Search

The 2D materials exhibit numerous technological applications, but their scalable production is a core challenge. Herein, ball milling exfoliation in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and polystyrene (PS) is demonstrated to completely exfoliate hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and tungsten disulfide (WS2). The exfoliation yield of 91%, 93%, 92%, and 92% and average aspect ratios of 743, 565, 564, and 502 for BNNSs, graphene, MoS2, and WS2, respectively, are achieved. Integrating exfoliated BNNSS in the polystyrene matrix, 3768 % thermal conductivity in the axial direction and 316% in the cross‐plane direction at 12 wt.% loading is increased. Also, the in‐plane and cross‐plane electrical conductivity of 6.3 × 10−4 S m−1 and 6.6 × 10−3 S m−1, respectively, and the electromagnetic interference (EMI) of 63.3 dB is achieved by exfoliated graphene nanosheets based composite. High thermal and electrical conductivities and EMI shielding are attributed to the high aspect ratio and ultrathin morphology of the exfoliated nanosheets, which exert high charge mobility and form better the percolation network in the composite films due to their high surface area. The process demonstrate herein can produce substantial quantities of diverse 2D nanosheets for widespread commercial utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a biologically active nucleotide that regulates the physiological metabolism of the body by rapidly increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). To determine the safety and biological activity of NMN resources, we constructed a recombinant strain of P. pastoris that heterologously expresses nicotinamide‐phosphate ribosyltransferase (NAMPT), and subsequently catalyzed and purified the expressed product to obtain NMN. Consequently, this study established a high‐fat diet (HFD) obese model to investigate the lipid‐lowering activity of NMN. The findings showed that NMN supplementation directly increased the NAD+ levels, and reduced HFD‐induced liver injury and lipid deposition. NMN treatment significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in serum and liver, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and insulin levels in serum (p <.05 or p <.01). In conclusion, this study combined synthetic biology with nutritional evaluation to confirm that P. pastoris‐generated NMN modulated lipid metabolism in HFD mice, offering a theoretical framework and evidence for the application of microbially created NMN. Significance statement: The application of β‐Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) faces challenges in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to safety concerns in its production, and the role of NMN in the regulation of lipid metabolism in a high‐fat diet (HFD) model is unclear. In this article, a recombinant strain of P. pastoris that heterologously expresses nicotinamide‐phosphate ribosyltransferase (NAMPT) was constructed, and NMN yield of 1.46 mg/g DCW was obtained by methanol induction of P. pastoris. Furthermore, this study found that supplementation with microbial‐derived NMN reduced liver injury and lipid deposition in HFD mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their unique photoelectric properties, nontoxic tin‐based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near‐infrared LEDs. However, the facile oxidation of Sn2+ and the rapid crystallization rate of tin‐based perovskites result in suboptimal film quality, leading to inferior efficiencies of tin‐based perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs). In this study, we investigate the influence of commonly used solvents on the quality of the CsSnI3 films. Remarkably, DMSO exhibits a stronger interaction with SnI2, forming a stable intermediate phase of SnI2·3DMSO. This intermediate effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+ and slows down the crystallization rate, bringing in lower defect state density and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of the prepared perovskite films. Consequently, the corresponding Pero‐LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.6%, among the most efficient near‐infrared Pero‐LEDs. In addition, the device processes ultra‐low efficiency roll‐off and high reproducibility. Our research underscores the crucial role of solvent‐perovskite coordination in determining film quality. These findings offer valuable guidance for screening solvents to prepare highly efficient and stable tin‐based perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of calculating the curvature interference limit line of the offset involute cylindrical worm drive based on the singular point condition on the enveloping surface is established. The tooth surface equations and the meshing function of the worm drive are derived. Based on the singular point condition that the normal vector of the enveloping surface is zero, the equation of the curvature interference limit line is obtained. By employing the resultant elimination method and the geometric construction, the existence of the solutions of the curvature interference limit line is determined, and the reasonable initial values for the iteration program are afforded. The numerical outcomes show that there is one meaningful curvature interference limit line on each flank of single tooth of the worm gear, which usually does not enter the worm gear tooth surface. Both flanks of the worm gear are all settled in the side of the limit line, the curvature interference does not happen on the worm gear tooth surface. The undercutting of the cutting engagement process generally does not happen. The results also reveal that the curvature interference limit line is closer to the addendum and heel of the face worm gear on the i flank, which has the greatest potential venture inflict the undercutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, lead‐free Sn‐based perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted wide attention due to their near‐infrared emission and environmental