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This study constructs a Stackelberg game model between low‐carbon manufacturers and capital‐constrained retailers. Considering the manufacturer's financing model, the manufacturer's investment model, and the internal blended financing model, it studies the optimal wholesale price of manufacturers. This paper investigates the impact of consumers' low‐carbon preference, the financing interest rate of manufacturers, investment ratio, investment return on carbon emission reduction investment, and supply chain pricing. The conditions for low‐carbon supply chain participants to choose the best financing mode and the impact of different financing models on the performance of low‐carbon supply chains were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in children and adolescent patients with chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unclear. A multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III trial was performed. Patients aged 6–17 years, diagnosed with ITP and resistant or relapsed to corticosteroid treatment were included. For the trial, part 1 was exploratory and part 2 was the main analysis, with part 1 determining whether part 2 was stratified by age. Patients in part 1 were treated with rhTPO (the 6‐ to 11‐/12‐ to 17‐year‐old groups; 1:1). Patients in part 2 were randomized (3:1) to receive either rhTPO treatment or placebo. Patients received rhTPO or placebo at a dose of 300 U/kg once daily for up to 14 days. A total of 68 patients were included [part 1 (12 patients), part 2 (56 patients)]. The total response rate (TRR) in part 1 was 50.0% (95% CI: 21.09%–78.91%). For part 2, the TRR was 58.5% (95% CI: 42.11%–73.68%) and 13.3% (95% CI: 1.66%–40.46%) in the rhTPO and placebo groups (FAS) respectively. The difference in TRR between the rhTPO group and placebo group was 45.2% (95% CI: 22.33%–68.08%) and 44.6% (95% CI: 21.27%–67.85%) on the FAS and per‐protocol set (PPS), respectively, which indicates the superiority of rhTPO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charge transport layers are critical components in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for achieving satisfied power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and device stability. However, these layers often bring incompatible interfaces and complex fabrication, limiting the stability and scalability of PSC technology. Here an alternative strategy of salt‐based catalyzer (SBC) is proposed to regulate the heterogeneous nucleation of perovskite, which enables uniform and well‐controlled perovskite coverage directly onto the salt‐treated substrate without electron transport layers (ETLs). By carefully adjusting the cations, anions, and the thickness of SBC, high‐quality perovskite films along with superior buried interfaces suppress the carrier recombination losses and strengthen the interfacial stability, promoting the resultant device to achieve a record PCE of 23.04%, which represents the highest reported efficiency for ETL‐free PSCs. Meanwhile, the SBC technique can be well extended to large‐area, flexible, and module‐based devices. More encouragingly, the SBC‐based unencapsulated devices exhibit remarkable operational stability by retaining over 90% of initial efficiency for 1540 h under illumination and for 6312 h in an air environment. This work provides an advisable way to fabricate efficient and stable ETL‐free PSCs toward reliable and cost‐effective production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are vital for retinal cell function and survival, and there is growing evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to retinal degenerations. Although ARL3 mutations have been linked to multiple forms of retinal degeneration, the relationship between ARL3 and mitochondria remains unexplored. Herein, we investigated the effects of ARL3T31A, ARL3C118F, and ARL3T31A/C118F mutations on mitochondrial function in fibroblasts obtained from patients with ARL3‐related rod‐cone dystrophy. Our findings revealed that these mutations led to a decrease in mitochondrial respiration, an increase in the accumulation mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of ARL3T31A, ARL3C118F, and ARL3T31A/C118F proteins on mitochondria in ARPE‐19 cells. Results showed that ARL3T31A and ARL3T31A/C118F not only affected mitochondrial function but also induced apoptosis in ARPE‐19 cells. Conversely, ARL3C118F primarily influenced cell apoptosis with minimal effects on mitochondrial function in ARPE‐19 cells. Transcriptome analysis further suggested the involvement of respiratory electron transport, response to ROS, and apoptotic signaling pathways in ARL3T31A/C118F cells. Our study demonstrated that ARL3‐related mutations play a significant role in the diversity of mitochondrial function, providing novel insights into the functional analysis of ARL3‐related mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma membrane repair is a fundamental homeostatic process of eukaryotic cells. Here, we report a new function for the conserved cytoskeletal proteins known as septins in the repair of cells perforated by pore-forming toxins or mechanical disruption. Using a silencing RNA screen, we identified known repair factors (e.g. annexin A2, ANXA2) and novel factors such as septin 7 (SEPT7) that is essential for septin assembly. Upon plasma membrane injury, the septin cytoskeleton is extensively redistributed to form submembranous domains arranged as knob and loop structures containing F-actin, myosin IIA, S100A11, and ANXA2. Formation of these domains is Ca2+-dependent and correlates with plasma membrane repair efficiency. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that septins and F-actin form intertwined filaments associated with ANXA2. Depletion of SEPT7 prevented ANXA2 recruitment and formation of submembranous actomyosin domains. However, ANXA2 depletion had no effect on domain formation. Collectively, our data support a novel septin-based mechanism for resealing damaged cells, in which the septin cytoskeleton plays a key structural role in remodeling the plasma membrane by promoting the formation of SEPT/F-actin/myosin IIA/ANXA2/S100A11 repair domains. Synopsis: The septin cytoskeleton is essential for plasma membrane repair. In response to wounding, septins are redistributed in a Ca2+-dependent fashion and are required for the formation of submembranous repair domains. The septin cytoskeleton is required for efficient plasma membrane repair of cells wounded mechanically or by transmembrane pores. The septin cytoskeleton is redistributed in a Ca2+-dependent fashion during plasma membrane repair to form filaments intertwined with F-actin and arranged in knob and loop-like structures. The septins control the formation of sub-membranous repair domains containing F-actin, myosin IIA, S100A11, and ANXA2. The septin cytoskeleton is essential for plasma membrane repair. In response to wounding, septins are redistributed in a Ca2+-dependent fashion and are required for the formation of submembranous repair domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods can carry substantial sediment, posing significant sedimentation hazards in hilly cities. The sedimentation hazard map can reproduce the sediment thickness and extent of an extreme events scenario, playing an important role in sediment risk management. However, current research primarily focuses on modeling the inundation area and depth of floods, while studying sedimentation hazard caused by flash floods in urban areas remains insufficient. This paper aims to address this gap by utilizing a numerical model that simulates hyperconcentrated flow in hilly urban areas using the two‐dimensional hydro‐sediment‐morphological model to compile the cumulative sedimentation hazard map. The model, built upon the open‐source TELEMAC‐MASCARET framework, incorporates Zhang Hongwu's formula to simulate sediment‐carrying capacity, particularly suitable for hyper‐sediment concentration near the riverbed. This paper uses the data of extreme flash flood events in the Wuding River basin in 2017 to simulate and compile the cumulative sedimentation hazard map. The hazard map delineates the sedimentation hazard extent and level attributable to overbank floodplain sedimentation. Notably, the sediment thickness is highest in areas near the levees on both sides of the Dali River. Moreover, the map illustrates the extent of channel erosion resulting from hyperconcentrated floods, which could jeopardize bank stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of Ar and N2 densities at 160–250 km altitude from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) during February 2015–February 2023 are analyzed to provide a comprehensive analysis of their diurnal‐ and zonal‐mean (DZM) structures, and ZM (solar‐synchronous) diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) tides. After applying a solar flux trend correction, multi‐year binning and averaging with respect to longitude, local solar time (LST), latitude and Ls at each height results in the first full global picture of these components of the ZM thermosphere for a single climatological Mars year. The following new observational insights into Mars thermosphere are obtained: The DZM N2 latitude versus Ls (latvsLs) structures contain a prominent latitudinally‐symmetric annual component (∼±25%–35%) due to the eccentricity of Mars orbit around the Sun, and an antisymmetric component (∼±30%–45%) below about 190 km that is seasonally‐symmetric and thus consistent with the tilt of Mars rotation axis. Aperiodic deviations from these symmetries increase with height and are tentatively attributed to dissipation of waves originating in the lower atmosphere. DW1 and SW2 maximize around 200–220 km altitude, suggesting existence of an unknown dissipation mechanism at higher altitudes. The DZM, DW1 and SW2 components of Ar generally exceed those of N2 by factors of 1.4–2.5. The scale heights of Ar and N2 between 205 and 245 km are also employed to derive DZM exosphere temperatures, which reflect aperiodic ∼±15K deviations from the annual‐mean in the latvsLs frame. Key Points: DZM of N2 and Ar densities (160–250 km) at Mars contain periodic latitude‐Ls variabilities due to Mars eccentric orbit and its axial tiltAperiodic latitude‐Ls variabilities in DZM N2 and Ar are potentially attributable to dissipation of waves from the lower atmosphereDZM exosphere temperatures derived from N2 and Ar scale heights (205–245 km) are aperiodic in the latitude‐Ls frame and are of order ±15K [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pansharpening is a vital technique in remote sensing that combines a low‐resolution multi‐spectral image with its corresponding panchromatic image to obtain a high‐resolution multi‐spectral image. Despite its potential benefits, the challenge lies in extracting features from the source images and eliminating artefacts in the fused images. In response to the challenge, a hybrid generative adversarial network‐based model, termed SWPanGAN, is proposed. For better feature extraction, the conventional convolution neural network is replaced with a Swin transformer in the generator, which provides the generator with the ability to model long‐range dependencies. Additionally, to suppress artefacts, a wavelet‐based discriminator is proposed for effectively distinguishing the frequency discrepancy. With these modifications, both the generator and discriminator networks of SWPanGAN are enhanced. Extensive experiments illustrate that our SWPanGAN can generate high‐quality pansharpening images and surpass other state‐of‐the‐art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the seizure course of PCDH19 clustering epilepsy (PCDH19‐CE) in a cohort of female children in China. Method: This ambidirectional cohort study examined 113 female patients with PCDH19‐CE through multicentre collaboration. Prognostic factors for seizure freedom were evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: The median seizure course period from seizure onset was 6 years 6 months. Of 113 patients, 78% and 56% experienced seizure freedom for at least 1 year and at least 2 years respectively. In patients younger than 5 years (n = 30), 5 to 10 years (n = 52), and older than 10 years (n = 31), 57%, 81%, and 94% experienced at least 1 year of seizure freedom, and 32%, 52%, and 84% experienced at least 2 years of seizure freedom, respectively. However, 58% (65 out of 113) relapsed at least once after more than 1 year of seizure freedom without trigger exposure (40%) or because of common triggers, including fever (43%) and antiseizure medication (ASM) reduction (29%). There was an 84% risk of seizure relapse after ASM reduction attempts. The likelihood of seizure freedom decreased with early age at seizure onset and developmental delay. Interpretation: Patients with PCDH19‐CE exhibit increasing seizure freedom with age, but there is a risk of relapse. ASM reduction in children younger than 10 years old requires caution. Patients with early seizure onset and developmental delay have a reduced chance of seizure freedom. What this paper adds: The seizure freedom rate in PCDH19 clustering epilepsy gradually increases with age.The disease course is characterized by relapsing–remitting seizures.Antiseizure medication reduction requires caution for patients younger than 10 years of age.Patients with early seizure onset and developmental delay are less likely to achieve seizure freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitaxial thin films of tantalum‐doped β‐Ga2O3 (Ta‐Ga2O3) are grown on MgO (001) substrates to study the effect of Ta doping on the electrical properties of β‐Ga2O3 films. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show that the films with different Ta doping concentrations are (00l)‐oriented single‐crystalline β‐Ga2O3 without impurity phases. The incorporation of the Ta element modifies the electrical properties of Ta‐Ga2O3 films significantly. At a very low doping ratio of 0.05 mol%, the Ta‐Ga2O3 film showed a minimum resistivity of 2.32 Ω cm and a carrier concentration of 2.48 × 1017 cm−3. The corresponding activation energy of Ta element in the film is 16.8 meV, suggesting that the Ta element is a promising shallow donor dopant. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms that the Fermi level of the Ga2O3 films shifts toward the conduction band minimum after the introduction of Ta ions. These results indicate that the transition metal element Ta could be an effective n‐type dopant for modulating the carrier transport behavior of β‐Ga2O3 films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is a condition linked to preterm birth and neonatal infection and its relationship with various pathological stages in extremely preterm neonates, and with their associated short‐ and long‐term consequences, remains a subject of research. This study investigated the connection between different pathological stages of HCA and both short‐term complications and long‐term outcomes in preterm infants born at or before 32 weeks of gestational age. Methods: Preterm infants born at ≤ 32 weeks of gestation who underwent placental pathology evaluation and were followed‐up at 18–24 months of corrected age were included. Neonates were classified based on their exposure to HCA and were further subdivided into different groups according to maternal inflammatory responses (MIR) and fetal inflammatory responses (FIR) stages. We compared short‐term complications during their hospital stay between the HCA‐exposed and ‐unexposed groups and examined the influence of HCA stages on long‐term outcomes. Results: The HCA group exhibited distinct characteristics such as higher rates of premature rupture of membranes > 18 h, reduced amniotic fluid, early‐onset sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) grades III–IV (P < 0.05). The moderate–severe HCA group displayed lower gestational age, lower birth weight and higher incidence of IVH (grades III–IV) and preterm sepsis compared with the mild HCA group (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the MIR stages 2–3 group showed associations with cognitive impairment and cerebral palsy (P < 0.05), and the FIR stages 2–3 group also showed poor long‐term outcomes and cognitive impairment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Moderate–severe HCA was associated with increased early‐onset sepsis, severe IVH and poor long‐term outcomes, including cognitive impairment and cerebral palsy. Vigilant prevention strategies are warranted for severe HCA cases in order to mitigate poorer clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two ∼2‐week Ultra‐Fast Kelvin Wave (UFKW) events centered on days 158(203) during 2021 are investigated using winds, temperatures, plasma drifts and electron densities (Ne) measured by the Ionospheric CONnections (ICON) mission. Eastward‐propagating longitudinal wave‐1 (s = −1) structures with periods 2.5–4.0d, thought to mainly reflect Ultra‐Fast Kelvin waves (UFKWs), reveal ±45 ms−1 zonal winds (U) at 100 km for both events. Height‐latitude structures of the 3.0(3.5)d‐period UFKWs are obtained for the first time for both temperature (T, 94–120 km) and U (94–280 km) between 12°S and 39°N latitude. Maximum values of 36(29) ms−1 for U and 12(15)K for T occur at 102(106) km altitude and within ±3° latitude. The U‐T peak height displacement remains unexplained. Vertical wavelengths are in the range 36–43 km for both U and T during both events. Concurrent with the E‐region dynamo winds, topside (580 km) F‐region field‐aligned (±20–40 ms−1), meridional (±5–10 ms−1) and vertical (±5–10 ms−1) drift and Ne (±20–40%) 2.5–4.0d s = −1 variations are also measured. These key elements of atmosphere‐ionosphere (A‐I) coupling, contemporaneously measured for the first time, are relevant to testing the internal consistency of A‐I models. The mean wind propagation environment of the UFKWs is also quantified, showing no appreciable effects on the UFKW structures, consistent with modeling and theory. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric Ultra‐Fast Kelvin waves (UFKWs) are eastward‐ and vertically propagating oscillations with periods less than 1 week that are centered on the equator and confined to low latitudes. They are part of a whole spectrum of waves forced by the spatial‐temporal variability of the heat of condensation ("latent heating") that is released when rising moist air forms rain droplets, mainly in the tropics. At high altitudes UFKW reach large amplitudes due to the decrease in ambient density with height. Their growth is curtailed by the viscosity of the atmosphere near 102 km altitude where they reach maximum amplitudes. Here they interact with ionized particles (the ionosphere) and generate electric fields that ultimately drive ionospheric variability at higher altitudes (>200 km), thus presenting an element of "space weather" to navigation and communications systems. In this paper, UFKWs measured in connection with the ICON mission are used to reveal, for the first time, the height and latitudinal structures of temperatures and winds associated with UFKWs in this dissipative regime, and their corresponding effect on the ionosphere. These results can thus serve to assess the internal consistency of models that seek to simulate atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling and related space weather effects induced by the wave spectrum excited in the lower atmosphere. Key Points: First coincident UFKW winds and temperature structures covering 94‐120 km,12°S‐39°N latitude are reportedFirst UFKW wind profiles in the 100‐280 km altitude dissipative regime are reportedFirst contemporaneous measurements of ionosphere response and driving UFKW E‐region dynamo winds are reported [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a notable scarcity of literature addressing the complex affiliation amidst natural resources, water productivity (WPROD), and the food production index (FPI). Existing research focuses on emerging and developing countries, primarily centering on the initial objectives of sustainable development. To bridge this literature gap, our research delves into the nexus of WPROD, FPI, and total land resources (TLRS). Additionally, the study explores the persuasive roles of income (GDP) and renewable energy consumption (REC). Employing time series methodologies, we utilize the DF‐GLS unit root assessment to assess the variable static method and the Bayer‐Hanck test to scrutinize long‐term equilibrium. The primary analysis employs the least squares approach with breakpoints, supplemented by the Robust least squares method for validation. For causal relationships between variables, we deployed the Granger causality approach. Our outcomes disclose that variables are static at the first difference, indicating long‐run equilibrium among all variables. Empirical outcomes suggest a resource curse associated with TLRS, as it negatively influences both WPROD and FPI, regardless of breaks. The increase in coefficients of land resources by 1% causes decrease in water productivity and food production by −0.35% and −0.185%. In contrast, GDP and renewable energy positively impact water productivity and food production index, even in the presence of structural breaks. Robustness checks yield‐mixed outcomes, though the overall results remain significant and consistent with the main methods. Causality analysis indicates a bi‐directional linkage between natural resources, renewable energy, and water productivity, and food production, while GDP demonstrates a uni‐directional linkage in the study. We provide relevant policies under the targets of COP 27 to manage land resources in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of general and central obesity with risk of first cardiometabolic disease (FCMD), cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM), and death. Methods: A total of 86,169 participants who were CMD‐free were included from the Kailuan cohort and categorized into four groups by quartiles of BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR), weight‐adjusted waist index, and waist to height ratio. We defined FCMD as the first onset of diabetes, stroke, or myocardial infarction and CMM as co‐occurrence of at least two CMDs. Multistate models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CI. Results: A total of 18,461 participants developed FCMD, of whom 1476 progressed to CMM, and 10,009 died during follow‐ups. Both general and central adiposity indices increased the risk of transition from baseline to FCMD and from FCMD to CMM. However, compared with the first quartile, the hazard ratio (95% CI) of the fourth quartile of BMI was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80–0.91) for transition from health to death and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.59–0.74) from FCMD to death, whereas the corresponding estimates of WHR were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.14–1.31) and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02–1.32), respectively. Conclusions: Central adiposity indices such as WHR were associated with an increased risk of CMD and mortality, showing no evidence for the obesity paradox and thereby supporting a shift of public focus from BMI only to both general obesity and adiposity distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the associations of baseline and longitudinal cardiovascular health (CVH) measured by 'Life's Essential 8' (LE8) metrics with the risk of diabetes in Chinese people with normoglycaemia or prediabetes. Materials and Methods: A total 86,149 participants without diabetes were enroled from the Kailuan study and were stratified by baseline glycaemic status (normoglycaemia or prediabetes). Cardiovascular health score ranged from 0 to 100 points was categorised into low (0–49), middle (50–79), and high (80–100) CVH status. Cox regressions were used to assess the associations of baseline and time‐updated CVH status with incident diabetes in the overall cohort and across baseline glycaemic statuses. Results: During a median follow‐up of 12.94 (interquartile rage: 12.48–13.16) years, we identified 13,097 (15.20%) cases of incident diabetes. Baseline and time‐updated high CVH status was associated with a lower risk of diabetes, the corresponding hazard ratio (HR) versus low CVH status was 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.31) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.23–0.30) in the overall cohort, respectively. Additionally, the effect of high CVH on diabetes was more prominent in participants with normoglycaemia than those with prediabetes (P < 0.0001), with an HR of 0.26 (95% CI, 0.22–0.31) versus 0.50 (95% CI, 0.41–0.62) for baseline CVH, and 0.25 (95% CI, 0.21–0.30) versus 0.39 (95% CI, 0.32–0.48) for time‐updated CVH. Conclusions: Elevated baseline and longitudinal CVH score assessed by LE8 metrics is associated with a lower risk of subsequent diabetes, especially in normoglycaemic adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The day‐to‐day variability ("weather") associated with the diurnal‐ and zonal‐mean (DZM) circulation, O/N2 ratio and electron density (Ne) of the I‐T system due to tidal "forcing from below" and solar flux and magnetosphere (SM) "forcing from above" during 2021 are delineated, diagnosed and quantitatively compared using a series of model simulations designed to separate these responses with respect to their origins. The external forcings are driven by actual tidal, solar wind, and solar flux observations. Both circulation systems occupy the full extent of the I‐T, and the SM‐forced DZM circulation is 2–3 times more vigorous in terms of vertical and meridional wind magnitudes. Tidal‐driven DZM Ne reductions of up to 30%–40% with respect to those of the fully forced I‐T system occur, mainly between ±30° latitude, compared to SM‐driven increases of up to 15%–20%. In terms of annual variances over this latitude range, tidal‐driven DZM Ne variances exceed or equal those of the SM‐driven variances. The former is mainly controlled by O/N2 ratio vis‐a‐vis tidal‐forced temperature variations above 150 km. While a similar cause‐effect relation exists for the latter, this is superseded by Ne variability associated with solar production. However, DZM I‐T system variability forced from below is underestimated in the simulations in two respects: the effects of gravity waves are omitted, and tidal forcing is represented by 45‐day running means, as