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Recent reports on sub‐terahertz (THz) generation from a laser‐irradiated wire might have evaded the most essential contents of the wire radiation dynamics. Here, the origin of terahertz generation from a metal wire is revisited and a comprehensive diagnosis of the terahertz radiation from a 100 µm‐diameter tungsten wire irradiated by an intense femtosecond laser is implemented. For the first time, the long‐neglected but more efficient high‐frequency terahertz radiation is experimentally observed of which the spectra, polarization, tunability, and wire‐length‐dependent intensification are investigated comprehensively. A new picture of the wire radiation dynamics is presented to reveal the origin of the extreme terahertz surface wave, its evolution, and radiation mechanism. This extremely intense and ultrashort half‐cycle surface wave is spontaneously induced by a laser‐driven transient charge‐separation field and evolves into a multi‐cycle surface wakefield structure as it propagates along the wire owing to the self‐interaction between the surface wave and its carrier, the surface current. By manipulating the coupling and transport dynamics of the surface wave on the wire, tunable and intensified THz radiation covering a wide range from 0.1 to 20 THz has been realized, paving the way for broad applications such as terahertz acceleration, bio‐medicine, nonlinear THz science and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusions In cross‐sectional and retrospective research, parental binge eating is associated with their children's eating psychopathology. The current study extended the evidence by cross‐sectionally and longitudinally examining the relation between parental binge eating and binge eating and weight‐control behaviors in the next generation of their adolescent children and young adult children in a population‐based sample.Adolescents (Time 1: M = 14.5, SD = 2.0 years) (n = 2367), followed into adulthood (Time 2: M = 22.1, SD = 2.0 years), and their parents (n = 3664) were enrolled in EAT 2010–2018 and Project F‐EAT 2010. The current study examined parental binge eating, and child binge eating and weight‐control behaviors. Adjusted models covaried for child gender, age, and race/ethnicity.Approximately 7% of adolescents at Time 1 had at least one parent who reported binge eating with no differences by child's age, gender, or race/ethnicity. Having at least one parent experiencing binge eating at Time 1 (vs. not) was associated cross‐sectionally with adolescent children's use of extreme weight‐control behaviors (9.6% vs. 4.8%; Risk Difference [RD] = 4.9%) and associated longitudinally with binge eating during young adulthood (21.1% vs. 11.6%; RD = 9.5%). Other associations did not reach statistical significance.Children of parents with binge eating appear to have elevated risk of extreme weight‐control behaviors during adolescence and binge eating in young adulthood. Clinicians should assess whether eating psychopathology extends to other family members, and offer additional support to parents with binge eating. Further research is needed to identify risk factors in the children of parents with binge eating and to assess strategies for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of semiconducting polymers (SPs) with simultaneous second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) absorption and multimodal phototheranostic functions is highly desired in the field of oncotherapy. Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been acknowledged to possess unique potential in integrating multiple diagnostic and therapeutic modalities into one organic molecule. Nevertheless, SPs are hard to achieve AIE activity due to their extended π‐conjugated skeletons as well as the large and planar configuration of commonly‐used electrophilic acceptor moieties. Herein, an ingenious acceptor dimerization‐based acceptor distortion strategy is proposed in current work by taking advantage of the sterically encumbered acceptors with large and planar structure for the successful construction of AIE‐active SPs. Through further finely adjusting the molecular donor–acceptor interaction strength, one of the obtained AIE‐active SPs named SP3 bearing the highest intramolecular charge transfer effect presented desired NIR‐II absorption and aggregation‐induced NIR‐II fluorescence emission, good reactive oxygen species production ability, as well as superior photothermal conversion performance. Accordingly, SP3 is selected to fabricate into nanoparticles and successfully applied in the NIR‐II laser‐triggered fluorescence‐photoacoustic imaging‐guided photodynamic‐photothermal therapy of tumors. This study represents the first NIR‐II excitable AIE‐active SP, and offers a new perspective on designing advanced multimodal phototheranostic polymers for efficient treatment of malignant tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia. Heart failure (HF) is a disease caused by heart dysfunction. The prevalence of AF and HF were progressively increasing over time. The co‐existence of AF and HF presents a significant therapeutic challenge. In order to provide new ideas for the diagnosis of AF and HF, it is necessary to carry out biomarker related studies. Methods and results: The training set and validation set data of AF and HF patient samples were downloaded from the GEO database, 'limma' was used to compare the differences in gene expression levels between the disease group and the normal group to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified the modules with the highest positive correlation with AF and HF. Functional enrichment and PPI network construction of key genes were carried out. Biomarkers were screened by machine learning. The infiltration of immune cells in AF and HF groups was evaluated by R‐packet 'CIBERSORT'. The miRNA network was constructed and potential therapeutic agents for biomarker genes were predicted through the drugbank database. Through WGCNA analysis, it was found that the modules most positively correlated with AF and HF were MEturquoise (r = 0.21, P value = 0.09) and MEbrown (r = 0.62, P value = 8e‐12), respectively. We screened 25 genes that were highly correlated with both AF and HF. Lasso regression analysis results showed 7 and 20 core genes in AF and HF groups, respectively. The top 20 important genes in AF and HF groups were obtained as core genes by RF model analysis. Four biomarkers were obtained after the intersection of core genes in four