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Mainland China included Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 to control the JE epidemic. However, Gansu province in Western China experienced the largest JE outbreak since 1958 in 2018. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study to explore the causes of this outbreak. We found that adults aged ≥20 years (especially those in rural areas) were the main JE cases in Gansu Province, with a significant increase in the JE incidence in older adults aged ≥60 years in 2017 and 2018. In addition, JE outbreaks in Gansu Province were mainly located in the southeastern region, while the temperature and precipitation in Gansu Province were gradually increasing in recent years, which made the JE epidemic areas in Gansu Province gradually spread to the western of Gansu Province. We also found that adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province had lower JE antibody positivity than children and infants, and the antibody positivity rate decreased with age. In the summer of 2017 and 2018, the density of mosquitoes (mainly the Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in Gansu Province was significantly higher than in other years, and the genotype of JEV was mainly Genotype‐G1. Therefore, in the future JE control in Gansu Province, we need to strengthen JE vaccination for adults. Moreover, strengthening mosquito surveillance can provide early warning of JE outbreaks and the spread of epidemic areas in Gansu Province. At the same time, strengthening JE antibody surveillance is also necessary for JE control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd‐based nanoalloys are promising electrocatalysts for replacing Pt‐based ones toward oxygen reduction reaction. Despite that great progress has been achieved, universally synthesizing Pd‐based alloy nanosheets and further integrating them into porous or hierarchical superstructures remain a challenge, and their ORR performances are not systematically investigated. Herein, novel ultrathin and highly wrinkled Pd−M (M=Cr, Mo, W) alloy nanosheets flower‐like superstructures (NSFSs) are universally fabricated via a polyether and small molecules/ions ligand assisted solvothermal method. Such Pd−M NSFSs possess mesoporous structures and co‐exist single‐atom‐like and cluster‐like M species on their surfaces. Compared with pure Pd NSFSs, those Pd−M NSFSs show greatly enhanced ORR activity in alkaline media. Due to the unique microstructure feature, proper alloy constituent and stronger interatomic polarization or electronic coupling, the Pd−W NSFSs show the highest ORR activity with the half‐wave potential of 0.89 V (vs. RHE) and mass activity of 0.46 A mgPd−1 at 0.90 V (vs. RHE), outperforming commercial Pt/C, and most of reported Pd(or Pt)‐based catalysts. Moreover, the Pd−W NSFSs manifest outstanding durability and anti‐CO poisoning ability yet. This work may spur the development of 2D Pd‐based nanoalloy superstructures and promote their applications in fuel cells or other clean energy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red wine is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. The benefit of moderate consumption of red wine on human health has been taken great interest recent years. In this present article, the anti-diabetic properties of red wine from Portugal were studied in vitro. The four fractions from solid phase extraction with reversed-phase material C18 were subjected to the anti-diabetic activity assay in vitro. Our findings show that dealcoholised red wine and the four fractions exhibited strong inhibitory activities both on α-glucosidase, which catalyses the cleavage of glucose from disaccharide and α-amylase, which breaks down long-chain carbohydrates, respectively. The results indicated that the main components responsible for such activities were found to be the monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ol compounds. Our data might provide further evidence that the prevention of hyperglycemia may be another beneficial effect of moderate consumption of red wine. Practical Applications The health benefits of moderate consumption of red wine have been well documented, and several techniques are used to investigate the potential activities of red wine polyphenols. However, there are few dates on the potential anti-diabetic activity of red wine from solid phase extraction (SPE) fractions. In this article, SPE technique was used to evaluate the activity of red wine polyphenols against diabetes, and our data indicate that another beneficial effect of consuming moderate amounts of red wine may be the prevention and treatment of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and reliable ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was established to separate and identify the chemical constituents of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction, a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Shim-pack XR-ODS C18 column (75 × 3.0 mm, 2.2 μm) using a gradient elution program. The detection was performed on a Waters Xevo G2 Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source in both positive and negative modes. With the optimized conditions, a total of 82 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Of the 82 compounds, 21 compounds were identified by comparing the retention time and MS data with reference standards, the rest were characterized by analyzing MS data and retrieving the reference literature. In addition, 31 compounds were identified from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, ten compounds were identified from Rheum palmatum L., 33 compounds were identified from Citrus aurantium L., and eight compounds were identified from Sojae Semen Praeparatum. Results indicated that iridoids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, glycosides of crocetin, monoterpenoids, and organic acids were major constituents in Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction. It is concluded that the developed ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method with high sensitivity and resolution is suitable for identifying and characterizing the chemical constituents of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction, and the analysis provides a helpful chemical basis for further research on Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]