compared with the more realistic actual daily variability of SM forcing. These shortcomings should be ameliorated once multi‐satellite missions planned for the future come to fruition. Key Points: Global variabilities of the mean I‐T due to tidal and solar‐magnetospheric (SM) forcing are described, analyzed and quantifiedBoth circulation systems occupy the full latitude‐height domain, and consist of local, regional and global cellular‐like structuresNe variability occurs through O/N2 via tidal‐forced temperatures, and mainly by solar flux changes for the SM‐forced I‐T [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pansharpening aims at fusing a panchromatic (PAN) image and a low‐resolution multispectral (LRMS) image into a high‐resolution multispectral (HRMS) image. In recent years, GAN‐based pansharpening methods have achieved excellent results, but they suffer from inadequate feature preservation and unstable training. To address these issues, a novel GAN‐based model named TriLossGAN is proposed. This method constructs three loss components with the help of the generator and the dual‐discriminator, which are calculated in both the original spatial domain and the transform domain to better preserve high‐frequency and low‐frequency information in the fused image. Additionally, a new training strategy is designed to stabilize the training process. In extensive experiments, the proposed method achieved satisfactory results on three datasets with QNR values of 0.9584 on GaoFen‐2, 0.9601 on QuickBird, and 0.9138 on WorldView‐3. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons demonstrate that TriLossGAN outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of flavonoids and quinolone derivatives were designed, synthesized and, evaluated for their biological activity. Among them, compound 14e showed better inhibition potency against TNKS2 in comparison with G007‐LK, one of the most potent preclinical stage TNKS inhibitor. Molecular docking results showed that 14e occupied both the adenosine and nicotinamide pockets and formed a hydrogen bond with Met1054 of TNKS2. This study provides a lead for the design and discovery of potent and selective TNKS2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In alkaline seawater electrolysis, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is greatly suppressed by the occurrence of electrode corrosion due to the formation of hypochlorite. Herein, a catalyst consisting of MoC nanowires modified with NiFe alloy nanoparticles (NiFe/MoC) on nickel foam (NF) is prepared. The optimized catalyst can deliver a large current density of 500 mA cm−2 at a very low overpotential of 366 mV in alkaline seawater, respectively, outperforming commercial IrO2. Remarkably, an electrolyzer assembled with NiFe/MoC/NF as the anode and NiMoN/NF as the cathode only requires 1.77 V to drive a current density of 500 mA cm−2 for alkaline seawater electrolysis, as well as excellent stability. Theory calculation indicates that the initial activity of NiFe/MoC is attributed to increased electrical conductivity and decreased energy barrier for OER due to the introduction of Fe. We find that the change of the catalyst in the composition occurred after the stability test; however, the reconstructed catalyst has an energy barrier close to that of the pristine one, which is responsible for its excellent long‐term stability. Our findings provide an efficient way to construct high‐performance OER catalysts for alkaline seawater splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are contradictory effects regarding the effect of NAD+ precursor on blood pressure and inflammation. In order to obtain a better viewpoint from them, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of NAD+ precursor supplementation on blood pressure, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT). Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Embase databases were searched using standard keywords to identify all controlled trials investigating the effects of NAD+ precursor on blood pressure, CRP and CIMT. Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were achieved by random‐effects model analysis for the best estimation of outcomes. Results: Twenty‐nine articles (with 8664 participants) were included in this article. Results from meta‐analyses of RCTs from random‐effects models indicated a significant reduction in systolic (SBP) (weighted mean difference (WMD): −2.54 mmHg, p <.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: −2.15 mmHg, p <.001), as well as in CRP (WMD: −.93 mg/L, 95% CI −1.47 to −.40, p <.001) concentrations and CIMT (WMD: −.01 mm, 95% CI −.02 to −.00, p =.005) with the NAD+ precursors supplementation compared with the control group. In addition, a greater effect of supplementation with NAD+ precursors in reducing blood pressure (BP) were observed with the highest dose (≥2 g) and duration of the intervention (>12 weeks), as well as with NA supplementation when compared to NE. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that NAD+ precursor supplementation might have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors such as BP, CRP concentration and CIMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For purely nitrogen‐based multi‐resonance emitters (N‐MR), strategies to integrate emission modulation with high color purity remain exclusive, especially in near‐ultraviolet (NUV) regions. Herein, it is demonstrated for the first time that rationally introducing weak intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to the MR skeleton to modulate the emission from violet to deep‐blue while retaining high color purity is feasible. By replacing the middle phenyl moiety with the pyridine or benzonitrile unit in the solely nitrogen‐based violet MR skeleton of tDIDCz, two proof‐of‐concept emitters, Nm‐ICz and CNm‐ICz, emphasizing mixed excited states of localized excited (LE) transition from the original MR skeleton and emergent transition channel with charge‐transfer (CT) character, successfully realize bathochromic‐shift and polarity‐insensitive fluorescence from 395 nm to 404–407 and 419–421 nm, respectively, while retaining small full‐width at half‐maximums (FWHMs) of 28–37 and 33–43 nm (214‐281 and 237–310 meV). Furthermore, Nm‐ICz shows bright and violet electroluminescence (EL) spectrum with the peak at 412 nm, while CNm‐ICz shows high color purity deep‐blue EL spectrum with the peak at 427 nm, a small FWHM of 42 nm (286 meV), an ultralow y color coordinate of 0.027, and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 3.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of the perovskite absorption layer is critical for the high efficiency and long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The inhomogeneity due to local lattice mismatch causes severe residual strain in low‐quality perovskite films, which greatly limits the availability of high‐performance PSCs. In this study, a multi‐active‐site potassium salt, pemirolast potassium (PP), is added to perovskite films to improve carrier dynamics and release residual stress. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements suggest that the proposed multifunctional additive bonds with uncoordinated Pb2+ through the carbonyl group/tetrazole N and passivated I atom defects. Moreover, the residual stress release is effective from the surface to the entire perovskite layer, and carrier extraction/transport is promoted in PP‐modified perovskite films. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.06% with an ultra‐high fill factor (FF) of 84.36% is achieved in the PP‐modified device, which ranks among the best in formamidinium‐cesium (FACs) PSCs. In addition, the PP‐modified device exhibits excellent thermal stability due to the inhibited phase separation. This work provides a reliable way to improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs by releasing residual stress in perovskite films through additive engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross‐sectional study explored the relationship between violent video game exposure (VVGE) and aggression in left‐behind adolescents (LBAs) in China, taking into account the effects of moral sensitivity and father presence. A cluster sampling design was applied in this study; we recruited 615 adolescents (45.85% male, age range 12–18 years, Mage = 14.70 years, SD = 1.66) from China. The results by using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macro showed that VVGE was positively associated with LBAs' trait aggression and its items, and moral sensitivity played a partial mediating role in these relationships. Moreover, father presence moderated VVGE and LBAs' trait aggression, verbal aggression and hostility. Specifically, at a high level of father presence, the direct effect of VVGE on trait aggression was significantly