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Phytoplasmas can induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favour their colonisation, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is a typical phytoplasma disease causing great economic loss in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Here, we reported an effector, PHYL1JWB from Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi, which implicated in inducing abnormal floral organogenesis. Utilising a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods, we investigated the influence of PHYL1JWB on the proteins associated with floral development. Our findings reveal that PHYL1JWB facilitates the proteasome‐mediated degradation of essential flower morphogenetic regulators, including AP1, SEP1, SEP2, SEP3, SEP4, CAL, and AGL6, through a distinctive pathway that is dependent on the activity of the 26S proteasome, thus obviating the requirement for lysine ubiquitination of the substrates. Further, the Y2H analysis showed that the leucine at position 75th in second α helix of PHYL1JWB is fundamental for the interactions of PHYL1JWB with AP1 and SEP1‐4 in jujube and Arabidopsis. Our research carry profound implications for elucidating the contribution of PHYL1JWB to the aberrant floral development in diseased jujube, and help to establish a robust theoretical underpinning for the prophylaxis and therapy of JWB disease. Summary Statement: How Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi induces abnormal floral development in their hosts is largely unknown. Here we reported a novel effector, PHYL1JWB, mediates the degradation of flower morphogenetic regulators by relying on the 26S proteasome and acting independently of lysine ubiquitination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order for full utilization of the switching devices and safe continued operation of the power converter at the same time, the junction temperature of the switching devices needs to be accurately monitored without shutting down the motor drive. This paper derives an analytical junction temperature calculation method by using Laplace transformation and thermal network theory. Based on an actual motor drive, a simulation model is established using platform for power electronic systems (PLECS). Through comparison, the derived method is proven to be able to calculate junction temperature accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Gd‐doped PbO2 electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition procedure. In the accelerated life test, the service life of Gd‐doped PbO2 electrodes are more stable and durable. Scanning electron microscope and x‐ray diffraction tests reveal that Gd‐doped PbO2 electrodes have more compact structure and finer grain size. Electrochemical measurements and fluorescence experiments show that Gd‐doped PbO2 electrodes have higher oxygen evolution overpotential, a larger electrochemically active surface area, and stronger ability to generate hydroxyl radicals. The electrocatalytic performance of the Gd‐doped PbO2 electrode for the electrochemical degradation of thiamethoxam was studied. The degradation process accorded with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics, with higher thiamethoxam and total organic carbon removal capabilities, as well as higher mineralization current efficiency and lower energy consumption. In the degradation process, it has favourable reusability. The experimental results demonstrate that Gd‐doped PbO2 electrodes have an excellent treatment effect and a wider application prospect in the field of pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Nitenpyram is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in agriculture and horticulture, which is stable and builds up in wastewater, causing serious environmental concerns. In this work, the process of advanced electrochemical oxidation for degrading nitenpyram was investigated in detail. The influences of operation parameters (including applied current density, initial nitenpyram concentration, Na2SO4 concentration and pH value) on the electrochemical removal of nitenpyram and its relative degradation mechanism were studied by a gadolinium‐doped lead dioxide (Gd‐PbO2) anode. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the electrochemical oxidation of nitenpyram follows pseudo‐first‐order reaction kinetics under different operation conditions. After that, 95.44% of nitenpyram and 79.22% of COD could be eliminated from 0.15 mol L−1 Na2SO4 solution dissolving 75 mg L−1 nitenpyram under 70 mA cm−2 at pH = 5.0. Ultimately, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/mass spectroscopy (MS) were adopted to discover the degradation by‐products during the nitenpyram oxidization process, and up to 14 by‐products were successfully identified. Then a typical nitenpyram degradation pathway was proposed based on these by‐products, comprising two divided parallel sub‐routes. Indirect electrochemical oxidation was responsible for nitenpyram degradation by Gd‐PbO2 anode, and hydroxyl radicals were the main reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION: The Gd‐PbO2 electrode presented remarkable performance in nitenpyram degradation. Therefore, the electrochemical oxidation method by Gd‐PbO2 anode is considered to be a very promising and practical mode of herbicide wastewater treatment. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]