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Given their frontline role in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) healthcare, trainee medical officers (TMOs) will play a crucial role in the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) for clinical care, ongoing medical education and research. As 'digital natives', particularly those with technical expertise in AI, TMOs should also be leaders in informing the safe uptake and governance of AI within ANZ healthcare as they have a practical understanding of its associated risks and benefits. However, this is only possible if a culture of broad collaboration is instilled while the use of AI in ANZ is still in its initial phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of dysglycemia on perioperative outcomes, in patients with and without diabetes, and how prior glycemic control modifies these relationships. Methods: Consecutive surgical patients admitted to six South Australian tertiary hospitals between 2017 and 2023 were included. Blood glucose levels within 48 h pre‐ and post‐operatively were assessed in an adjusted analyses against a priori selected covariates. Dysglycemia metrics were hyperglycemia (>10.0 mmol/L), hypoglycemia (<4.0 mmol/L), glycemic variability (standard deviation of mean blood glucose >1.7 mmol/L), and stress hyperglycemic ratio (SHR). The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Results: Of 52 145 patients, 7490 (14.4%) had recognized diabetes. Inpatient mortality was observed in 787 patients (1.5%), of which 150 (19.1%) had diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia was associated with increased mortality in patients with diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.63–5.67, p = 0.004) but not in non‐diabetics, who instead had an increased odds of intensive care unit (ICU) admission if hyperglycemic (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.40–2.72, p < 0.0001). Glycemic variability was associated with increased mortality in patients with diabetes (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.05–2.01, p < 0.05) but not in non‐diabetics. Preoperative glycemic control (HbA1c) attenuated both of these associations in a dose‐dependent fashion. Hypoglycemia was associated with increased mortality in non‐diabetics (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.92–2.37, p < 0.001) but not in patients with diabetes. Conclusions,: In surgical patients with diabetes, prior exposure to hyperglycemia attenuates the impact of perioperative hyperglycemia and glycemic variability on inpatient mortality and ICU admission. In patients without diabetes mellitus, all absolute thresholds of dysglycemia are associated with ICU admission, unlike those with diabetes, suggesting the need to use more relative measures such as the SHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Benign ancient retroperitoneal schwannomas (BARS) exhibit abdominal masses and flank pain to incidental findings at more advanced stages. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis is essential for confirmation of benign nature. Our patient was misdiagnosed as ureteric colic, highlighting the need to consider BARS in differential diagnosis to prevent complications like hydronephrosis. Ancient schwannomas are usually benign neoplasms that originate from Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. We present a novel case of a 24‐year‐old young male with left flank pain and nausea which was initially thought to be left ureteric colic. However, in‐depth imaging and biopsy revealed a retroperitoneal mass. The definitive diagnosis was narrowed down to Benign Retroperitoneal Ancient Schwannoma (BARS) via immunohistochemistry and histopathological analysis. This often marble‐shaped S100 protein‐positive tumor is an under‐recognized and potential cause of hydronephrosis if localized near the renal structures. In addition, the retroperitoneal location with infrarenal abdominal aortic adherence is another rare peculiarity in the present case that demands prompt diagnosis and surgical excision to avoid any cardiovascular sequelae such as hypotension and abdominal pain, as indicated by the natural history of growth of this benign tumor. Therefore, timely excision of this benign tumor prior to its further proliferation is paramount. We initially planned laparoscopic removal but adopted excision via laparotomy because of the proximity of the vital structures. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful and subsequently the patient's presenting complaint of left abdominal flank pain greatly improved. The patient was advised to undergo follow‐up computed tomography scan of kidney ureter bladder and RFT evaluation 6 months postsurgery which indicated no evidence of recurrence or iatrogenic complications. The diagnosis and management of the present case share valuable experiences for similar future cases worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance optoelectronic bifunctional cathode materials may simultaneously seize and store solar energy in lithium‐ion batteries to boost their storage capacity. However, such photoactive cathodes with typical intrinsic features are generally limited for UV light applications and offer poor sunlight harvesting which results in lower energy