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Background: Recent advancements in dermatological therapeutics have highlighted the need for treatments that enhance skin regeneration and healing. Diamond‐Augmented Zinc Oxide (ND‐ZnO) technology combines zinc oxide with diamond particles in a unique core‐shell structure, offering a multifaceted approach to overall skin health. Aims: This study evaluates the efficacy of ND‐ZnO in promoting human dermal fibroblast migration and growth, enhancing total collagen synthesis, and improving transdermal delivery of active ingredients as a daily comprehensive skin regeneration topical therapy. Patients/Methods: In vitro assays assessed wound healing, collagen production, and skin absorption. Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) were used in scratch wound assays. Collagen synthesis was quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Permeation tests were performed on reconstructed human epidermal tissues to evaluate niacinamide absorption. Clinical case studies validated ND‐ZnO efficacy in post‐CO₂ laser treatments and Actinic Keratosis removal recovery. Results: ND‐ZnO increased HDF migration by 198% compared to controls. Collagen synthesis assays showed a 71.3% restoration of collagen production in aged HDFs. Skin permeation studies revealed a 203% increase in niacinamide skin absorption with ND‐ZnO. Clinical case studies demonstrated faster and more effective healing post‐ablative CO₂ laser and significant improvements in Actinic Keratosis recovery. Conclusions: ND‐ZnO technology enhances wound healing, collagen synthesis, and active ingredient delivery, offering substantial benefits for daily skin regeneration and other dermatological applications. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing dermatological therapeutics, providing comprehensive skin care solutions that address both protective and regenerative needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is relatively scarce data regarding the association between primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and incident diabetes in large population‐based longitudinal studies. We aimed to evaluate the risk of incident diabetes in individuals with and without PHPT and investigate the association between serum calcium concentrations and the risk of incident diabetes in patients with PHPT. Methods: We included 2749 PHPT patients and 13,745 age, sex and index year matched non‐PHPT individuals during 2000–2019. We used Cox regression models to compare the risk of incident diabetes in individuals with and without PHPT, and the risk of incident diabetes in PHPT patients with serum calcium concentration above and below the median value. The association between serum calcium concentrations and the risk of incident diabetes was examined by restricted cubic spline analyses in patients with PHPT. Results: During a median follow‐up time of 5.17 years (IQR 2.17, 9.58), 433 patients (15.75%) with PHPT and 2110 individuals (15.35%) without PHPT developed diabetes, respectively. Patients with PHPT had a higher incidence rate of diabetes compared to non‐PHPT individuals (27.60 [95% CI 25.00, 30.30] vs. 23.90 [95% CI 22.80, 24.90] per 1000 person‐years, log‐rank test p =.007]. Crude Cox regression model showed PHPT was associated with a 15% higher risk of incident diabetes (HR 1.15, 95%CI 1.04, 1.28). In patients with PHPT, a 44% higher risk of incident diabetes was found in patients with serum calcium concentrations above the median value (2.63 mmol/L), compared to those below the median value (HR 1.44, 95%CI 1.08, 1.90). Restricted cubic spline analyses confirmed a positive linear association between serum calcium concentrations and the risk of incident diabetes in those with PHPT (p‐value for nonlinear =.751) Conclusions: Patients with PHPT had a higher risk of incident diabetes compared to non‐PHPT individuals. A positive linear association was found between serum calcium concentrations and the risk of incident diabetes in patients with PHPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed evolution generates novel biomolecules with desired functions by iteratively diversifying the genetic sequence of wildtype biomolecules, relaying the genetic information to the molecule with function, and selecting the variants that progresses towards the properties of interest. While traditional directed evolution consumes significant labor and time for each step, continuous evolution seeks to automate all steps so directed evolution can proceed with minimum human intervention and dramatically shortened time. A major application of continuous evolution is the generation of novel enzymes, which catalyze reactions under conditions that are not favorable to their wildtype counterparts, or on altered substrates. The challenge to continuously evolve enzymes lies in automating sufficient, unbiased gene diversification, providing selection for a wide array of reaction types, and linking the genetic information to the phenotypic function. Over years of development, continuous evolution has accumulated versatile strategies to address these challenges, enabling its use as a general tool for enzyme engineering. As the capability of continuous evolution continues to expand, its impact will increase across various industries. In this review, we summarize the working mechanisms of recently developed continuous evolution strategies, discuss examples of their applications focusing on enzyme evolution, and point out their limitations and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: To determine the population health burden attributable to the development of diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of women with a history of GDM attending the Hong Kong Hospital Authority between 2000 and 2019. The