with constant convergent stress to study subduction initiation (SI) at passive marginsDifficulty of SI at northern Indian Ocean may be attributed to the wedge‐like southern Indian continental margin without proper weaknessThe southwestern Indian continental margin is more likely for SI in the future after its continued counterclockwise rotation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of subduction initiation (SI) remains ambiguous due to limited geological records. The metamorphic sole, generally considered to be generated by oceanic crustal metamorphism during SI, is characterized by high temperature condition (∼800°C) at shallow depths (<40 km). However, the exact tectonic setting of the metamorphic sole with such a high geothermal gradient is still controversial. The petrological and geochemical signatures of ophiolites and metamorphic soles in nature indicate three different types: (a) supra‐subduction zone (SSZ)‐type ophiolite with mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB)‐type metamorphic sole; (b) SSZ‐type ophiolite with SSZ‐type metamorphic sole; and (c) MORB‐type ophiolite with MORB‐type metamorphic sole. To clarify the conditions of metamorphic sole generation in different tectonic settings, a series of numerical models are conducted. The model results indicate that the SI at a (back‐arc) spreading center or spontaneous SI at a transform fault provides the favorable high‐temperature condition for formation of the metamorphic sole underlying the ophiolite. The former regime generates SSZ‐type ophiolite with SSZ‐type sole, whereas the latter generates SSZ‐type ophiolite with MORB‐type sole. The P‐T conditions of natural metamorphic soles may not represent the characteristic subduction channel condition for the majority of ophiolites, but stand for the end‐member high‐temperature regime that facilitates weakening, detachment and further exhumation of metamorphic soles. It thus illustrates the less widely distributed metamorphic soles than ophiolites in nature. The model results are further compared with three present‐day back‐arc basins on the Earth to evaluate the likelihood of future metamorphic sole generation and preservation in these basins. Plain Language Summary: Subduction, characterized by an oceanic plate sinking into the Earth's interior, is a key process of our living planet. The formation mechanism of a new subduction zone is still widely debated because of the limited geological records. The ophiolite is a fragment of an ancient oceanic plate and widely distributed in the orogens. Beneath some of the ophiolites, there is a thin layer of metamorphosed rock, called the metamorphic sole, which is composed of the materials detached from the subducted oceanic plate. The assembly of the ophiolite and metamorphic sole provides the most important constraints for the subduction initiation process. However, the petrological and geochemical signatures of the natural ophiolites and metamorphic soles indicate very different tectonic settings. The tectonic setting and dynamic conditions for the formation of the ophiolite and metamorphic sole remain unclear. Combining with the pressure and temperature data of natural metamorphic soles, our systematic numerical modeling studies reveal that the subduction with a very young overriding oceanic plate is the key factor for the metamorphic sole generation underlying the ophiolite. Furthermore, we evaluate the possibility of future generation and preservation of ophiolites and metamorphic soles in the present‐day oceanic basins on the Earth. Key Points: Systematic numerical models are conducted to clarify the conditions of metamorphic sole generation in different tectonic settingsSubduction initiation at a (back‐arc) spreading center is a favorable setting for the formation of metamorphic sole underlying ophioliteP‐T conditions of natural metamorphic soles may represent a high temperature regime facilitating their weakening and exhumation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collision‐induced subduction transference is a composite dynamic process including both the terrane collision/accretion and the subduction initiation (SI) at the neighboring passive margin. This process occurred repeatedly during the evolution of Tethyan systems, with multiple ribbon‐like continents or microcontinents drifting from Gondwana in the southern hemisphere and accreting to the Eurasian continent since Paleozoic. In the previous numerical studies, the dynamics of terrane collision and induced SI are investigated individually, which however need to be integrated to study the controlling factors and time scales of collision‐induced subduction transference. Systematic numerical models are conducted with variable properties of converging plates and different boundary conditions. The model results indicate that the forced convergence, rather than pure free subduction, is required to trigger and sustain the SI at the neighboring passive margin after terrane collision. In addition, a weak passive margin can significantly promote the occurrence of SI, by decreasing the required boundary force to reasonable value of plate tectonics. The lengths of subducted oceanic slab and accreting terrane play secondary roles in the occurrence of SI after collision. Under the favorable conditions of collision‐induced subduction transference, the time required for SI after collision is generally short within 10 Myr, which is consistent with the general geological records of Cimmerian collision and the following Neo‐Tethyan SI. In contrast, the stable Indian passive margin and absence of SI in the present Indian Ocean may be due to the low convergent force and/or the lack of proper weak zones, which remains an open question.Key Points: Forced convergence is required for the collision‐induced