groups, namely, GLUL, NCF2, S100A12, and SRGN. The diagnostic efficacy of four genes in AF validation sets was good (AUC: GLUL 0.76, NCF2 0.64, S100A12 0.68, and SRGN 0.76), as well as in the HF validation set (AUC: GLUL 0.76, NCF2 0.84, S100A12 0.92, and SRGN 0.68). The highest correlation with neutrophils was observed for GLUL, NCF2, and S100A12, while SRGN exhibited the strongest correlation with T cells CD4 memory resting in the AF group. GLUL, NCF2, S100A12, and SRGN were most associated with neutrophils in the HF group. A total of 101 miRNAs were predicted by four genes, and GLUL, NCF2, and S100A12 predicted a total of 10 potential therapeutic agents. Conclusions: We identified four biological markers that are highly correlated with AF and HF, namely, GLUL, NCF2, S100A12, and SRGN. Our findings provide theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AF and HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for developing generic metabolic Raman calibration models for in‐line cell culture analysis using glucose and lactate stock solution titration in an aqueous phase and data augmentation techniques. First, a successful set‐up of the titration method was achieved by adding glucose or lactate solution at several different constant rates into the aqueous phase of a bench‐top bioreactor. Subsequently, the in‐line glucose and lactate concentration were calculated and interpolated based on the rate of glucose and lactate addition, enabling data augmentation and enhancing the robustness of the metabolic calibration model. Nine different combinations of spectra pretreatment, wavenumber range selection, and number of latent variables were evaluated and optimized using aqueous titration data as training set and a historical cell culture data set as validation and prediction set. Finally, Raman spectroscopy data collected from 11 historical cell culture batches (spanning four culture modes and scales ranging from 3 to 200 L) were utilized to predict the corresponding glucose and lactate values. The results demonstrated a high prediction accuracy, with an average root mean square errors of prediction of 0.65 g/L for glucose, and 0.48 g/L for lactate. This innovative method establishes a generic metabolic calibration model, and its applicability can be extended to other metabolites, reducing the cost of deploying real‐time cell culture monitoring using Raman spectroscopy in bioprocesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic and inorganic hybrid perovskites are a class of solution‐processable semiconductors that hold significant promise for light‐emitting diode applications. However, the development of efficient blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has remained a critical challenge. Although significant advancements have been achieved in the development of sky‐blue PeLEDs, the performance of pure‐blue and deep‐blue PeLEDs still lags. In this manuscript, by incorporating 1‐cyclohexene‐1‐ethanamine cation (CEA+) into the host 1‐phenylbutylamine cation (PBA+) spacer and fabricating mixed‐cations quasi‐2D perovskites, a homogeneous phase distribution in quasi‐2D perovskite films is achieved through precise tuning of the phase formation energy. The resulting PeLEDs exhibit remarkable performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.8% at 467 nm, which is one of the highest EQEs among the deep‐blue light quasi‐2D PeLED devices with emission wavelengths below 470 nm, Additionally, the device demonstrates a half‐lifetime of ≈ 25 min. Furthermore, the PeLEDs utilizing mixed‐cation perovskite exhibit a stable electroluminescence (EL) spectrum under varying voltage biases, even when the chlorine content in the halogen sites reaches as high as 30%. Overall, this work offers a novel and promising avenue to achieve both high EQE and a stable EL spectrum in blue‐light quasi‐2D PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) light‐activated organic photothermal agent that synchronously enables satisfying NIR‐II fluorescence imaging is highly warranted yet rather challenging on the basis of the overwhelming nonradiative decay. Herein, such an agent, namely TPABT‐TD, was tactfully designed and constructed via employing benzo[c]thiophene moiety as bulky electron donor/π‐bridge and tailoring the peripheral molecular rotors. Benefitting from its high electron donor–acceptor strength and finely modulated intramolecular motion, TPABT‐TD simultaneously exhibits ultralong absorption in NIR‐II region, intense fluorescence emission in the NIR‐IIa (1300–1500 nm) region as nanoaggregates, and high photothermal conversion upon 1064 nm laser irradiation. Those intrinsic advantages endow TPABT‐TD nanoparticles with prominent fluorescence/photoacoustic/photothermal trimodal imaging‐guided NIR‐II photothermal therapy against orthotopic 4T1 breast tumor with negligible adverse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the shortcomings of poor thermal stability, easy migration, and over‐plasticization of the liquid organic phosphorus flame retardant, cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), we employed halloysite nanotube (HNT) as a carrier to load CDP, thus forming a novel composite (HNT‐CDP). The results demonstrated that the CDP loaded into HNT channels was 41 wt%. HNT‐CDP composites exhibited higher thermal stability, water resistance, and flame retardancy than mixtures of HNT and CDP in epoxy resin (EP). With a loading of 15 wt%, the limiting oxygen index of EP/HNT‐CDP increased to 48.3 and achieved a V‐0 rating in UL94 tests. Additionally, HNT‐CDP exhibited better inhibitory effects on the peak heat release rate and total heat release of EP, as well as a longer time to ignition, compared with the mixture. Moreover, as opposed to EP/HNT + CDP, EP/HNT‐CDP exhibited a significant 114.5% increase in tensile strength. These excellent thermal, water resistance, and mechanical properties can be primarily attributed to the loading of CDP by HNT channels. HNT effectively utilizes the channel confinement effect to isolate CDP from directly interacting with EP. The outstanding flame retardancy is mainly due to the synergistic effect between HNT and CDP after the formation of the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent advances in colloidal hydrogels, designing general and robust strategies that enable the controlled fabrication of colloidal hydrogels with strong mechanical properties still proves challenging. Herein, the statistical copolymerization‐induced self‐assembly (stat‐PISA) of