friendliness. However, desired Sn2+ is easily oxidized to Sn4+ in the crystallization process, resulting in defects and intrinsically p‐doped properties in the perovskite films. The uncontrollable oxidation affects the charge injection balance and radiative recombination, leading to poor device performance. Herein, a bi‐functional conductive molecular, 2,7‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (SPPO13) with two P═O functional groups, is used to interact with perovskite to passivate defects and suppress the oxidation of Sn2+. Moreover, the SPPO13 modification layer inserted between the perovskite emitter and the electron transport layer can regulate the carrier injection and transport, thus promoting the charge balance. As a result, the high‐performance near‐infrared CsSnI3 PeLEDs with a record external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 6.60% and ultra‐low efficiency roll‐off are achieved. The work provides a novel approach to regulate defect passivation and charge transport for efficient Sn‐based PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs) have gained great attention due to their promising applications in lighting and displays. However, in their conventional three‐layered sandwich structure, some undeserved carrier behaviors, such as imbalanced carrier injection, severe carrier loss, and unstable recombination zone, limit the device's performance. Herein, a four‐layered design by inserting a nickel acetate (Ni(OAc)2) interlayer between the emitter and hole‐transport layer(HTL) to manage carrier behavior and improve radiative recombination efficiency is proposed. Specifically, the Ni(OAc)2 interlayer is poorly conductive and can partially block the hole injection, making the hole‐electron injection more balanced. And the Ni(OAc)2 interlayer avoids the direct contact between the perovskite emitter and hole transporter, reducing the interfacial carrier quenching. Moreover, the Ni(OAc)2 interlayer inhibits the electron‐migrated recombination at the hole transporter interface, confining the carrier recombination zone in the emitter layer. As a result, the corresponding Pero‐LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 24.6% with good reproducibility, showing an average EQEmax of over 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of hydrogen energy systems has been recognised as a promising way to mitigate climate problems. As a kind of efficient multi‐energy complementary system, the hydropower‐photovoltaic‐hydrogen (HPH) system could be an ideal approach to combining hydrogen with an installed renewable energy system to improve the flexibility of energy management and reduce power curtailment. However, the intra‐day scheduling of HPH system brings challenges due to the time‐related nonlinear hydropower generation process, the complex energy conversion process and the uncertain natural resource supply. Faced with these challenges, an improved deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)‐based data‐driven scheduling algorithm is proposed. In contrast to the prevalent DDPG, two sets of actor‐critic networks are properly designed based on prior knowledge‐based deep neural networks for the considered complex uncertain system to search for near‐optimal policies and approximate actor‐value functions. In addition, customized reward functions are proposed with the consideration of interactions among different energy supplies, which helps to improve convergence speed and stability. Finally, the case study results demonstrate that the proposed system model and the optimal energy management strategy based on the improved DDPG algorithm can guide the electricity‐hydrogen system to achieve rapid response and more reasonable energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light signals and plant hormones are involved in regulating the growth, development and stress resistance of plants; however, it remains unclear whether light affects hormones and thus pathogen resistance in oriental melon. Here, we found that red light promoted salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and powdery mildew resistance by activating the transcription of CmICS, the key gene for SA biosynthesis, and silencing CmICS seriously weakened the induction effect of red light on powdery mildew resistance in oriental melon leaves. Further studies showed that red light induced the expression of CmWRKY42 under powdery mildew stress, and CmWRKY42 directly bound to the CmICS promoter to activate its expression and promote the accumulation of SA under red light. Furthermore, we found that PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 8 (PIF8), as a negative regulator of SA biosynthesis, inhibits CmWRKY42 transcriptional activation by binding to the CmWRKY42 promoter, and thus inhibits transcriptional activation of CmICS by CmWRKY42. Also, CmPIF8 binds to the CmICS promoter and directly inhibits its transcription. In conclusion, our study revealed a new molecular mechanism of the relationship between red light‐SA‐powdery mildew resistance and provided a theoretical basis for resistance breeding of oriental melon. Summary statement: We found that CmPIF8, as a negative regulator of SA biosynthesis, inhibits CmWRKY42 transcriptional activation by binding to the CmWRKY42 promoter, and thus inhibits transcriptional activation of CmICS by CmWRKY42. Also, CmPIF8 binds to the CmICS promoter and directly inhibits its transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous one‐shot on‐the‐fly learning copes with the high privacy, small dataset, and in‐stream data at the edge. Implementing such learning on digital hardware suffers from the well‐known von‐Neumann and scaling bottlenecks. The optical neural networks featuring large parallelism, low latency, and high efficiency offer a promising solution. However, ex‐situ training of conventional optical networks, where optical path configuration and deep learning model optimization are separated, incurs hardware, energy and time overheads, and defeats the advantages in edge