density. Here, the assembly of two oligomers, poly(vat blue 6) (PVB6) and poly(vat blue 6 sulfide) (PVB6S) is reported, through polymerization to extend the conjugated structure of organic optoelectronic small molecules. These oligomers are effectively employed as photo‐assisted bifunctional cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries. The extended conjugated structure narrows the energy gap, promoting exciton dissociation and expanding the light absorption region. PVB6S possesses a narrow energy gap of 1.565 eV, and the discharge‐specific capacity of the battery with PVB6S is enhanced from 203 to 411 mAh g−1 under light illumination, which is approximately twice the original capacity. This demonstrates the extended conjugated structure and charge separation in a cell, which synergistically contributes to the rational design of photo‐assisted bifunctional cathode materials and complementary enhances the performance of lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the correlation between T‐cell senescence with the atherosclerosis markers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: The study participants were 40 female SLE patients aged 18–45 years who met the 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria and 40 healthy individuals. The atherosclerosis markers were investigated using the Doppler ultrasonography examinations to measure the cIMT (carotid intima‐media thickness) and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and serological markers using soluble ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. Flow cytometry of CD4+CD57+, CD8+CD57+, CD4+CD28null, and CD8+CD28null T cells were used to assess the immunosenescence markers. Results: The cIMT (p <.001), sICAM‐1 (p <.001), and sVCAM‐1 (p <.001) were significantly higher in SLE patients compared with control, while FMD was significantly lower in SLE patients (p <.001). The percentages of all T‐cell senescence markers are also significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy individuals. Positive correlations were shown between cIMT with the CD4+CD57+ (R =.301, p =.005), CD4+CD28null (R =.448, p <.001), and CD8+CD28null (R =.422, p <.001). Conversely, negative correlations were demonstrated between the FMD with CD4+CD57+ (R = −.236, p =.023), CD8+CD57+ (R = −.409, p <.001), CD4+CD28null (R = −.422, p <.001), and CD8+CD28null (R = −.318, p =.003). The soluble markers of sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 were also positively correlated with the T‐cell senescence markers. Conclusion: Early sign of atherosclerosis was demonstrated in patients with SLE in this study. T‐cell senescence markers had significant correlations with the atherosclerosis markers, including the cIMT, FMD, and soluble adhesion molecules levels. Understanding the link between immunosenescence and atherosclerosis might help to identify a new method for early detection and treatment of atherosclerosis in SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the process of roll‐over‐web coating for a tangent hyperbolic fluid is theoretically examined. Fundamental laws of fluid mechanics are used to set up the flow equations and then simplified through lubrication approximation theory (LAT). The governing differential equations are solved with the help of the perturbation method in conjunction with the Runge–Kutta method. The outcomes of the study are presented through the graphs and tables. Study shows that enhancing the Weissenberg number (We)$(We)$ upsurges the velocity and pressure while decreasing the pressure gradient. It is also noted that force shows an increasing trend while power is decreasing for bigger values We$We$. Results further depict that for a bigger value of the power law index (n)$(n)$, pressure gradient, pressure, force, and power decrease, and the coating thickness increases. It is worth mentioning here that for the shear thinning case, the tangent hyperbolic model predicts 39.88%$39.88{\mathrm{\% }}$ less pressure in the nip region when compared to the Newtonian model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular surgery carries a high risk of post‐operative cardiac complications. Recent studies have shown an association between asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction and increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). This systematic review aims to evaluate the prognostic value of left ventricular function as determined by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by resting echocardiography before vascular surgery. Methods: This review conformed to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. PubMed, OVID Medline and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to 27 October 2022. Eligible studies assessed vascular surgery patients, with multivariable‐adjusted or propensity‐matched observational studies measuring LVEF via resting echocardiography and providing risk estimates for outcomes. The primary outcomes measures were all‐cause mortality and congestive heart failure at 30 days. Secondary outcome included the composite outcome MACE. Results: Ten observational studies were included (4872 vascular surgery patients). Studies varied widely in degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, symptom status, and outcome