time‐varying population attributable fraction was calculated. Results: A total of 76,181 women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus were included, 6,606 of them developed diabetes during a median follow‐up of 8.6 years. The respective hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) among women with GDM who developed diabetes vs those with GDM only were 2.8 (2.2, 3.7) for cardiovascular disease (CVD), 4.8 (3.0, 7.7) for end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), 2.2 (1.9, 2.6) for infection‐related hospitalization, and 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) for all‐cause mortality. The development of diabetes was associated with 1.3 (0.8, 1.7), 0.6 (0.3, 0.8), 3.2 (2.4, 4.0), and 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) additional incident cases per 1,000 person‐years, accounting for 24.0% (13.2%, 35.9%), 42.0% (22.5%, 58.8%), 10.8% (7.1%, 14.9%), and 6.0% (−3.1%, 16.1%) of absolute number of CVD, ESKD, infection‐related hospitalization, and all‐cause mortality over 20 years after GDM, respectively. Conclusions: Diabetes is a significant contributor to the population health burden of some clinical outcomes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, but other risk factors need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplantation of microencapsulated islet cells remains a promising strategy for the normalization of glucose metabolism control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, vigorous host immunologic rejection, fibrotic overgrowth around the microcapsules, and poor oxygen supply often lead to graft failure. Herein, a bioartificial pancreas is constructed, which incorporates the "stealth effect" based on polyethylene glycol copolymers and the high oxygen‐carrying performance of fluorinated nanoparticles. Polycationic poly(l‐lysine)‐grafted‐poly(ethylene glycol) is successfully coated on the surface of alginate microcapsules through electrostatic interaction, which can not only resist fibrinogen adhesion and avoid excessive fibrosis around the microcapsules but also isolate the host immune system from attacking, achieving a "stealth effect" of microencapsulated islet cells. Furthermore, the coloading of fluoride‐based O2 nanocarriers gives them enhanced oxygen‐carrying and continuous oxygen supply capabilities, thereby effectively prolonging the survival of islet cells. The intracapsular islet cells still display similar cell viability and almost normal insulin secretion function even in long‐term culture under hypoxic conditions. Collectively, here a new approach is opened for microencapsulated islets to efficiently evade host immune attack and improve oxygen supply and a promising strategy is provided for islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratitis caused by drug‐resistant bacteria is a severe condition that can lead to corneal perforation and even blindness, making effective treatment a top priority amid growing antibiotic resistance. Eye drops for anti‐inflammatory treatment necessitate frequent administration of high doses throughout every day due to bacterial resistance resulting from antibiotic overuse and the low bioavailability of drugs. To overcome these issues, an antibacterial nanocomposite is prepared via conjugating random copolymers of galactose and 3‐(acrylamide)phenylboronic acid to the surface of silver nanoparticles. The customized nanocomposites trigger specific binding to bacteria, resulting in excellent retention of the drug on the ocular surface, resulting in rapid and powerful killing of bacteria and inhibition of bacterial proliferation. Due to its superior drug delivery capabilities to the ocular surface, the functionalized nanocomplex markedly amplifies the anti‐inflammatory efficacy, even at low doses. This effect is achieved by impeding immune cell infiltration and diminishing the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, thereby suggesting enhanced healing properties for corneal inflammation. This study demonstrates a promising nanocomposite which is an effective and safe antibacterial strategy for bacterial keratitis with favorable prognostic and clinical conversion potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is a common disease caused by plaque biofilms, which are important pathogenic factors in many diseases. When hosts are overexposed to dietary sugars, pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other cariogenic bacteria, metabolically assemble an extracellular matrix rich in exopolysaccharides to form a disease‐causing biofilm, in which the microenvironment is characterized by regional hypoxia, low pH, and nutritional deprivation. Current antimicrobials with inadequate penetration and a lack of pathogens targeting the biofilm do not degrade the protective matrix within the biofilm. In this study, a guanidine and galactose decorated nanophotosensitizer with oxygen self‐sufficient capability, p(GF/GEF)‐I, is developed to enhance the permeability of biofilms by positively charging the particle surface and easily binding to the bacteria within the membrane through electrostatic interactions. 90% of the biofilm on enamel surface is eliminated after treatment with p(GF/GEF)‐I under laser irradiation. Notably, the nanophotosensitizer inhibits the recolonization of dental biofilms by S. mutans, preventing secondary infections. Furthermore, dental caries in a rodent model are reduced with exposure to nanophotosensitizer. p(GF/GEF)‐I is a significantly higher efficacy without damaging the surrounding soft tissue. With further development and optimization, p(GF/GEF)‐I shows significant potential as a phototherapeutic agent for the treatment of biofilm‐induced diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoresistance to cisplatin (DDP) therapy is a major obstacle that needs to be overcome in treating lung cancer patients. Xanthatin has been reported to exhibit an antitumor effect on various cancers, but the function of xanthatin in DDP‐resistance lung cancer remains unclear. The study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of xanthatin on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in DDP‐resistance lung cancer cells. In the present study, xanthatin suppresses the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), attenuates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and causes ROS accumulation and apoptosis, thereby mitigating the antioxidative capacity in DDP‐resistance cells. Previous studies have shown that GLUT1 is associated with resistance to platinum drugs. We found that GLUT1 was significantly increased in the DDP‐resistant lung cancer cell line compared to the parental cell line, and xanthatin significantly downregulated GLUT1 expression in DDP‐resistant lung cancer cells. Notably, overexpression of GLUT1 significantly reduced the production of ROS and increased cellular NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG ratios. Thus, these results suggest that xanthatin induces DDP‐resistance lung cancer cells apoptosis through regulation of GLUT1‐mediated ROS accumulation. These findings might provide a possible strategy for the clinical treatment of DDP‐resistant lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy is one of the most important clean energies and the variable speed constant frequency technology is widely used in wind energy conversion systems. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is essential for a variable speed constant frequency wind power generation system. Concerning the current research on the MPPT algorithm, this paper studies the principle, characteristics, and reported improvement strategies of principal algorithms. Through the comparison of simulation results for selected control algorithms, the improved optimal torque control algorithm has been found to be the best MPPT algorithm for wind power generation systems because of its simplicity and efficiency. On this basis, further corresponding simulation runs are carried out to analyze the effect of the wind speed fluctuation characteristics on the systematic dynamic performance and power generation efficiency. The results show that the average wind speed, wind fluctuation frequency, and wind fluctuation amplitude can affect the performance of system operation and the efficiency of wind energy capture in different degrees, which has a great practical significance for the research of MPPT control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructures and fatigue behavior of dissimilar resistance spot welded joint between 5083 aluminum alloy and DP980 high strength steel are studied. Al/steel joint has fusion‐brazing characteristics composed of Al nugget and intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. The microstructure, microhardness, static tensile/shear property, and fatigue test of welded joints are carried out. The number of fatigue cycles increases with the decreasing of load level, and the fatigue limit load is 1.08 kN about 21% of static tensile/shear force. The fatigue test results reveal that different fatigue load levels lead to different fracture mode. It can be summarized as nugget pullout failure (fatigue load > 3.5 kN), interfacial failure (1.5 kN < fatigue load < 3.5 kN), and aluminum alloy base metal fracture (fatigue load < 1.5 kN). Furthermore, the fatigue fracture mechanism under different load levels is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the vast amount of research on the toxicity of copper‐based nanoparticles, the toxicity of CuS nanoparticles is still largely unknown. Due to the application of CuS‐based nanomaterials in biomedical engineering, it is necessary to study their potential toxicity and biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of polymer‐modified CuS nanoclusters (PATA3‐C4@CuS) on embryo development through exposing zebrafish embryos to 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L PATA3‐C4@CuS at 0.75‐h post‐fertilization. The morphological results demonstrated that PATA3‐C4@CuS at concentrations greater than 1 mg/L PATA3‐C4@CuS induced abnormal phenotypes including smaller heads and eyes, pericardial edema, and epiboly retardation and it increased mortality, lowered the hatching rate, and inhibited swim bladder inflation. In situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that PATA3‐C4@CuS could alter the expression patterns of tbxta, dlx3, and cstlb and increase the expression levels of wnt5 and wnt11, which suggested that PATA3‐C4@CuS disrupts cell migration by increasing the levels of wnt5 and wnt11 during gastrulation. It was also discovered that PATA3‐C4@CuS exposure caused a slow heart rate and smaller ventricles in zebrafish larvae. Immunofluorescence and behavioral analyses showed that PATA3‐C4@CuS could damage the ventral projection of the primary motor neurons CaP, which was in accordance with the reduction in locomotion ability. Together, our data demonstrated that functional PATA3‐C4@CuS could disrupt cell migration during gastrulation, affect cardiac development and function, and decrease locomotive activity. We investigated the effects of functional CuS nanoclusters (PATA3‐C4@CuS) on zebrafish embryos. PATA3‐C4@CuS induced a small head, short body, high mortality, low hatching rate, and failed inflation of the swim bladder. Gene expression indicated that PATA3‐C4@CuS disrupted cell migration during gastrulation by increasing the levels of wnt5 and wnt11. Furthermore, the locomotion ability was reduced by PATA3‐C4@CuS, which may be due to impairment of the primary motor neuron CaP important in movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous progress of modern industry, rotating machinery is gradually developing toward complexity and intelligence. The fault diagnosis technology of rotating machinery is one of the key means to ensure the normal operation of equipment and safe production, which has very important significance. Deep learning is a useful tool for analyzing and processing big data, which has been widely used in various fields. After a brief review of early fault diagnosis methods, this paper focuses on the method models that are widely used in deep learning: deep belief networks (DBN), autoencoders (AE), convolutional neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), generative adversarial networks (GAN), and transfer learning methods are summarized from the two aspects of principle and application in the field of fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Then, the commonly used evaluation indicators used to evaluate the performance of rotating machinery fault diagnosis methods are summarized. Finally, according to the current research status in the field of rotating machinery fault diagnosis, the current problems and possible future development and research trends are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is a potential electrocatalyst for CO2 electroreduction, although controlling the selectivity towards hydrocarbons and CO is still a major challenge. It is known that Cu nanoparticles show a better performance for CO2 electro‐reduction than bulk Cu. However, the roles of the size and symmetry of the Cu clusters as well as the temperature in the CO2‐reduction process remain elusive, which hinders the development of advanced catalysts. In this study, the density functional theory (DFT) method is applied to investigate these factors. We find that the decrease of icosahedron Cu clusters' size but the increase of truncated octahedron Cu clusters' size contributes to the selectivity of CO2 reduction. In addition, the symmetry of Cu clusters modulates the selectivity of CO2 reduction at room temperature: the (111)‐like surfaces prefer to produce hydrocarbons but the synergistic effect between (100)‐ and (111)‐ like ones favors the formation of CO, which are in reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements that distinct products are detected on different Cu nanoparticles during CO2 reduction. We also note that the increase of temperature is favorable to CO production. Our findings not only contribute to a thorough understanding of CO2 reduction on Cu clusters, but also provide clues for designing catalysts in future experiments. CO2 reduction on Cu clusters strongly depends on the cluster size and reaction temperature. Distinct products are obtained on clusters with different symmetries at room temperature. It is also found that high temperatures can facilitate CO desorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Using core-first strategy, the amphiphilic A4B4 star-shaped copolymers [poly(ethylene oxide)]4[poly(ε-caprolactone)]4 [(PEO)4(PCL)4], [poly(ethylene oxide)]4[poly(styrene)]4 [(PEO)4(PS)4], and [poly(ethylene oxide)]4[poly( tert-butyl acrylate)]4 [(PEO)4(P tBA)4] were synthesized by mechanisms transformation combining with thiol-ene reaction. First, using a designed multifunctional mikto-initiator with four active hydroxyl groups and four allyl groups, the four-armed star-shaped polymers (PEO-Ph)4/(OH)4 with four active hydroxyl groups at core position were obtained by sequential ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ethylene oxide monomers, capping reaction of living oxyanion with benzyl chloride, and transformation of allyl groups into hydroxyl groups by thiol-ene reaction. Then, the A4B4 star-shaped copolymers (PEO)4(PS)4 or (PEO)4(P tBA)4 were obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene or tert-butyl acrylate ( tBA) monomers from macroinitiator of (PEO-Ph)4/(Br)4, which was obtained by esterification of (PEO-Ph)4/(OH)4 with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide. The A4B4 star-shaped copolymers (PEO)4(PCL)4 were also obtained by ROP of ε-caprolactopne monomers from macroinitiator of (PEO-Ph)4/(OH)4. The target copolymers and intermediates were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance in detail. This synthetic route might be a versatile one to various A nB n ( n ≥ 3) star-shaped copolymers with defined structure and compositions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4572-4583 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to investigate chitosan‐N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (chitosan‐NAC) nanoparticles as a potential carrier system for the nasal delivery of insulin. For the study, we used insulin‐loaded chitosan‐NAC nanoparticles (140–210 nm in diameter) prepared by in situ gelation with tripolyphosphate (TPP), with positive zeta potential values of +19.5–31.7 mV and insulin loading capacities of 13–42%. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were affected by the number of thiol groups present. Mucoadhesive properties, which were evaluated by measuring the in vitro absorbed mass of mucin, of chitosan‐NAC nanoparticles were >1.8‐fold that of unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. In aqueous solution, chitosan‐NAC nanoparticles exhibited fast swelling behavior. Insulin was released from chitosan‐NAC nanoparticles in vitro in an initial burst followed by slow release. Intranasal administration of chitosan‐NAC nanoparticles in rats enhanced the absorption of insulin by the nasal mucosa compared with unmodified chitosan nanoparticles and control insulin solution. In light of these observations, the novel thiolated chitosan nanoparticles represent a promising vehicle for nasal insulin administration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]