learning. Here, we introduced a bio‐inspired material‐algorithm co‐design to construct a hydrogel‐based optical Willshaw model (HOWM), manifesting Hebbian‐rule‐based structural plasticity for simultaneous optical path configuration and deep learning model optimization thanks to the underlying opto‐chemical reactions. We first employed the HOWM as an all optical in‐sensor AI processor for one‐shot pattern classification, association and denoising. We then leveraged HOWM to function as a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) of an optical memory augmented neural network (MANN) for one‐shot learning the Omniglot dataset. The HOWM empowered one‐shot on‐the‐fly edge learning leads to 1000× boost of energy efficiency and 10× boost of speed, which paves the way for the next‐generation autonomous, efficient, and affordable smart edge systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the lubrication angle field and the locus of lubricating weak point, the lubricating characteristic of the toroidal surface enveloping cylindrical worm drive is globally investigated. The nonlinear equation system to determine the lubricating weak point is established by utilising the lubrication angle. Generally speaking, the weak locus always exists roughly in the middle of the tooth surface of cylindrical wormgear and a zone with worse lubricating behaviour is around the locus. By increasing the number of worm thread, the locus of lubricating weak point can be completely removed from the wormgear tooth surface, and the locus approximately is in the shape of the inverse capital letter L. On this occasion, the entire wormgear tooth surface is half surrounded by the locus, and the overall lubrication performance of the worm drive is improved. The current research is an application of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) on worm drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs) with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of over 20% have been achieved in the last several years. However, the reproducibility of such high‐efficiency Pero‐LEDs is still low. The perovskite film quality, especially for the non‐radiative defects, is crucial in determining the device performance. These defects may lie in bulk grains, grain boundaries, and interfaces of the as‐formed perovskite films. Here, a polymer infiltrative treatment method is developed to realize effective and universal defect passivation. Specifically, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer chains are blended into the perovskite films before they are fully crystallizing. This infiltrative treatment method can regulate crystallization and passivate defects through the chemical interactions of perovskite lattices and PVDF. As a result, high‐quality perovskite films with void‐free surfaces and few‐defect crystals are obtianed. The corresponding Pero‐LEDs show a maximum EQE of 22.29% and an average EQE of 20.44 ± 0.73% based on a statistical analysis of 50 devices, exhibiting excellent reproducibility. The work provides better insights into controlling crystal growth and defect passivation via polymer‐assisted methods for efficient Pero‐LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented development of Internet of Things results in the explosion of spatiotemporal signals generated by smart edge devices, leading to a surge of interest in real‐time learning of such data. This imposes a big challenge to conventional digital hardware because of physically separated memory and processing units and the transistor scaling limit. Memristors are deemed a solution for efficient and portable deep learning. However, their ionic resistive switching incurs large programming stochasticity and energy, compromising their advantages in real‐time learning spatiotemporal signals. To address the aforementioned issues, we propose a novel hardware–software codesign. Hardware‐wise, the stochasticity in memristor programming is leveraged to produce random matrices for efficient in‐memory computing. Software‐wise, random convolutional‐pooling architectures are integrated with echo‐state networks that compute with the hardware random matrices and make real‐time learning affordable. The synergy of the hardware and software not only improves the performance over conventional echo‐state networks, that is, 90.94% and 91.67% (compared to baselines 88.33% and 62.50%), but also retains 187.79× and 93.66× improvement of energy efficiency compared to the digital alternatives on the representative Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones (HAR) and CRICKET datasets, respectively. These advantages make random convolutional echo‐state network (RCESN) a promising solution for the future smart edge hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs) have attracted significant attention due to their high color purity and solution processing, presenting potential applications for next‐generation solid‐state lighting and displays. Continued materials development has shown that passivating non‐radiative defects can improve device performance. In theory, CsPbBr3&Cs4PbBr6 should be a model emitter for Pero‐LEDs, as its lattice matching provides ideal passivation and efficient exciton confinement. However, the low charge transport of Cs4PbBr6 has so far hindered device performance. Herein, a dual‐phase regulation method to grow a CsPbBr3&Cs4PbBr6 perovskite layer that enables efficient electrical injection is developed. This leads to the realization that Pero‐LEDs with a maximum EQE of 22.3% with a luminance of 10,050 cd m−2, and the devices show a T50 of 59 h at 130 cd m−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Rice (Oryza sativa) is a leading source of dietary cadmium (Cd), a non‐essential heavy metal that poses a serious threat to human health. There are significant variations in grain‐Cd levels in natural rice populations, which make the breeding of low‐Cd rice a cost‐effective way to mitigate grain‐Cd accumulation. However, the genetic factors that regulate grain‐Cd accumulation have yet