monomers with hydrogen bonding ability is developed as a general strategy for colloidal hydrogels with high stretchability, anti‐swelling, and self‐healing abilities. This concept is first verified by the statistical dispersion copolymerization of acrylic acid and diacetone acrylamide, yielding statistical copolymer colloidal particles that further coalesced into a 3D colloidal network due to the hydrogen bonding interactions and hydrophobic microdomains on the colloidal surface. Both the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the colloidal hydrogels can be readily regulated by varying the stat‐PISA formulation. Besides, the colloidal hydrogel is developed as a selective dye adsorbent, with excellent selectivity for positively charged dyes. Due to its anti‐swelling property, the colloidal hydrogel is evaluated as a flexible strain sensor for motion detection underwater. The broad feasibility of this strategy is demonstrated by three additional stat‐PISA formulations, which all yielded colloidal hydrogels with good mechanical properties. This strategy is anticipated to inspire the design of colloidal hydrogels with robust mechanics and tailor‐made functionality, and broaden the potential applications of colloidal hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janus 2D materials have drawn substantial attention recently owing to its extraordinary interface properties and promising applications in optoelectronic devices. However, the scalable fabrication of high‐quality Janus 2D materials is still one of the main obstacles to hinder its implementation in the industry. Herein, a new method (called "chemical breakdown") is developed to obtain large‐area uniform Janus graphene oxide (J‐GO) films with high‐quality. Moreover, the first application of J‐GO in the field of memristive devices is presented for neuromorphic computing. In particular, crossbar arrays of Ag/J‐GO/Au memristive devices that exhibit threshold resistive switching (RS) with enhanced performance are fabricated, e.g., low leakage current (≈10−12 A), low operation voltage (≈0.3 V), high endurance (>12,000 cycles), and electro‐synaptic plasticity. This work provides a novel strategy to obtain large‐area, continuous and uniform Janus 2D films, and proposes a new application for Janus 2D materials in a hot topic (i.e., neuromorphic computing) within the field of solid‐state microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an emerging cancer treatment, requires the development of highly desirable photosensitizers (PSs) with integrated functional groups to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Coordination‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) would provide an alternative approach for combining multiple PSs synergistically. Here, we demonstrate a simple yet powerful strategy of combining conventional chromophores (tetraphenylethylene, porphyrin, or Zn‐porphyrin) with pyridinium salt PSs together through condensation reactions, followed by CDSA to construct a series of novel metallo‐supramolecular PSs (S1–S3). The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dramatically enhanced by the direct combination of two different PSs, and further reinforced in the subsequent ensembles. Among all the ensembles, S2 with two porphyrin cores shows the highest ROS generation efficiency, specific interactions with lysosome, and strong emission for probing cells. Moreover, the cellular and living experiments confirm that S2 has excellent PDT efficacy, biocompatibility, and biosafety. As such, this study will enable the development of more efficient PSs with potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperatures negatively impact the yield and quality of fruit crops. Exogenous melatonin (MT) application has been shown to enhance heat tolerance, but the response of endogenous MT to heat stress, particularly in perennial fruit trees, remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of high temperatures on transgenic apple plants overexpressing the MT biosynthesis gene N‐acetylserotonin methyltransferase 9 (MdASMT9). Endogenous MT protected transgenic plants from heat stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protecting the chloroplasts from damage. Application of MT and overexpression of MdASMT9 also reduced abscisic acid accumulation through promoting MdWRKY33‐mediated transcriptional inhibition of MdNCED1 and MdNCED3, thus inducing stomatal opening for better heat dissipation. Furthermore, MT‐enhanced autophagic activity through promoting MdWRKY33‐mediated transcriptional enhancement of MdATG18a under heat stress. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of endogenous MT and its role in improving basal thermotolerance in perennial fruit trees. Summary Statement: MdASMT9‐mediated melatonin (MT) biosynthesis in apple plants enhanced autophagic activity and protected plants from heat stress. Furthermore, MT‐promoted MdWRKY33‐mediated transcriptional inhibition of MdNCED1 and MdNCED3, thus promoting stomatal opening for better heat dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for crop growth and development, significantly influencing both yield and quality. Melatonin (MT), a known enhancer of abiotic stress tolerance, has been extensively studied. However, its relationship with nutrient stress, particularly N deficiency, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms of MT on N absorption remain unclear. In this study, exogenous MT treatment was found to improve the tolerance of apple plants to N deficiency. Apple plants overexpressing the MT biosynthetic gene N‐acetylserotonin methyltransferase 9 (MdASMT9) were used to further investigate the effects of endogenous MT on low‐N stress. Overexpression of MdASMT9 improved the light harvesting and heat transfer capability of apple plants, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of N deficiency on the photosynthetic system. Proteomic and physiological data analyses indicated that MdASMT9 overexpression enhanced the trichloroacetic acid cycle and positively modulated amino acid metabolism to counteract N‐deficiency stress. Additionally, both exogenous and endogenous MT promoted the transcription of MdHY5, which in turn bound to the MdNRT2.1 and MdNRT2.4 promoters and activated their expression. Notably, MT‐mediated promotion of MdNRT2.1 and MdNRT2.4 expression through regulating MdHY5, ultimately enhancing N absorption. Taken together, these findings shed light on the association between MdASMT9‐mediated MT biosynthesis and N absorption