moderated by increasing the level of father presence, whereas this moderating effect was not significant at a low level of father presence. The results were similar for verbal aggression and hostility. Thus, moral sensitivity and father presence should be considered in prevention and intervention strategies aimed at reducing LBAs' aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal myelination underlies the pathology of white matter diseases such as preterm white matter injury and multiple sclerosis. Osteopontin (OPN) has been suggested to play a role in myelination. Murine OPN mRNA is translated into a secreted isoform (sOPN) or an intracellular isoform (iOPN). Whether there is an isoform‐specific involvement of OPN in myelination is unknown. Here we generated mouse models that either lacked both OPN isoforms in all cells (OPN‐KO) or lacked sOPN systemically but expressed iOPN specifically in oligodendrocytes (OLs‐iOPN‐KI). Transcriptome analysis of isolated oligodendrocytes from the neonatal brain showed that genes and pathways related to increase of myelination and altered cell cycle control were enriched in the absence of the two OPN isoforms in OPN‐KO mice compared to control mice. Accordingly, adult OPN‐KO mice showed an increased axonal myelination, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy imaging, and increased expression of myelin‐related proteins. In contrast, neonatal oligodendrocytes from OLs‐iOPN‐KI mice compared to control mice showed differential regulation of genes and pathways related to the increase of cell adhesion, motility, and vasculature development, and the decrease of axonal/neuronal development. OLs‐iOPN‐KI mice showed abnormal myelin formation in the early phase of myelination in young mice and signs of axonal degeneration in adulthood. These results suggest an OPN isoform‐specific involvement, and a possible interplay between the isoforms, in myelination, and axonal integrity. Thus, the two isoforms of OPN need to be separately considered in therapeutic strategies targeting OPN in white matter injury and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of CO2, Ar and N2 densities from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) between 150 and 200 km altitude during 2015–2022 are analyzed to reveal diurnal (DW1), semidiurnal (SW2) and terdiurnal (TW3) solar‐synchronous tides in Mars thermosphere. Multi‐year‐mean tidal perturbations on a diurnal‐ and zonal‐mean background, corrected for solar flux variations, are reported as a function of latitude (48°S–48°N), altitude and solar longitude (Ls). The DW1, SW2 and TW3 amplitudes at for example, 180 km altitude are of order 90%–120%, 15%–20%, and ≲10% for CO2 and Ar, and roughly 2/3 these values for N2, the latter presumably due to the difference in molecular weight from the other species. Through examination of vertical phase progressions, DW1 is concluded to be mainly excited in situ, but SW2 and TW3 contain significant contributions from tides propagating upward from lower altitudes. By analogy with studies for Earth's thermosphere, the DW1 amplitudes and phases are thought to reflect the combined influences of thermal expansion and vertical winds. Points of agreement and disagreement with DW1, SW2, and TW3 amplitudes and phases derived from the Mars Climate Database are noted and interpreted. Key Points: Global‐scale solar‐synchronous tides are derived from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission/Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer measurements of CO2, Ar, and N2 at Mars, 150–200 kmThe diurnal tide originates mainly in situ; semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides show evidence of upward propagation from belowPoints of agreement and disagreement with the Mars Climate Database are noted and interpreted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received great attention in the fields ranging from antibacterial materials to sensors. Herein, a novel and green strategy based on electrodeposition of polysaccharides (chitosan, carboxylated chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and sodium alginate) is explored to synthesize AgNPs with adjustable particle sizes and their polysaccharide‐based nanocomposite films. These polysaccharides not only serve as the electrodeposited polysaccharide, but also act as the reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs. After the electrodeposition of polysaccharides, homogeneous and smooth deposited films (polysaccharide‐based nanocomposite films) have been generated on the anodic electrodes. Spectral analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirm the existence of AgNPs in the nanocomposite films. The as‐fabricated AgNPs from the electrodeposition of four polysaccharides have different particle sizes ranging from 2.19 to 12.89 nm. The difference in the particle size of AgNPs is related to the different reducibility and stabilizing ability of the polysaccharides. This work provides a facile and controllable new electrodeposition strategy for green synthesis of AgNPs with different sizes and their nanocomposite films, which presents great potential in fabricating AgNPs and their nanocomposites with specific particle sizes and particular properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The monocyte to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) has emerged as a novel inflammatory biomarker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, it has not yet been identified whether MHR can predict the long‐term prognosis of ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the associations of MHR levels with clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) at 3 months and 1 year. Methods: We derived data from the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR‐III). Enrolled patients were divided into four groups by quartiles of MHR. Multivariable Cox regression for all‐cause death and stroke recurrence and logistic regression for the poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 3–6) were used. Results: Among 13,865 enrolled patients, the median MHR was 0.39 (interquartile range, 0.27–0.53). After adjustment for conventional confounding factors, the MHR level in quartile 4 was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.90), and poor functional outcome (odd ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% CI, 1.22–1.76), but not with stroke recurrence (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.85–1.21) at 1 year follow‐up, compared with MHR level in quartile 1. Similar results were observed for outcomes at 3 months. The addition of MHR to a basic model including conventional factors improved predictive ability for all‐cause death and poor functional outcome validated by the C‐statistic and net reclassification index (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Elevated MHR can independently predict all‐cause death and poor functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most cutting‐edge performance binary bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 18% generally use harmful halogenated solvent systems to guarantee the optimal morphology of active layers, urging more investigations on the non‐halogenated solvent processed OSCs and their further large‐scale devices fabrication. Herein, two BTP‐eC9 analogs, BTP‐eC9‐EH and BTP‐eC9‐HD, were synthesized to investigate the effect of alkyl chain length on the solubility and photovoltaic properties systematically. Despite the subtle side‐chain engineering, the PM6: BTP‐eC9‐HD based device exhibited an outstanding PCE of 17.5% and a remarkable fill factor of 79% in the toluene processing binary blend system, which precedes the toluene processing PM6: BTP‐eC9 based binary blend system (17.1%). The combined investigation provides a valuable insight into the modulation of branched alkyl chains, which can serve as an effective approach for adjusting the aggregation and molecular packing of A‐DA′DA‐type Y‐series based non‐fullerene acceptors to balance the materials solubility and solvents selection, thereby achieving high‐performance large‐scale OSCs processed from non‐halogenated solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solely through‐space charge transfer (TSCT)‐type thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters exhibit low radiative decay rates (krs$k_{\rm{r}}^{\rm{s}}$), while solely through‐bond charge transfer (TBCT) type TADF emitters generally suffer from low reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates (kRISC). Here, PhCzSpiroS‐TRZ with versatile spiro‐heterocyclic architecture and an extra donor of 9‐phenyl‐9H‐carbazole are developed as emitter and ideal host for TADF‐ and TADF‐sensitized fluorescence (TSF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) in detail. Abandoning solely TSCT or TBCT process, PhCzSpiroS‐TRZ with multiple charge transfer characteristic exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield of 96.3% and krs$k_{\rm{r}}^{\rm{s}}$ of 2.2 × 107 s−1, which is considerably higher among all the reported TSCT‐TADF molecules. Noticeably, state‐of‐the‐art blue OLEDs using PhCzSpiroS‐TRZ as emitter and sensitizer show maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 33.6% and 32.8%, ranking among TADF materials for achieving EQEs >30% in both TADF‐ and TSF‐OLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: High‐quality radish (Raphanus sativus) genome represents a valuable resource for agronomical trait improvements and understanding genome evolution among Brassicaceae species. However, existing radish genome assembly remains fragmentary, which greatly hampered functional genomics research and genome‐assisted breeding. Here, using a NAU‐LB radish inbred line, we generated a reference genome of 476.32 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 56.88 Mb by incorporating Illumina, PacBio and BioNano optical mapping techniques. Utilizing Hi‐C data, 448.12 Mb (94.08%) of the assembled sequences were anchored to nine radish chromosomes with 40 306 protein‐coding genes annotated. In total, 249.14 Mb (52.31%) comprised the repetitive sequences, among which long terminal repeats (LTRs, 30.31%) were the most abundant class. Beyond confirming the whole‐genome triplication (WGT) event in R. sativus lineage, we found several tandem arrayed genes were involved in stress response process, which may account for the distinctive phenotype of high disease resistance in R. sativus. By comparing against the existing Xin‐li‐mei radish genome, a total of 2 108 573 SNPs, 7740 large insertions, 7757 deletions and 84 inversions were identified. Interestingly, a 647‐bp insertion in the promoter of RsVRN1 gene can be directly bound by the DOF transcription repressor RsCDF3, resulting into its low promoter activity and late‐bolting phenotype of NAU‐LB cultivar. Importantly, introgression of this 647‐bp insertion allele, RsVRN1In‐536, into early‐bolting genotype could contribute to delayed bolting time, indicating that it is a potential genetic resource for radish late‐bolting breeding. Together, this genome resource provides valuable information to facilitate comparative genomic analysis and accelerate genome‐guided breeding and improvement in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tight carbonate reservoir was controlled by various geological factors, and such factors played different roles in buried depths and formations. Therefore, studies related to the factors controlling carbonate reservoir distribution are of great significance for the prediction and evaluation of high-quality dolostone reservoirs. In this paper, we focus on the controlling factor of the submember Ma55 dolostone reservoir in the western Ordos Basin. The main rock types, reservoir pores, physical properties, and pore structure characteristics of the reservoir were analyzed by thin section identification, physical property analysis, and mercury injection, respectively. Then, the main controlling factors of reservoir development were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of palaeostructure, lithofacies palaeogeography, diagenesis, and diagenetic facies. The results show that two kinds of dolostone reservoirs in the submember Ma55 developed in the western Ordos Basin, including intercrystalline pore-type and dissolution pore-type. The former reservoir is primarily characterized by powder-fine dolostone with residual structure, dolomite intercrystalline pore, and micropore with porosity ranging from 2% to 11%. There are three types of pore structures developed in it, such as macropore-medium throat-single peak (MAMS), macropore-fine throat-single peak (MAFS), and medium pore-fine throat-single peak (MEFS). The latter reservoir is mainly featured by powdery crystalline dolostone with gypsum and halite dissolution, moldic pore, and dissolved pore between breccias with a porosity greater than 5%. It consists of two types of pore structures, such as macropore-fine throat-single peak (MAFS) and medium pore-coarse throat-multipeak (MECM). The intercrystalline pore-type dolostone reservoir is mainly controlled by the lithofacies palaeogeographic environment and diagenesis. In specific, the shoal microfacies at the edge of the platform and the active reflux seepage dolomitization are the basic sedimentary environment conditions for reservoir formation and the key to reservoir formation, respectively. The dissolution pore-type dolostone reservoir is primarily influenced by both paleostructure and diagenesis. The relatively high part of the paleostructure provides favorable conditions for the formation of evaporate minerals, and early freshwater dissolution is the key to reservoir formation. This research will provide a theoretical basis for forecasting the favorable distribution areas of different types of dolostone reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tyrosinase is the key enzyme involved in enzymatic browning of plant‐derived foods. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity contributes to the control of food browning. Due to safety regulations or other issues, most identified tyrosinase inhibitors are not suitable for practical use. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, the anti‐tyrosinase activity and mechanism of albendazole and 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole (2‐2‐A‐1HB) were investigated through ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectra, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The anti‐browning effect of albendazole on fresh‐cut apples was then elucidated. RESULTS: Albendazole and 2‐2‐A‐1HB were both efficient tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 of 51 ± 1.5 and 128 ± 1.3 μmol L−1, respectively. Albendazole suppressed tyrosinase non‐competitively and formed tyrosinase–albendazole complex statically. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction were major driving forces in stabilizing the tyrosinase–albendazole complex. While 2‐2‐A‐1HB inhibited the enzyme competitively and quenched its intrinsic fluorescence through a static mechanism, it generated strong binding affinity with tyrosinase through hydrophobic interaction. MD simulations further validated that albendazole/2‐2‐A‐1HB could form stable complexes with tyrosinase and loosened its basic framework structure, leading to a change in secondary structure and conformation. In addition, albendazole could delay the browning of fresh‐cut apples by inhibiting the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, and reducing the oxidation of phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION: This research might provide a deep view of tyrosinase inhibition by benzimidazole derivatives and a theoretical basis for developing albendazole as a potential fresh‐keeping agent. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic cascade reactions are essential for metabolic pathway and biological signal transduction in living cells. More and more attention has been paid to artificial microreactors, which mimic these efficient, methodical, and selective biological cascade catalytic systems in cells. Natural hydrogels such as alginate and chitosan are thought of as suitable materials for matching the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties with extracellular matrix. Inspired by the structures of eukaryotic cells, alginate/chitosan multicompartment microcapsules for enzymatic cascade reaction are developed using an oil‐free gas‐shearing method. Multiple enzymes as biocatalysts are encapsulated in the particles to resemble complex physiological reactions. Biocatalysts, including glucose oxidase and peroxidase in alginate Janus core as a model, sense the external hyperglycemic environment, resulting in insulin release following chitosan shell protonation. The microcapsules show an excellent recyclability, room‐temperature long‐term and anti‐proteolysis stability. The microreactor approach leads to the development of a multi‐enzymatic cascade reaction system and provides an ideal carbohydrate platform to further understand the biomimetic metabolic function of organelles and organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The association between magnesium and outcomes after stroke is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of serum magnesium with all‐cause mortality and poor functional outcome. Methods: We included patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) from the China National Stroke Registry III. We used Cox proportional hazards model for all‐cause mortality and logistic regression model for poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 2–6/3–6) to examine the relationships. Results: Among the 6483 patients, the median (interquartile range) magnesium was 0.87 (0.80–0.93) mmol/L. Patients in the first quartile had a higher risk of mRS score 3–6/2–6 at 3 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.64; adjusted OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04–1.59) compared with those in the fourth quartile. Similar results were found for mRS score 26 at 1 year. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI in first quartile magnesium was 1.40 (1.02–1.93) for all‐cause mortality within 1 year, but became insignificant (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.71–1.50) after adjusting for potential variables. Conclusions: Low serum magnesium was associated with a high risk of poor functional outcome in patients with AIS or TIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of molecular nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH3 in modern industry, production, and life. The photocatalytic reduction of N2 is expected to achieve clean and sustainable NH3 production by using clean solar energy. To date, the new photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of N2 to NH3 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have not been fully developed. The major challenge is to achieve high light‐absorption efficiency, conversion efficiency, and stability of photocatalysts. Herein, the methods for measuring produced NH3 are compared, and the problems related to possible NH3 pollution in photocatalytic systems are mentioned to provide accurate ideas for measuring photocatalytic efficiency. The recent progress of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) photocatalysts at ambient temperature and pressure is summarized by introducing charge transfer, migration, and separation in photocatalytic NRR, which provides guidance for the selection of future photocatalyst selection. More importantly, we introduce the latest research strategies of photocatalysts in detail, which can guide the preparation and design of photocatalysts with high NRR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, red light emitting InP/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by thermal injection method. The results show that the InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs saturable absorbers (SA) have good nonlinear saturable absorption properties with modulation depth of 24.2% and saturation intensity of 0.08 KW cm−2. Then the QD SAs are applied to the erbium‐doped fiber laser (EDFL) ring cavity system, and a mode‐locked laser pulse with a pulse width of 635 fs is generated. In addition, the pulse width is determined by the carrier recovery time, which is closely related to the defect density in the material. A large number of defects are eliminated in the QDs by hydrogen fluoride (HF) treatment, and the pulse width is reduced from 635 to 450 fs. Results of time‐resolved photoluminescence and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) show that HF treatment indeed reduces defects in InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs, indicated by the decrease of the carrier recovery time. This is different from the reported 2D SA materials, which usually reduce the carrier recovery time by increasing the defect density. This study will inspire new applications of QDs in ultrafast photonics and nonlinear optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation and optimization of the buried interfaces are crucial for further improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a general route to modify the interfaces of electron conductor is strategically developed via introducing a well‐designed core@dual–shell structure based on SnO2 nanoparticles grafted by potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). This graded bimolecular strategy is desired as it efficiently decouples the processes of defect healing and crystallization engineering. Synergistic effects of KSCN and PEO lead to superior structural uniformity at the buried interfaces, enhanced charge collection, as well as the suppressed carrier recombination. Consequently, a significant increase of efficiency from 20.0% to 23.01% is achieved, accompanied by a remarkable open‐circuit voltage of 1.19 V and extremely low energy losses down to 0.4 eV. Moreover, this interfacial configuration enables the unencapsulated devices to have greatly improved performance longevity by retaining 87% of initial power after 5112 h storage in air, as well as strong mechanical endurance by maintaining over 80% of initial efficiency after 4700 bending cycles at a curvature radius of 5 mm for flexible devices. This work offers an effective and generally applicable approach for engineering the nanostructured interface to realize stable and efficient PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective piece discusses a set of attentional phenomena that are not easily accommodated within current theories of attentional selection. We call these phenomena attentional platypuses, as they allude to an observation that within biological taxonomies the platypus does not fit into either mammal or bird categories. Similarly, attentional phenomena that do not fit neatly within current attentional models suggest that current models are in need of a revision. We list a few instances of the "attentional platypuses" and then offer a new approach, that we term dynamically weighted prioritization, stipulating that multiple factors impinge onto the attentional priority map, each with a corresponding weight. The interaction between factors and their corresponding weights determines the current state of the priority map which subsequently constrains/guides attentional allocation. We propose that this new approach should be considered as a supplement to existing models of attention, especially those that emphasize categorical organizations. This article is categorized under:Psychology > AttentionPsychology > Perception and PsychophysicsNeuroscience > Cognition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Ultra‐fast" Kelvin waves (UFKWs) serve as a mechanism for coupling the tropical troposphere with the mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere. Herein, solutions to the linearized wave equations in a dissipative thermosphere in the form of "Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs)" are employed to better understand the vertical propagation of the subset of these waves that most effectively penetrate into the thermosphere above about 100 km altitude; namely, UFKWs with periods ≲4 days, vertical wavelengths (λz) ≳30 km, and zonal wavenumber s = −1. Molecular dissipation is found to broaden latitude structures of UFKWs with increasing height while their vertical wavelengths (λz) increase with latitude. Collisions with ions fixed to Earth's magnetic field ("ion drag") are found to dampen UFKW amplitudes, increasingly so as the densities of those ions increase with increased solar flux. The direct effect of ion drag is to decelerate the zonal wind. This leads to suppression of vertical velocity and the velocity divergence, and related terms in the continuity and thermal energy equations, respectively, that lead to diminished perturbation temperature and density responses. Access is provided to the UFKW HMEs analyzed here in tabular and graphical form, and potential uses for future scientific studies are noted. Plain Language Summary: In earth's atmosphere, Kelvin waves (KWs) are eastward‐propagating oscillations with periods of days to weeks that are centered on the equator and confined to low latitudes. They are forced by the spatial‐temporal variability of the heat of condensation ("latent heating") that is released when rising moist air forms rain droplets, mainly in the tropics. As with many atmospheric waves, they propagate vertically and grow exponentially with height in concert with the decrease in atmospheric density and pressure. The KWs that survive the trip from near the surface to about 100 km altitude are called "ultra‐fast" Kelvin waves, or "ultra‐fast" Kelvin waves (UFKWs). Just above 100 km, they reach maximum amplitudes where their exponential growth is curtailed by the viscosity of this part of the atmosphere. Here they interact with ionized particles (the ionosphere) and generate electric fields that ultimately drive ionospheric variability at higher altitudes (>200 km), thus presenting an element of "space weather" to navigation and communications systems. In this paper we model a set of UFKWs to better understand how their amplitudes, vertical and latitudinal structures change as they propagate above 100 km, and in so doing advance our knowledge of the physical processes underpinning near‐earth space weather. Key Points: "Ultra‐fast" Kelvin wave (UFKW) with periods less than about 4 days can effectively penetrate above 100 km altitudeDissipation