to be fully established, thereby hindering the development of low‐Cd varieties. Here, we reported a low‐Cd quantitative trait locus, CF1, that has the potential to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. CF1 is allelic to the metal transporter OsYSL2, which transports Fe from the roots to the shoots. However, it is incapable of binding Cd, and thus, reduces grain‐Cd levels indirectly rather than directly in the form of upward delivery. Further analysis showed that high expression levels of CF1 improve Fe nutrition in the shoots, subsequently inhibiting Cd uptake by systemically inhibiting expression of the main Cd uptake gene OsNramp5 in the roots. Compared with the CF1 allele from '02428' (CF102428), higher expression levels of CF1 from 'TQ' (CF1TQ) increased the Fe contents and decreased Cd levels in rice grains. In natural rice populations, CF1TQ was found to be a minor allele, while CF102428 is present in most japonica rice, suggesting that CF1TQ could be widely integrated into the japonica rice genome to generate low‐Cd varieties. Overall, these results broaden our mechanistic understanding of the natural variation in grain‐Cd accumulation, supporting marker‐assisted selection of low‐Cd rice. Significance Statement: Elucidation of the genetic network underlying grain‐Cd accumulation will benefit the Cd‐safe rice breeding. Here, we reported a low‐Cd, quantitative trait locus, CF1. High‐level expressions of CF1 improve Fe nutrition in the shoots, subsequently inhibit Cd uptake by the roots and reduce Cd accumulation in the grains. CF1TQ is a minor allele that could be integrated into the majority of japonica varieties, and probably some indica ones, to develop the biofortified rice with Fe‐rich and Cd‐safe grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving room‐temperature superconductivity is an important goal in chemistry and physics. Excitingly, pressure‐induced superconducting hydrides, a typical representative of LaH10 with a critical temperature (Tc) of 250–260 K around 180–200 GPa, bring this goal within reach, igniting an irresistible wave of discovering new H‐containing superconductors. Moreover, this breakthrough finding was achieved under the guidance of theoretical prediction. Thus far, the superconductivity of binary hydrides has been extensively explored. However, the high‐temperature superconductor, facilitating practical application, is still rare. Ternary hydrides can provide more abundant structures resulting from diverse chemical compositions and synergistic charge transfer, combine the merits of different elements, and induce strong electron–phonon coupling, which make them an appealing contender for superconductors. Recently, much research progress has been made in pressure‐induced superconducting ternary hydrides. In this regard, we summarize the recent development of superconducting ternary hydrides, highlighting the chemical composition, structure, pressure, and Tc value as well as the study of doping/substitution on the known superconducting binary hydrides. The recent state‐of‐the‐art of theoretical approaches for predicting superconductors and fundamental characters of ternary hydrides with high Tc are outlined. On the other hand, the problems, challenges, and opportunities are presented, providing an outlook for future research. This article is categorized under:Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials ScienceElectronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel multistage reliability model is provided as systems are often divided into many stages according to system degradation characteristics. Multistage hard failure (caused by random shock) process (MHFP) and multistage soft failure (caused by random shock and continuous degradation) process (MSFP) are introduced to describe the competing failure processes, where either the MSFP or MHFP would break down the system. The shock processes impact the system in three ways: (1) fatal load shocks cause hard failure immediately in the hard failure process; (2) time shocks cause a hard failure threshold changing; (3) damage load shocks cause degradation level increasing in the soft failure process. In this paper, a density function dispersion method is carried out to address the multistage reliability model, and the effectiveness of the proposed models is demonstrated by reliability analysis with the one‐stage model. Finally, the multistage model is applied to a case study, the degradation process is divided into three stages, and the hard failure threshold can be transmitted twice. The proposed model can be applied in other multistage situations, and the calculation method can satisfy the accuracy requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past several years, perovskite‐based luminescent materials and devices have attracted considerable research interest and achieved superior performance, including red/near‐infrared, green, and blue regions. Despite the abundant research progress in the above‐mentioned luminous regions, studies on cyan‐emitting perovskites are still lacking. However, cyan‐emitting perovskite materials are of great importance and have many promising applications, especially for high‐quality lighting and light communication. Herein, the recent research progress on perovskite with cyan emission is summarized, including the preparation methods and improvement on device performance. The preparation strategies are categorized into compositional engineering, dimensional engineering, and size engineering. The corresponding device performance is displayed too. Furthermore, the strategies of performance enhancement and future perspectives are proposed in the end. There is hope that this minireview can trigger more attention to this particular emitting region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an atmospheric‐pressure nanosecond impulse discharge initiated above the pyrrole microemulsion surface is applied to polymerize pyrrole and obtain a polypyrrole film. The films obtained under different number of plasma discharge