in apple plants under N‐deficiency conditions. Significance Statement: In this study, both exogenous and endogenous melatonin improved the tolerance of apple plants to N deficiency. Melatonin promoted the expression of MdNRT2.1 and MdNRT2.4 through regulating MdHY5, thereby improving nitrate absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bistable reeled composite shells (BRCS) have been widely used in deployable space structures due to advanced properties of light weight and large volume reduction. A finite element simulation and experimental validation to study the transition of BRCS between their two stable states are performed. In this article, multiscale representative volume element (RVE) modeling is used to compute the equivalent mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy plain woven fabrics that were utilized to construct the deployable composite laminates, followed by experimental verification. The deformation characteristics and strain energy distribution of the deployable composite shell (DCS) during snap through and coiling up are investigated using finite element analysis (FEA) and verified by strain‐gauge and digital image correlation (DIC) tests. The results show that the strain energy distribution in the snap through and coiling up of the carbon/epoxy plain woven BRCS with laminate stacking sequence of [+45/−45] is approximately symmetric. Additionally, an offset phenomena is observed during the coiling up of the BRCS in the finite element modeling. A parametric analysis is complemented to investigate effects of fiber angles on the deformation characteristics and strain energy distribution of the shell structures during snap through and coiling up. Highlights: Shell deformation during snap through and coiling up was investigated.DIC test was performed to capture the shell deformation.Strain energy distribution of the deployable composite shell was discussed.Offset phenomena are observed during the coiling up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straighthead disease substantially reduces crop yield, posing a significant threat to global food security. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) is the causal agent of straighthead disease and is highly toxic to the reproductive tissue of rice. However, the precise physiological mechanism underlying DMA toxicity remains unknown. In this study, six rice varieties with varying susceptibility to straighthead were utilized to investigate the growth performance and element distribution in rice panicles under DMA stress through pot experiments, as well as to explore the physiological response to DMA using transcriptomic methods. The findings demonstrate significant variations in both DMA accumulation and straighthead sensitivity among cultivars. The susceptible varieties exhibited higher DMA accumulation indices and displayed typical symptoms of straighthead disease, including erect panicles, deformed rachides and husks, and reduced seed setting rate and grain yield when compared to the resistant varieties. Moreover, DMA addition promoted mineral nutrients to accumulate in rachides and husks but less in grains. DMA showed preferential accumulation in rice grains with a distribution pattern similar to that of Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) within the panicle. Transcriptome analyses underscored the substantial impact of DMA on gene expression related to mineral metabolism. Notably, DMA addition significantly up‐regulated the expression of pectin methylesterase, pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, and exogalacturonase genes in Nanjingxiangzhan, while these genes were down‐regulated or weakly expressed in Ruanhuayou 1179. The alteration of pectin metabolic pathways induced by DMA may lead to abnormality of cell wall assembly and modification, thereby resulting in deformed rice panicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is an important risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore the specific effect of CM on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain functional connectivity (FC) in MDD patients. Methods: A total of 150 subjects were collected including 55 MDD patients with CM, 34 MDD patients without CM, 19 healthy controls (HC) with CM, and 42 HC without CM. All subjects completed MRI scans and neuropsychological tests. Two‐way analysis of covariance was used to detect the main and interactive effects of disease and CM on CBF and FC across subjects. Then, partial correlation analyses were conducted to explore the behavioral significance of altered CBF and FC in MDD patients. Finally, a support vector classifier model was applied to differentiate MDD patients. Results: MDD patients represented increased CBF in bilateral temporal lobe and decreased CBF in right visual cortex. Importantly, significant depression‐by‐CM interactive effects on CBF were primarily located in the frontoparietal regions, including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and parietal cortex. Moreover, significant FC abnormalities were seen in OFC‐PFC and frontoparietal‐visual cortex. Notably, the abnormal CBF and FC were significantly associated with behavioral performance. Finally, a combination of altered CBF and FC behaved with a satisfactory classification ability to differentiate MDD patients. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of frontoparietal and visual cortices for MDD with CM experience, proposing a potential neuroimaging biomarker for MDD identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐photon fluorescence (3PF) imaging excited at 1700 nm window is an enabling technology for visualizing deep brain structures and dynamics. Recently, the 2200 nm window has emerged as the longest excitation window suitable for deep‐brain 3PF imaging. Bright fluorescent probes lay the material basis for deep‐brain 3PF imaging. Among various fluorescent probes, aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have great potential in 3PF imaging excited at the 1700 nm window in vivo. However, to the best of knowledge, there is no AIEgens applicable to 3PF imaging excited at both the 1700 and 2200 nm windows. To readily fill this gap, here this study designs and synthesizes a novel AIEgen, namely TPE‐DPTT‐ICP, which generates bright 3PF signals excited at both 1700 and 2200 nm. The accordingly fabricated TPE‐DPTT‐ICP nanoparticles (NPs) possess excellent water dispersibility, colloidal stability, biocompatibility, photostability and large 3P action cross