reporting, precluding reliable meta‐analysis. Available data demonstrated a trend towards increased incidence of all‐cause mortality, congestive heart failure and MACE in patients with pre‐operative LVEF <50%. Methodological quality of the included studies was found to be of moderate quality according to the Newcastle Ottawa Checklist. Conclusion: The evidence surrounding the prognostic value of LVEF measurement before vascular surgery is currently weak and inconclusive. Larger scale, prospective studies are required to further refine cardiac risk prediction before vascular surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of an empirically recommended support design through numerical modelling. Numerical techniques are utilized to accurately evaluate tunnel stability under various geological conditions. Numerical analysis is conducted on two different rock types along the tunnel route, employing the recommended support design based on the existing rock mass rating (RMR) and Q-system. Furthermore, support recommendations are made using the modified RMR and Q-system, considering the impact of stress. The numerical analysis indicates that the support recommended by the existing RMR may not substantially impact the total displacement and vertical stresses around the tunnel crown in the “Fair” to “Poor” rock mass of the study area. However, extending the bolt length by modifying the RMR to incorporate stress effects results in a reduction of total displacement and vertical stresses, ultimately achieving a stable level. These results underline the importance of considering stress effects and utilizing modified support designs to enhance tunnel stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines canal transportation and centering ability of single‐file systems when operated in continuous rotation or reciprocation. Sixty J‐shaped resin blocks were used. The specimens were divided into two main groups (n = 30). Then, based on the motion used to operate the instruments, each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 15). Group A1: One Curve/rotation, Group A2: One Curve/clockwise reciprocation, Group B1: WaveOne Gold/Reciprocation, Group B2: WaveOne Gold/counter‐clockwise rotation. Pre‐ and post‐instrumentation images were obtained using digital microscope. Canal transportation was measured at five levels. A non‐significant difference (p > 0.05) resulted between two motions at all levels. However, group A1 showed significantly less transportation at levels 3 and 4 (p ≤ 0.05), also more centered preparation at level 4 (p ≤ 0.05) than group B1. Within the limitations of this study, the apical transportation and centering ability of single‐file systems are unaffected by different kinematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus has paralyzed various socio‐economic sectors worldwide. Such unprecedented outbreak was proved to be lethal for about 1,069,513 individuals based upon information released by Worldometers on October 09, 2020. In order to fathom transmission dynamics of the virus, different kinds of mathematical models have recently been proposed in literature. In the continuation, we have formulated a deterministic COVID‐19 model under fractional operators using six nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Using fixed‐point theory and Arzelá Ascoli principle, the proposed model is shown to have existence of unique solution while stability analysis for differential equations involved in the model is carried out via Ulam–Hyers and generalized Ulam–Hyers conditions in a Banach space. Real COVID‐19 cases considered from July 01 to August 14, 2020, in Pakistan were used to validate the model, thereby producing best fitted values for the parameters via nonlinear least‐squares approach while minimizing sum of squared residuals. Elasticity indices for each parameter are computed. Two numerical schemes under singular and non‐singular operators are formulated for the proposed model to obtain various simulations of particularly asymptomatically infectious individuals and of control reproduction number Rc. It has been shown that the fractional operators with order α=9.8254e−01 generated Rc=2.5087 which is smaller than the one obtained under the classical case (α=1). Interesting behavior of the virus is explained under fractional case for the epidemiologically relevant parameters. All results are illustrated from biological viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomy of the transversus abdominis muscle and its aponeurosis is important in transversus abdominis release surgery. We studied the CT anatomy of the transversus abdominis muscle medial to the linea semilunaris at different levels in the abdomen and measured the thickness of this muscle. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analysed 150 abdominal computed tomography at L1, L3, and L5 vertebral levels corresponding to subxiphoid, umbilical, and suprapubic regions, respectively. The patients were divided into three groups based on age and sex: women aged 15–20 years (nulliparous), women aged 30–60 years (multiparous), and men aged 15–60 years, with each group having 50 patients. We compared the thickness of the TA muscle at the L1 level between men and women and between nulliparous and multiparous women. Results: Transversus abdominis muscle was consistently present medial to the linea semilunaris at L1 vertebral level in the subxiphoid region (150/150). At the L3 vertebral level in the mid-abdomen, only eight patients had the transversus abdominis muscle there (8/150, 5%). At the L5 vertebral level in the suprapubic region, no patient had the transversus abdominis muscle medial to the linea semilunaris. The mean thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle at the L1 level was 3.4 mm, and at the L3 level, it was 1.6 mm. There was no statistically significant difference in the transversus abdominis muscle thickness between the men and women; however, a significant difference was found between the nulliparous and multiparous women, with thinner TA muscle in later. Conclusion: There is good transversus abdominis muscle bulk medial to the linea semilunaris for doing transversus abdominis muscle division in the upper abdomen. However, as we move towards the mid-abdomen, we have TA aponeurosis or rarely TA muscle of little bulk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic brain tumour segmentation in MRI scans aims to separate the brain tumour's endoscopic core, edema, non‐enhancing tumour core, peritumoral edema, and enhancing tumour core from three‐dimensional MR voxels. Due to the wide range of brain tumour intensity, shape, location, and size, it is challenging to segment these regions automatically. UNet is the prime three‐dimensional CNN network performance source for medical imaging applications like brain tumour segmentation. This research proposes a context aware 3D ARDUNet (Attentional Residual Dropout UNet) network, a modified version of UNet to take advantage of the ResNet and soft attention. A novel residual dropout block (RDB) is implemented in the analytical encoder path to replace traditional UNet convolutional blocks to extract more contextual information. A unique Attentional Residual Dropout Block (ARDB) in the decoder path utilizes skip connections and attention gates to retrieve local and global contextual information. The attention gate enabled the Network to focus on the relevant part of the input image and suppress irrelevant details. Finally, the proposed Network assessed BRATS2018, BRATS2019, and BRATS2020 to some best‐in‐class segmentation approaches. The proposed Network achieved dice scores of 0.90, 0.92, and 0.93 for the whole tumour. On BRATS2018, BRATS2019, and BRATS2020, tumour core is 0.90, 0.92, 0.93, and enhancing tumour is 0.92, 0.93, 0.94. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a numerical study, with simulation and experimental investigation of a novel photovoltaic and biogas hybrid renewable energy system. PVSYST simulation software is used to evaluate the energy generation of photovoltaic (PV) systems installed at optimum tilt angle and interrow spacing, as well as measure the performance ratio and system losses. The results obtained from simulations show that annual energy production from designed PV system is 16 654.80 kWh year−1 and its annual specific energy production is 1556.5 kWh kWp year−1. The average annual performance ratio is about 84.3%, normalized array production is 3.23 kWh kWp day−1, normalized system losses are 0.07 kWh kWp day−1, and normalized system production is 3.16 kWh kWp day−1. With SuperPro Designer software, a model is developed for simulating anaerobic digestion for treating animal manure to produce biogas. The simulation yields 88.13% of CH4 and 6.49% of CO2. The performance of the installed experimental setup is examined for 30 d. The maximum load demand of all houses is 46.902 kWh, whereas maximum energy produced by a hybrid PV/biogas system is 61.06 kWh. The payback period for a hybrid photovoltaic/biogas system is estimated to be 4.47 years and levelized cost of energy is 0.0186 USD kWh−1. The hybrid PV/biogas system results in net CO2 mitigation of 20.45 tCO2(e). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapattery is an energy storage device which shows high power and energy densities compared to supercapacitors and batteries. A simple and cost‐effective sol‐gel method was used to synthesize the aluminium‐doped cobalt oxide (Al‐Co3O4). The structural, morphological and composition analyses were investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Further, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) calculations were performed, which showed an enhancement in surface area. The specific capacity of the Al‐doped sample was increased up to 708 C/g compared to the reference sample (Co3O4=420 C/g). A supercapattery device was designed by using the activated carbon as a negative electrode and the Al‐Co3O4 as the positive electrode in two electrode assemblies. The estimated value of the specific capacity of Al‐Co3O4 was 189 C/g. Furthermore, the obtained energy and power density values were 42 Wh/kg and 2080 W/kg, respectively. To investigate the stability, this device was subjected to 5000 charging/discharging cycles that maintained 90 % of its initial capacity. Our findings provide a foundation for improving the performance of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergraduate research experiences are critical for the talent development of the STEM research workforce, and research mentors play an influential role in this process. Given the many life science majors seeking research experiences at universities, graduate and postdoctoral researchers (i.e., postgraduates) provide much of the daily mentoring of undergraduate researchers. Yet, there remains little research on how postgraduates contribute to talent development among undergraduate researchers. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we conducted an exploratory study of the experiences of 32 postgraduates who mentored life science undergraduate researchers. We identified four factors that they perceived as enabling undergraduate researcher talent development: undergraduate researcher characteristics, research project characteristics, and mentoring implementation as well as outcomes for both the postgraduate and undergraduate. We then describe a team‐based approach to postgraduate mentoring of undergraduate researchers that attends to these factors to provide an example that practitioners can adapt or adopt for their own research groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we discuss the use of calibration technique to propose some new estimators under stratified sampling design and its use in reliability engineering. We first proposed the estimators using the calibration technique and then modify the already existing control charts such as Shewhart, exponentially weighted moving average and hybrid exponentially weighted moving averages using these calibration estimators. We also have studied the use of the proposed control charts in detail by showing their efficiency in terms of average run length. We find out that a hybrid control chart is more effective to detect the early shifts in the mean of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The gradual increase in caspofungin usage in Pakistan raises a concern of emergence of echinocandin resistance in local Candida glabrata strains. We sequenced and determined mutations in fks1 and fks2 genes in invasive Candida glabrata strains from Pakistan. Material and Methods: Thirty‐six invasive C. glabrata strains were selected with median (min‐max) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.06 (0.015–0.25) mg/L for caspofungin, 0.015 (0.008–0.06) mg/L for micafungin and 0.06 (0.015–0.12) mg/L for anidulafungin. fks1 and fks2 gene fragments were sequenced using Sanger methodology. Sequences were analysed with MEGA‐6 software to identify specific single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) against wild‐type sequences of C. glabrata. Results: In fks1 gene, non‐synonymous mutation D632H was observed in one isolate with caspofungin MIC of 0.25 mg/L. Synonymous mutation at position A742 was observed in 26/36 (72%) of the isolates. 34/36 (94.5%) isolates analysed for fks2 gene were observed as wild type. A novel non‐synonymous mutation at I661T was observed in fks2 gene in one isolate with caspofungin MIC of 0.12 mg/L and anidulafungin and micafungin MIC of 0.06 and 0.015 mg/L, respectively. Novel fks2 synonymous mutations at position T647, K652 and I706 were observed in 16/36 (44%), 25/36 (69%) and 23/36 (63%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Low frequencies of both non‐synonymous and synonymous polymorphisms were observed in invasive C. glabrata strains. Since S663P in fks2 gene is associated with caspofungin resistance, a novel mutation at 661 codon identified in our study needs correlation with treatment outcome data and mandates periodic genomic surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant extracts with rich ascorbic acid contents have greater antioxidant capability; extensively employed in skin beautifying products and protect skin from detrimental photodamaging environmental effects. Brassica oleraceae is having a substantial prospective toward cosmeceuticals owed by its profound activity against oxidation. Aim: To develop an effective topical ethosomal gel loaded with Brassica oleraceae leaves extract with significant antioxidant activity. Methodology: Valuation of antioxidant capability of plant leaves extract by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and quantification of ascorbic acid was done through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ethosomes were prepared by cold method. Optimized suspension containing extract was incorporated in 2% Carbopol gel (test) along with extract solution (control). Noninvasive in vivo studies were performed for final product to assess its effects on skin by measuring melanin and erythema, sebum level, elasticity, moistness level, facial pores count and their area, skin wrinkling, and smoothness. Results: Brassica oleraceae (red cabbage) leaves extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential (85.64 ± 1.28%) with 14.22 μg/g of ascorbic acid; expressed prominent cosmetic effects in terms of skin melanin, erythema, sebum, elasticity, hydration, facial pores, wrinkles, and smoothness when incorporated in ethosomes. ANOVA test also exhibited positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects on skin. Conclusion: Brassica oleraceae extract is a strong antioxidant with remarkable dermocosmetic benefits for skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an investigation on an iterative scheme to calculate the matrix square root and its inversion simultaneously is performed