times and duration of argon gas input time are investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope. Results show that the roughness and thickness of the polypyrrole film can be tuned by controlling discharge times and the gas feed time. Four‐point sheet resistance measurements of the films reflect that those with a smoother and more complete surface have better electrical conductivity. The films are identified as polypyrrole by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry. Also, N2 is a critical factor in polymerizing polypyrrole and the gas–liquid plasma polymerization mechanism, which has three steps, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we prepared a nitrogen and oxygen co‐doped flexible cotton‐based carbon electrode with high electrochemical performance by using a simple dyeing and carbonization method for its potential application in wearable energy storage devices. The optimized dyed cotton‐based electrode with 10 % o.w.f. (percentage on weigh of fabric) dyeing concentration shows a high areal specific capacitance of 1836±20 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 in aqueous 6 M KOH, superior cycling lifespan (99.1 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles), good coulombic efficiency, and high rate property. The outstanding properties can be attributed to the synergistic effect between the double‐layer capacitance (superior conductivity, large surface area, and good wetability) and the extra pseudocapacitance originating from N and O heteroatoms in the dye molecules. More importantly, the symmetric supercapacitor created with CDF‐10 % electrodes exhibits a significant volumetric specific capacitance of 18.2 F cm−3 and energy density of 5.7 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 45.2 mW cm−3, which can power an electronic clock for several minutes. The impressive resulting performance demonstrates that this inexpensive synthetic method, which can be scaled‐up, can be used to create promising materials for wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are plant-derived constituents that have been proved to have potential antitumour activity. However, the intracellular molecular targets of SLs and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been well elucidated. Here, we report that F1012-2, a novel SL active fraction, isolated from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC., can significantly inhibit the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) but has no obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A). The related mechanisms on cell growth inhibition of F1012-2 were demonstrated by inducing apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner through the intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway. F1012-2 could also activate autophagy in TNBC cells. Simultaneously, we found that F1012-2-induced apoptosis was enhanced by inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, F1012-2 could induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase with decreasing expression of cyclin B1, cdc2, and upregulating p21, p-cdc2. Also, F1012-2 activated Akt and p38 signalling pathways. In vivo, F1012-2 exhibited a potential antitumour effect in MDA-MB-231 xenografts without apparent toxicity. Taken together, our results identified that F1012-2 inhibited cell growth via multiple signalling pathways in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that F1012-2 may be a potential natural active fraction for the treatment of TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An operationally simple and efficient microwave-assisted protocol for the oxidative cyclization of acrylamide derivatives with non-activated ketones to generate 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles is described. The reaction proceeds by a copper-catalyzed tandem radical addition/cyclization strategy and tolerates a series of functional groups with moderate to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew is a serious fungal disease in protected melon cultivation that affects the growth, development and production of melon plants. Previous studies have shown that red light can improve oriental melon seedlings resistance to powdery mildew. Here, after inoculation with Podosphaera xanthii, an obligate fungal pathogen eliciting powdery mildew, we found that red light pretreatment increased ethylene production and this improved the resistance of melon seedlings to powdery mildew, and the ethylene biosynthesis gene CmACS10 played an important role in this process. By analysing the CmACS10 promoter, screening yeast one‐hybrid library, it was found that CmERF27 positively regulated the expression of CmACS10, increased powdery mildew resistance and interacted with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR8 (CmPIF8) at the protein level to participate in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis to respond to the red light‐induced resistance to P. xanthii, Furthermore, CmPIF8 also directly targeted the promoter of CmACS10, negatively participated in this process. In summary, this study revealed the specific mechanism by which the CmPIF8‐CmERF27‐CmACS10 module regulates red light‐induced ethylene biosynthesis to resist P. xanthii infection, elucidate the interaction between light and plant hormones under biological stress, provide a reference and genetic resources for breeding of disease‐resistant melon plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equation for the article "Copper-Catalyzed Alkylarylation of Activated Alkenes Using Isocyanides as the Alkyl Source: An Efficient Radical Access to 3,3-Dialkylated Oxindoles" by Y. Zhao and others, published in the journal "Chemical Communications" in 2016.

An operationally simple, environmental friendly, and efficient microwave-assisted protocol for the oxidative cyclization of acrylamide derivatives with non-activated ketones to generate 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 113 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]