section, key to in vivo imaging. In mouse brain in vivo, TPE‐DPTT‐ICP NPs enable deep‐brain 3PF imaging of subcortical structures excited at both the two windows, reaching depths of 1640 and 880 µm below the brain surface, respectively. TPE‐DPTT‐ICP NPs are thus a versatile material simultaneously catering to the need at two infrared optical windows with deep tissue penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a three‐dimensional star‐like double‐arrow lattice is proposed, which is inspired by the double‐arrow structure. Based on Bloch's theorem and finite element method, the calculation program is made up and the band structures are calculated. The calculation results demonstrate that the bandgap property of the double‐arrow lattice is improved compared with that of a cross lattice. The parametric study is carried out and geometric parameters have strong effects on the bandgap property. As the angle between the external edge and symmetric line increases, the total bandgap width increases apparently, and the opening frequency of low‐order bandgap decreases. This phenomenon reflects that the low‐frequency bandgap property is improved. Via the isosurface of phase velocity and group velocity, the anisotropy is investigated. Strong anisotropy and energy focus appear, which can be used to design waveguides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an efficient and biologically based process for producing silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) using crude polysaccharides extracted from Perilla frutiscences plants (PFCPS). The PFCPS serves as both a reducing agent and a capping agent during Ag‐NP formation. Characterization of the synthesized Ag‐NPs was performed through various techniques such as Ultraviolet‐Visible (UV‐Vis) absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (X‐RD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). Antioxidant properties of the Ag‐NPs were evaluated using DPPH, reducing power, and ABTS free radical assays, revealing their potential use as antioxidants. Additionally, Ag‐NPs displayed promising antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, suggesting their potential for application in medical and healthcare products for the prevention and treatment of infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating the ultralong excitation wavelength, high extinction coefficient, and prominent photothermal conversion ability into a single photothermal agent is an appealing yet significantly challenging task. Herein, a precise dual‐acceptor engineering strategy is exploited for this attempt based on donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type semiconductor polymers by subtly regulating the molar proportions of the two employed electron acceptor moieties featuring different electronic affinity and π‐conjugation degrees, and making full use of the active intramolecular motion‐induced photothermal effect. The optimal polymer SP4 synchronously shows desirable second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) absorption, an extremely high extinction coefficient, and satisfactory photothermal conversion behavior. Consequently, the unprecedented performance of SP4 NPs on 1064 nm laser‐excited photoacoustic imaging (PAI)‐guided photothermal therapy (PTT) is demonstrated by the precise tumor diagnosis and complete tumor elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the first time, we used cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride (CH) as the third monomer to terpolymerize with carbon dioxide (CO2) and propylene oxide (PO) under the catalysis of zinc glutarate (ZnGA). Incorporating cis‐CH (C‐CH) and trans‐CH (T‐CH) into poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) improved the thermal and mechanical properties and increased the polymer molecular weight and yield. T‐CH showed better improvement than C‐CH because of its twist‐chair form. PPC‐CH containing 3% T‐CH exhibits the glass transition temperature (Tg) and maximum weight thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) at 38.6 and 263°C, respectively, and shows the Young's modulus and tensile strength about 2.9 GPa and 40.5 MPa, respectively, which has comparable mechanical properties to commercial poly(butylene succinate), polypropylene, and high‐density polyethylene. PPC‐CH may form a novel method to recover CO2 in the form of polymers for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although researchers have been exploring therapeutic strategies of treating serious periodontal tissue loss, including the application of stem cells, tissue regeneration of the periodontal complex involving cementum, periodontium, and alveolar bone has hardly been achieved. Aiming at tackling the problem of severely damaged periodontal complex, it is worth trying to make advantages of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells to tissue regeneration mimicking the physiological developmental process with their ability of cementum, bone, and periodontium formation. Methods: HERS cells and dental follicle cells (DFCs) were acquired from Sprague Dawley rats' molar germs and identified by immunofluorescence. Alizarin red assay, ALP staining, AKP test, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot were conducted to confirm the osteogenic potential, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) character of harvested HERS cells and epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction (EMI) with DFCs. An animal model of periodontal defect was constructed to testify the tissue regeneration ability in vivo. Micro‐CT and histological examinations were interpreted to unveil the tissue repair outcomes. Results: HERS cells expressed strong epithelial cell markers CK14 and E‐cadherin. The in vitro experiments overall showed the concretely enhanced osteogenic differentiation ability in either HERS group or HERS+DFC group. Meanwhile, the in vivo conduction of rat mandibular periodontal repair experiment showed regenerative effectiveness of periodontal complex structure in both HERS and HERS+DFC group in situ, testified by Micro‐CT and histological analysis. Conclusions: HERS cells show potential for periodontal tissue regeneration which suggests the future possibilities of being considered as one of the cell choices for severely damaged periodontal tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper‐based metal halide scintillators have received increasing attention due to their high light yield and nontoxicity. However, the synthetic