broadens UFKW latitude structures with increasing height and lengthens vertical wavelengths with increasing latitudeIon drag dampens UFKW amplitudes with increasing efficiency at higher solar activity levels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface engineering is of paramount importance for optimizing carrier dynamics and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but little attention has been paid to understanding and managing the buried interfaces. Here, a molecular bridge strategy is developed to modify the properties of buried interfaces in n–i–p PSCs by introducing a multi‐functional additive 2‐Hydroxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (ChCl) in the bottom SnO2 electron transport layer. The ChCl treatment enables bifacial defects passivation and improved perovskite quality, leading to notably enhanced electron extraction and suppressed non‐radiative recombination at the buried interfaces. As a result, a significantly improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 20.0% to 23.07% with a remarkable open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of up to 1.193 V is achieved, along with superior stability (up to 4000 h) for the unsealed devices under different conditions (moisture, heat and maximum power point). Furthermore, this molecular bridge strategy demonstrates the ability to release the stress in perovskite thin film and simultaneously strengthen the interfacial toughness in flexible PSCs, yielding remarkable mechanical stability and a champion PCE of 21.50%. This study offers deep insights into understanding and engineering the buried interfaces and provides effective strategies to further enhance the performance and stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melanin is a skin pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. The accumulation or over production of melanin can lead to aesthetic problems as well as serious diseases associated with hyperpigmentation. Skin lightening is described as the procedure of using natural or synthetic products to lighten the skin tone or provide an even skin complexion by reducing the amount of melanin in the skin; therefore, skin lightening products help people to treat their skin problems. Ingredients such as hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, and retinoic acid were used as whitening agents to lighten the skin. However, they have many adverse effects on the skin and body health, such as skin irritation. Aim: In this review, firstly, discuss on the directly/indirectly target melanogenesis‐related signal pathways. Secondly, summarize potential natural bioactive ingredients with skin lightening properties from plants, marine organisms, microorganisms. Finally, the remaining problems and future challenges are also discussed. Methods: For relevant literature, a literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and Web of Science. Natural bioactive compounds, tyrosinase inhibitors, and other related topics were researched and evaluated. Results: Natural products isolated from plant and animal resources are potential active cosmetic candidates for lightening the skin tone and skin whitening and protection against UV irradiation. Natural bioactive ingredients as cosmetic whitening additives have attracted increasingly attention due to their safety and cost effectiveness, with few side effects. Conclusion: Although natural active substances have been advocated for use in whitening cosmetics in recent years, there are still many challenges due to the fact that traditional inhibitors are used perennial in cosmetics which cannot be easily changed and the research on natural active substances is still in its infancy. In the future, by improving the extraction technique of natural extracts, it is achieved to give a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the active ingredients of the extracts, to determine the effect of the active components of action, and to find the substances that have the best possible whitening effect in natural organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Over 500 million confirmed cases of COVID‐19 have been recorded, with six million deaths. Thus, reducing the COVID‐19‐related medical burden is an unmet need. Despite a vaccine that is successful in preventing COVID‐19‐caused death, effective medication to relieve COVID‐19‐associated symptoms and alleviate disease progression is still in high demand. In particular, one in three COVID‐19 patients have signs of long COVID syndrome and are termed, long haulers. At present, there are no effective ways to treat long haulers. In this study, we determine the effectiveness of inhibiting mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) signaling in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced lung damage in mice. We showed that phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, a marker for MEK activation, is high in SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected lung tissues of mice and humans. We also showed that selumetinib, a specific inhibitor of the upstream MEK kinases, reduces cell proliferation, reduces lung damage following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and prolongs the survival of the infected mice. Selumetinib has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat cancer. Further analysis indicates that amphiregulin, an essential upstream molecule, was upregulated following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Our data suggest that MEK signaling activation represents a target for therapeutic intervention strategies against SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced lung damage and that selumetinib may be repurposed to treat COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern convolutional neural networks (CNNs)‐based face detectors have achieved tremendous strides due to large annotated datasets. However, misaligned results with high detection confidence but low localization accuracy restrict the further improvement of detection performance. In this paper, the authors first predict high confidence detection results on the training set itself. Surprisingly, a considerable part of them exist in the same misalignment problem. Then, the authors carefully examine these cases and point out that annotation misalignment is the main reason. Later, a comprehensive discussion is given for the replacement rationality between predicted and annotated bounding‐boxes. Finally, the authors propose a novel Bounding‐Box Deep Calibration (BDC) method to reasonably replace misaligned annotations with model predicted bounding‐boxes and offer calibrated annotations for the training set. Extensive experiments on multiple detectors and two popular benchmark datasets show the effectiveness of BDC on improving models' precision and recall rate, without adding extra inference time and memory consumption. Our simple and effective method provides a general strategy for improving face detection, especially for light‐weight detectors in real‐time situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical fiber sensors are very attractive in mechanical structure intelligent health monitoring system due to some unique characteristics, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference and to aggressive environments, high sensitive and fast response, small physical dimension, excellent resolution and range, and so on. For improving the accuracy and reliability of the optical fiber intelligent health monitoring system in practical engineering application, the collaboration and decision-making strategy based on Delphi method for multiagent optical fiber intelligent health monitoring system is studied in this paper. The proposed system is mainly composed of optical fiber sensing agent, intelligent evaluation agent, and system collaborative decision-making agent. The intelligent evaluation agent is used to evaluate the health status of the monitored mechanical structures. Delphi method is used by the system collaborative decision-making agent to consult each intelligent evaluation agent. Meanwhile, the collaborative partner selection algorithm is used to select the intelligent evaluation agent participating in the collaboration, and the intelligent evaluation agent that does not participate in the decision-making is dynamically modified by the decision result. The experiment for an aircraft wing box as the typical engineering structure is carried out and the verification system is designed, the decision result is compared with that without dynamic correction of the evaluation result. The comparative results indicate that the evaluation accuracy and reliability of the monitored mechanical structural damage are improved significantly after multiple rounds of collaboration and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]