and further discussed via the concept of matrix sign function. Convergence properties are discussed under some conditions on the choice of the initial matrix as well as the input matrix A$$ A $$. It is then attempted to propose an iterative method possessing higher convergence order, which is also stable. Extension of the proposed scheme to the p$$ p $$th root of a matrix is also given. Ultimately, several tests including an application of the proposed iterative method to solve matrix differential equations are brought forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium (Li) metal has earned valuable status among the most auspicious anodes for the assembly of next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, the dendritic growth and infinite change in volume of metallic Li anode strongly hinder its use for practical applications. Here, the preparation of atomically dispersed iron doped ZIF‐8 through pyrolysis (Fe@NC) to lower the Li nucleation overpotential and control the Li deposition on specific positions is reported. Thermodynamic and kinetic simulations show that the doped single Fe atoms can improve the atomic structure, increase the adsorption energy and enhance the diffusion capacity of Li. Moreover, the specific framework structure of Fe@NC can induce Li metal to nucleate in interior space of the material which can hinder the Li growth along one direction and restrain its volume expansion. As‐fabricated electrode displays nearly no nucleation overpotential at current density of 2 mA cm–2 and offers higher average Coulombic efficiency up to 99.0% for 100 cycles at current density 2 mA cm–2, and higher areal capacity up to 5 mAh cm–2. Also, the fabricated Fe@NC/LiFePO4 based full cells exhibit a longer lifespan of 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The results provide new insights for future rechargeable Li metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are highly reliant on their active olfactory system in which odorant binding proteins play a role to selectivity and sensitivity during odour perception and processing. This study sets out to determine whether and to which extent the antennal loaded SaveOBP10 in English grain aphid Sitobion avenae, contributes in olfactory processing during host selection. To understand this possible relationship, we purified the SaveOBP10 recombinant protein and performed fluorescence ligand binding tests, molecular docking, RNA interference (RNAi) and behavioural trials. The results showed that SaveOBP10 had strong binding affinities (Ki ≤5 μM) with most of wheat plant volatiles at pH 5.0 as compared to pH 7.4. In Y‐tube olfactometer bioassays, the S. avenae was attracted behaviourally towards pentadecane, butylated hydroxytoluene, tetradecane and β‐caryophyllene however repelled by naphthalene. After RNAi of SaveOBP10, the aphid showed nonattraction towards β‐caryophyllene and nonsignificant behavioural response to pentadecane, butylated hydroxytoluene and tetradecane. Furthermore, the three‐dimensional structure modelling and molecular docking of SaveOBP10 were performed to the volatiles with high binding abilities. Together these findings indicate that SaveOBP10 can bind more strongly to the volatiles that involved in S. avenae behaviour regulation and possibly will contribute effectively in S. avenae integrated pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta‐thalassaemia, including sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia E, is most common in developing countries in tropical and subtropic regions. Because carriers have migrated there owing to demographic migration, β‐thalassaemia can now be detected in areas other than malaria‐endemic areas. Every year, an estimated 300 000–500 000 infants, the vast majority of whom are from developing countries, are born with a severe haemoglobin anomaly. Currently, some basic techniques, which include iron chelation therapy, hydroxyurea, blood transfusion, splenectomy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, are being used to manage thalassaemia patients. Despite being the backbone of treatment, traditional techniques have several drawbacks and limitations. Ineffective erythropoiesis, correction of globin chain imbalance and adjustment of iron metabolism are some of the innovative treatment methods that have been developed in the care of thalassaemia patients in recent years. Moreover, regulating the expression of B‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia 11A and sex‐determining region Y‐box through the enhanced expression of micro RNAs can also be considered putative targets for managing haemoglobinopathies. This review focuses on the biological basis of β‐globin gene production, the pathophysiology of β‐thalassaemia and the treatment options that have recently been introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaphorina citri is a major pest of citrus tress because it is the vector of citrus greening. Growers rely on insecticides to manage D. citri, but these have side effects (e.g., pollution, public health issues, pest resistance, etc.). There is a need to assess the role of semiochemicals in the biological control of D. citri.A four‐armed olfactometer was used to evaluate the orientation response of larval Chrysoperla carnea, a natural enemy, to