methods are still not feasible for actual commercialization for the difficulty in scaling up and the absence of green chemical footprint. Herein, we report a new, simple, aqueous synthetic method for the mass production of highly purified and crystallized Cs3Cu2Cl5 powder by a room‐temperature reaction between a saturated aqueous solution of CsCl and a saturated hydrochloric acid solution of CuCl. The product exhibits a photoluminence peak centering at 527 nm (FWHM = 106.7 nm) and a quantum yield (PLQY) of 97%. A prototype X‐ray imaging detector is fabricated by coupling a large area scintillation screen prepared by blade coating of Cs3Cu2Cl5 powder and a commercial thin‐film transistor (TFT) panel (16 cm × 13 cm, 125 µm pixel size) with readout circuit. The device exhibits a high spatial resolution of 4 lp mm−1, exceeding the theoretical limit of the TFT panel, and an excellent dynamic imaging ability. In short, this work demonstrates an efficient novel synthetic method of Cs3Cu2Cl5 and its application as X‐ray imaging device, providing an applicable solution for its future commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of materials play a significant role in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Advanced triboelectric materials for TENGs have attracted tremendous attention because of their superior advantages (e.g., high specific surface area, high porosity, and customizable macrostructure). These advanced materials can be extensively applied in numerous fields, including energy harvester, wearable electronics, filtration, and self‐powered sensors. Hence, designing triboelectric materials as advanced functional materials is important for the development of TENGs. Herein, the structural modification methods based on electrospinning to improve the triboelectric properties and the latest research progress in this kind of TENGs are systematically summarized. Preparation methods and design trends of nanofibers, microspheres, hierarchical structures, and doping nanomaterials are highlighted. The factors influencing the formation and properties of triboelectric materials are considered. Furthermore, the latest progress on the applications of TENGs is systematically elaborated. Finally, the challenges in the development of triboelectric materials are discussed, thereby guiding researchers in the large‐scale application of TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression of osteoarthritis is associated with chronic synovitis caused by synovial macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory M1 polarization. Accordingly, repolarization of macrophages from the M1 to M2 phenotype by nanoagents is proposed as a potential treatment strategy. However, achieving adequate effects using intra‐articular injected agents is challenging due to the rapid drug clearance from the joint space and poor efficiency of nanoparticles endocytosis by synovial macrophage cells. Herein, apoptotic chondrocyte membrane‐coated, quercetin‐loaded metal‐organic framework nanoparticles as immunomodulators for treating osteoarthritis are reported. The apoptotic chondrocyte membrane‐camouflaged nanoparticles containing various natural "eat me" signals can be easily disguised as chondrocyte apoptotic bodies in the joints, and thus are more easily phagocytized by synovial macrophages similarly to efferocytosis. Furthermore, the released quercetin promotes the polarization of synovial macrophages to the M2 phenotype and also inhibites the apoptosis of articular chondrocytes. In vivo results suggest that such a "Trojan horse" strategy can extend the retention time of nanoparticles in osteoarthritis joints and improve treatment efficacy. Collectively, it is hoped that this study can offer a potential and universal platform for engineered cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles to resolve inflammation by simulating specific inflammatory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large‐scale genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have reported multiple risk variants for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about how these reported risk variants confer risk of PD. Objective: To nominate genes whose genetically regulated expression in dopaminergic neurons may have a causal role in PD. Methods: We conducted a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study by integrating large‐scale genome‐wide associations and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data from dopaminergic neurons. Results: MR analysis nominated 10 risk genes whose genetically regulated expression in dopaminergic neurons may have a causal role in PD. These MR significant genes include FAM200B, NDUFAF2, NUP42, SH3GL2, STX1B, CCDC189, KAT8, PRSS36, VAMP4, and ZSWIM7. Conclusions: We report the first MR study of PD by using dopaminergic neuron‐specific eQTL and nominate novel risk genes for PD. Further functional characterization of the nominated risk genes will provide mechanistic insights into PD pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are essential oxidative metabolites of organisms, which are closely related to physiological, pathological and pharmacological processes. The accurate detection of ROS/RNS is important for the understanding of biological processes, monitoring of pharmacological effects, and predicting the course of disease. The recently developed NIR nanoprobes based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) hold great prospects in sensitive and deep‐tissue detection of ROS/RNS, and considerable progress has been achieved so far. In this review, we systematically summarize the up‐to‐date advances of UCNPs‐based near‐infrared (NIR) probes for ROS/RNS sensing, and the potential challenges and perspectives for further research are also highlighted. We envision that such a research field will have a bright future for modern biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low‐cost compact omnidirectional antenna is presented. By directly folding a rectangular‐shaped copper plate into an open‐loop structure, two resonant modes are generated for tri‐band operation. The shape of the rectangular has the highest yield in stamping processes for massive production. Two shorting stubs are loaded symmetrically to reduce the height of the antenna while keeping omnidirectional radiation. Moreover, a compact ground is utilized, making it more suitable to be installed on the PCB of routers. To validate the design, a prototype has been fabricated and measured. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are 2.38–2.52 GHz (4.90%) and 4.16–7.40 GHz (56.06%). The gain variation in the whole operating band is less than 2.5 dB. The antenna profile and ground size are miniaturized to 0.14λ0 and 0.52λ0, respectively. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for Wi‐Fi 6 and 6E routers, with the merits of low cost, compact size, and ease of massive production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We describe one rare case of successful ablation of a right epicardial accessory pathway (AP) via the right ventricular diverticulum in a patient with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome. Methods: A 42‐year‐old woman was referred to the hospital for a catheter ablation of Wolf‐Parkinson‐White syndrome. The earliest activation was shown to be present in the region of the tricuspid annulus. However, ablation had no effect on the AP. Results: We decided to do a selected angiography, in which a big diverticulum near the right tricuspid annulus was shown to be present. Ablation in this region successfully repressed the AP without any recurrences within a follow‐up period of 12 months. Conclusion: The ventricular diverticulum‐mediated AP is a novel variant of pre‐excitation. It can serve as an anatomical substrate of supraventricular tachycardia, and can be ablated endocardially using an irrigation tip catheter within the diverticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorophores lay the material basis for tissue labeling and fluorescence imaging, especially for deep‐brain multiphoton microscopy (MPM) in animal models. Among various fluorescent materials, those with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics, i.e., AIEgens, have excellent optical properties and biocompatibility and thus have found widespread applications in biomedical imaging. However, their application to deep‐brain MPM has so far been limited in imaging depth, which undoubtedly poses a hindrance to neurological research aiming to probe the deeper brain. In order to address the issue, here a novel bright AIEgen, namely MTTCM, is designed and synthesized via facile reactions routes. The self‐assembled MTTCM nanoparticles (NPs) with their water‐dispersible feature, have good biocompatibility and good photostability. Furthermore, they are spectrally advantageous for deep‐brain MPM: their emission lies in the NIR‐I region, they generate 3‐photon fluorescence with NIR‐III excitation and show only a slight blue‐shift in the emitted 3‐photon fluorescence in vivo. From a fundamental photochemical perspective, it is also confrimed that MTTCM NPs obey Kasha's rule since the measured 3‐photon and 1‐photon fluorescence spectra overlap. All these merits make MTTCM NPs the enabling fluorophores for record depth in brain imaging in vivo: 1905 µm after craniotomy and 1100 µm through an intact skull, excited at 1660 nm. Furthermore, a record 752 µm hemodynamic imaging depth before craniotomy is demonstrated, from which the blood flow speed can be measured. MTTCM NPs are thus promising fluorophores for deep‐brain 3‐photon imaging in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic photothermal immunotherapy has captured great attention owing to the mutually strengthening therapeutic outcomes towards both original tumors and abscopal tumors. Herein, a versatile theranostic agent displaying aggregation‐induced emission, namely TPA‐BT‐DPTQ, was designed and prepared based on benzo[c]thiophene unit as a building block; it can be used for simultaneous fluorescence imaging (FLI) in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), photothermal imaging (PTI), and thermal eradication of tumors. Further experiments validate that photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by TPA‐BT‐DPTQ nanoparticles not only destroys the primary tumor but also enhances immunogenicity for further suppressing the growth of tumors at distant sites. Furthermore, PTT combining a programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibody prevents the metastasis and recurrence of cancer by potentiating the effect of immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between tibiofemoral rotation and patellar maltracking in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. Methods: A total of 143 consecutive knees (118 patients) with clinically diagnosed recurrent patellar dislocation from January 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patellar tilt angle and bisect offset index were recorded on axial CT to assesses the severity of patellar maltracking. Tibiofemoral rotation angle is measured by comparing the angle between the posterior femoral and tibial condylar lines on three‐dimensional CT. The Pearson correlation was calculated to investigate the association between tibiofemoral rotation angle and patellar maltracking. Patients were divided into the rotation group (≥15°) and control group (<15°) based on the value of tibiofemoral rotation and a further comparison was performed. To further clarify the complicated relationship among tibial tubercle‐trochlear groove (TT‐TG), tibial tubercle‐posterior cruciate ligament distance (TT‐PCL), tibiofemoral rotation, and patellar maltracking, patients were divided into four subgroups according to the value of TT‐TG and TT‐PCL. Results: The mean preoperative tibiofemoral rotation angle was 12° ± 6° (range, 0°–31°). Pearson correlation between patellar maltracking parameters (bisect offset index, patellar tilt angle) and various bony deformities found that the tibiofemoral rotation angle was moderately correlated with bisect offset index (r = 0.451, p < 0.001) and patellar tilt angle (r = 0.462, p < 0.001). Further results demonstrated that bisect offset index (152.1 vs 121.2, p < 0.001) and patellar tilt angle (41.2° vs 33.5°, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the rotation group than that in control group. For patients with a TT‐TG distance of >20 mm, the increased TT‐TG distance was mainly caused by tibiofemoral rotation angle in group C (TT‐TG > 20 mm, TT‐PCL < 24 mm) and predominantly induced by tibial tubercle lateralization in group D (TT‐TG > 20 mm, TT‐PCL > 24 mm). Bisect offset index and patellar tilt angle were significantly higher in the group C than group D. Conclusion: The increased tibiofemoral rotation angle is associated with patellar maltracking in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. Patients with increased tibiofemoral rotation angle usually have more severe patellar maltracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping is a simple and effective method to change material properties. In this work, in order to improve the flame retardant performance of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanosheets in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), for the first time, iron and tin ions were doped into BiOCl (Fe‐BiOCl and Sn‐BiOCl) via a doping approach, respectively. X‐ray diffraction and morphology characterization confirmed that the Fe and Sn ions were doped into the BiOCl lattices, respectively. After doping, PVC composites obtained superior flame retardancy and smoke suppression. With the adding amount of 3 wt% Fe‐BiOCl and Sn‐BiOCl, the UL‐94 test rating of the PVC composites reached V‐0, and the peak of heat release rate reduced by 38% and 34%, total smoke production decreased by 55% and 42%, respectively, compared to neat PVC. Thermogravimetric and Thermogravimetric‐Fourier Transform Infrared results showed that Fe or Sn doping could further reduce organic volatiles in the gas‐phase and improve char residual in the condensed phase, both of which contribute to reducing fire hazards. Tensile properties and tensile modulus of PVC composites increased. In short, it is an economically effective approach targeting to improve the comprehensive properties of PVC through doping Fe or Sn into BiOCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of versatile nanotemplate bearing inherent distinctive functions and prominent drug‐carrying capability is an appealing yet significantly challenging task. Here, inspired by the guiding role of surfactant in preparing nanoparticles, an amphiphilic aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer, namely MeOTTVP, is synthesized with attractive near‐infrared (NIR) emission and high‐performance reactive oxygen species production, and followed by dual‐templating‐assisted one‐pot method involving MeOTTVP as the skeleton to fabricate organosilica nanoparticles (AIE‐ONs). The presented AIE‐ONs perfectly inherit the functions of MeOTTVP, and are also capable of loading antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Doxorubicin can be assembled on AIE‐ONs and then capped with hyaluronic acid, endowing the resulting hybrid with NIR fluorescence imaging‐guided synergetic photodynamic/chemotherapy performance, thereby offering boosted anticancer efficacy and reduced side effects. Furthermore, by loading antibiotic rifampicin, the newly obtained AIE‐ONs integrating chemo‐photodynamic antibacterial functions provide broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity and fluorescence monitoring behavior. This study thus not only offers a promising strategy to fabricate NIR nanoparticles on a large scale, but also provides useful insights into designing an advanced theranostic protocol for treating both cancer and bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem cell–based therapy offers great promise for a wide range of diseases and injuries that cannot be effectively treated by existing medicine and therapies. However, the translation of stem cell therapy to the clinic is still hampered by the lack of profound understanding about the survival, differentiation, migration, homing, and fate of the transplanted stem cells during the therapy. To address these issues, computed tomography (CT) based on nanomaterials, in particular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), has been developed for enhanced and long‐term imaging tracking of transplanted stem cells. In this Mini‐Review, we summarize the recent progress in AuNP‐based CT imaging tracking of stem cells, with focuses on new strategies to improve cellular uptake of AuNPs for better CT imaging contrast, and on multimodal imaging tracking of stem cells in vivo. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and possible future developments of the AuNP‐based CT imaging tracking of stem cells for regenerative medicine and other biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica was dual layer surface‐capped by hexamethyldisilamide (HMDS) and epoxy‐terminated ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) via an in situ synthesis route to acquire greatly improved compatibility and interfacial interactions with solution polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SSBR/BR). The as‐prepared HMDS/EVA‐SiO2 was used to reinforce SSBR/BR matrix so as to improve the wet skid resistance and wear resistance, and reduce the rolling resistance of the rubber–matrix composite. Besides, the as‐fabricated HMDS/EVA‐SiO2 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy; and the tensile strength and tear resistance of the HMDS/EVA–SiO2/SSBR/BR composites were measured with a universal testing machine. Moreover, an Akron abrasion test was performed to determine the abrasion volume of SiO2–SSBR/BR composites; and a rotary rheometer was run to evaluate the dynamic mechanical properties of the vulcanized rubber‐matrix composites. Findings indicate that the EVA resin latex synthesized by emulsion polymerization can effectively improve the compatibility and forms a permeability layer between the rubber and nano‐silica of the composites. The as‐fabricated HMDS/EVA‐SiO2‐SSBR/BR composite exhibits greatly improved wear resistance and wet skid resistance as well as significantly reduced rolling resistance, showing potential as green tire tread material with increased security and service life as well as reduced energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) foam has wide applications due to good flame retardancy, excellent sound absorption, and high thermal stability. However, the recycling of MF foam wastes remains a challenge due to its thermosetting nature. Here, we demonstrate a new strategy for discarded foams as solid adsorbents for removing tin ions in simulated tin‐containing wastewater. Results showed that the removal rate of tin in simulated wastewater is as high as 99.996%. Moreover, after simple calcination, as‐obtained products can be used as high‐efficiency flame retardants for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), reducing the peak of heat release rate and total smoke production of PVC by 51.8% and 45.8%, respectively, under the condition of 2.5 wt.% addition. In short, this strategy successfully converted MF foam and tin wastewater to valuable flame retardants, opening the way for the environmentally friendly recycling of MF waste and the simultaneous treatment of tin‐containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]