subduction transference which generally occurs within 10 Myr after collisionThe weakness of passive margin significantly promotes subduction initiation after the terrane collision and accretionThe collision‐induced subduction initiation of Neo‐Tethyan plate may indicate large convergent force and/or weakened passive margin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subduction initiation (SI) at passive continental margin plays a key role in the Wilson cycle of plate tectonics; however, the long‐lived, stable Atlantic‐type margin challenges this hypothesis. The spontaneous SI at passive margin is difficult, which could be instead induced by far‐field tectonic forces. Previous analog and numerical models are generally conducted with constant convergent velocity, which may lead to extremely large boundary force in order for SI. In this study, we focus on numerical models with constant convergent force/stress to investigate the conditions for SI at typical passive margin without any type of prescribed weak zones. The result indicates that the SI at young passive margins with thin oceanic lithosphere is much easier than that at old margins. It reveals the dynamics of multiple newly formed subduction zones in the young oceanic plates of Southeast Asia and Southwest Pacific, but generally no SI for the old Atlantic‐type passive margin. Plain Language Summary: Subduction, which is a plate moves under another one and sinks into the mantle, is a key process of the Earth. Subduction could cause disasters, shape magnificent natural wonders, and control the long‐term climate. However, our understanding for how and where subduction would begin between continents and oceans is still poor. This is because the beginning of subduction is just a snapshot of long‐lived geological process. Thus, the rock records are rather limited and difficult to observe. In this study, we conducted systematic numerical models to quantify the force required for the formation of a new subduction zone with variable ages of oceanic lithosphere. The result indicates that the force needed to begin subduction increases with the oceanic age, which explains that young oceanic plates in the Southeast Asia and Southwest Pacific are easier to begin subduction; however, the old Atlantic Oceanic plate is hard. Key Points: Subduction initiation at passive continental margin is studied by numerical model with convergent force/stress boundary conditionMode selection of subduction initiation and required magnitude of force are dependent on the age of passive marginal oceanic lithosphereYoung oceanic lithosphere is easier to initiate subduction with low boundary force, whereas the old Atlantic‐type margin is difficult [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient selenization and uneven distribution of elements caused by the poor diffusion and reaction activity of selenium clusters is one of the main issues limiting the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells. Here, this work designs a simple and feasible strategy to improve the activity of selenium (Se) by implementing high‐temperature treatment on graphite boxes loaded with Se pellets. The rapid adsorption/desorption characteristics of graphite on active gaseous small‐molecule selenium have successfully introduced hyperactive Se4, Se3, and Se2 into the selenization process. The results indicate that the adsorbed non‐toxic gaseous active Se3 and Se4 can quickly and uniformly diffuse into the precursor film at low temperatures, thereby inducing nucleation and grain growth at both surface and back interface simultaneously, which inhibits the upward migration and aggregation of cations, especially Cu, and promotes the homogenization of elements. The overall relatively Cu‐poor chemical environment suppresses the formation of CuZn defects and [2CuZn+SnZn] defect clusters, and also promotes the generation of favorable VCu. The band tail states and non‐radiative recombination are then optimized. Finally, the CZTSSe solar cells achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.5%, with VOC/VOCSQ of 67% being one of the highest in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disseminated facial verruca plana is a chronic disorder that causes significant psychological distress. However, safe and effective treatment is lacking. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of 35% glycolic acid (GA) for the treatment of disseminated facial verruca plana. A split-face clinical trial was conducted to explore the efficacy and safety of using chemical peeling with 35% GA for the treatment of disseminated facial verruca plana. One side of the face was applied with 35% GA once every fortnight for a total of three times. Adapalene gel was applied every night to the other side of the face as the control. The clearance rate of lesions was evaluated at different time points. Between June 2020 and December 2020, 30 patients with disseminated verruca plana who visited the Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University were enrolled. After three chemical peelings with 35% GA that was applied at 2-week intervals, 15 (50%) patients achieved >70% lesion reduction. The same effective rate in the adapalene gel-treated side of the face was documented in eight patients. Subgroup analysis showed a higher clearance rate in patients with a shorter disease duration. Moreover, concurrent improvements in facial roughness were observed in the 35% GA-treated group. Adverse effects including mild erythema and desquamation were observed during chemical peeling with 35% GA. In conclusion, chemical peeling with 35% GA could be a safe and effective option for treating disseminated facial verruca plana, especially for those who desire skin improvement., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)