odours produced by young leaves, mature leaves, ripe fruit and fruit peel of mandarine orange (Citrus reticulata). Lacewing responses to both uninfested plant parts and infested with D. citri were measured.Results showed that C. carnea discriminated between the volatiles emitted by plant parts and citrus psyllid. In all tested combinations (I‐V), both in the absence and presence of citrus psyllid, all first, second and three C. carnea preferred the volatiles of fresh leaves and old leaves over other plant parts. Moreover, all three instars of the predator significantly preferred the area having volatile of citrus psyllid.Volatiles of fresh leaves and old leaves can be used in the management of citrus psyllid. Moreover, this tritrophic interaction could play a vital role in developing IPM strategies for the management of citrus psylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss some classical estimator based modified control charts for phase‐II monitoring in real life. The modification of some existing control charts such as exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and extended exponentially weighted moving average (EEWMA) is proposed and compared for the situation when the assumption of normality is not fulfilled due to some unavoidable factors. We first estimate the shape parameter of power function distribution using percentile estimator and maximum likelihood estimator and then propose EWMA and EEWMA based on these estimators. Monte Carlo simulation studies are used to compare the introduced control charts. The findings will be helpful for the practitioners and statisticians to devise the real‐life solution to the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability assessment index is one of the main performance indicator for analyzing the impact of distributed energy generation system in the utility distribution system and minimize the costs associated with energy interruptions. In this study, sustainable energy development by using integrated photovoltaic distributed generation (DG) system considering reliability assessment indices and levelized cost of energy are presented. Electrical transient and analysis program simulation software are used for evaluation and assessment of the reliability indices based on the failure rate, average annual power interruption/outage time and repair time. The analytical method are used to evaluate the expected interruption cost (ECOST) of the system. HelioScope software is a photovoltaic simulation tool are used to design and calculate the energy generation (kWh) as well as global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m2) of the photovoltaic system. Experimental test system is a radial distribution network consisting of an 11.0 kV feeder emanating from 132.0 kV distribution grid station Satiana. According to the reliability evaluation and assessment of experimental test system before integration of photovoltaic distributed energy generation, the average service availability index (ASAI) is 0.9648 per unit. Then, the expected energy not supplied (EENS) is 772.0308 MWh per year and ECOST is 386,652,468.18 PKR per year. After integration of Photovoltaic DG, ASAI is 0.9741 per unit, then the EENS is 563.8584 MWh per year and integration ECOST is 227,087,143.39 PKR per year. The results showed that integrated PV DG system improve the reliability of conventional energy distribution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid‐19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization in January 2020. As a consequence, several protective measures were urged by national governments in order to limit the spread of the pandemic. Drawing on the literature on health behaviours, in the present study, we investigated the psychological factors (i.e., attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control, intentions, and risk perception) that were associated with two highly recommended behaviours: frequent hand washing and social distancing (i.e., staying at home except for essential reasons). The study employed a correlational design with a follow‐up. A questionnaire including measures of psychological predictors was administered via social media to a sample of 403 adults residing in Italy during the lockdown. Self‐reported behaviours were assessed one week later. Findings showed that attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control were significantly related to hand washing and social distancing through intentions. Risk perception was a significant predictor of social distancing but not of hand washing. These findings suggest that intervention and communication strategies aimed at encouraging preventive measures during the Covid‐19 pandemic should be organized taking into account multiple factors which partially differ depending on the type of behaviour considered. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidants are widely used in cosmetic products as they have beneficial effects on skin and prevent skin from harmful effects of environment. Albizia lebbeck has a significant potential to be used in cosmeceuticals due to its antioxidant activity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to formulate a stable and effective o/w emulsion‐based emulgel containing Albizia lebbeck bark extract, which have considerable antioxidant activity. Methodology: Antioxidant activity of Albizia lebbeck bark extract was determined by DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) method. Emulgel containing 3% extract was developed by mixing o/w emulsion in Carbopol gel along with a placebo emulgel without extract (base). In vitro evaluation of these emulgels, that is, liquefaction, color, phase separation, centrifugation, and pH change were carried out for a period of 8 weeks at different storage conditions, that is, 8ºC, 25ºC, 40ºC, and 40ºC & 75% relative humidity (RH). In vivo evaluation of emulgels was carried out on 13 healthy female volunteers by measuring various parameters of skin, that is, melanin level, erythema level, moisture content, sebum content, and elasticity at regular time intervals after applying emulgel (both base and test formulation) for 8 weeks. Results: Antioxidant activity of Albizia lebbeck bark extract was 84.7%. Both emulgels (base and test formulation) were stable at all storage conditions. Statistical analysis showed that test formulation produced significant effects (p < 0.05) on melanin, erythema level, moisture content, sebum level, and elasticity of skin. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a stable topical emulgel containing 3% Albizia lebbeck bark extract has significant antioxidant effects on human skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop attribute control charts (CCs) using two life data distributions named as Transmuted Power function distribution (TPFD) and Survival Weighted Power function distribution (SWPFD) under a time truncated life test (TTLT). The evaluation of the presented charts is based on the average run length and presented these evaluations in form of tables. The comparative study has been done for the suggested CCs in detail based on the criteria of average run length. We take up a real‐life situation assuming that the lifespan of the items under study follows the TPFD and SWPFD to assess the competence of the proposed idea. A simulation study is given to support our idea that the CCs based on SWPFD performs better as compare to control chart based on TPFD for monitoring of non‐conforming items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zaka et al provided a new distribution called the Weighted Power function distribution (WPFD), which has application in reliability engineering and survival analysis. They used different estimation methods to estimate the unknown parameters of WPFD and proved that modified maximum likelihood estimator (MMLE) is best to consider for the estimation of parameters. We have constructed the memoryless and memory-based control charts based on the assumption that the distribution of the underlying process does not follow the normal distribution. In this paper, we provide modified control charts using MMLE of the shape parameter for WPFD. We develop control charts to keep the process in control when the distribution of errors of underlying process follows WPFD. We propose the modified memoryless control chart, that is, Shewhart control chart and modified memory-based control chart, that is, Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and Hybrid exponentially weighted moving average (HEWMA) control charts. We have made the comparison of the proposed control charts using Monte Carlo simulation and the real-life application for both and the memoryless control charts and memory-based control charts. We see that HEWMA based on MMLE performs better as compared to other proposed control charts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reflected power function distribution (RPFD) has applications in the fields of reliability engineering and survival analysis. To identify and remove the variation in different reliability processes and also to monitor the reliability of machines where the number of errors follows RPFD, we develop control charts to keep the process in control. A memory less control chart like a Shewhart control chart, and two memory‐based control charts like an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart and a hybrid exponentially weighted moving average (HEWMA) control chart are discussed and compared with each other. Proposal of these control charts is based on two different estimators, the percentile estimator (PE) and the modified maximum likelihood estimator (MMLE). This study shows that an HEWMA control chart based on PE performs better than PE‐based Shewhart and EWMA control charts, as well as MMLE‐based Shewhart, EWMA, and HEWMA control charts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellis‐van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease, characterized by ectodermal, skeletal, and cardiac anomalies. We report intrafamilial phenotypic variability in three new EvC syndrome cases. Affected males in this study showed only ectodermal abnormalities, whereas an affected female showed the classical presentation of EvC Syndrome, including bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet, and congenital heart defects. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify the causative variant, followed by validation and segregation analysis using Sanger sequencing. A homozygous deletion variant (c.731_757del) was identified in exon 6 of the EVC gene (NM_153717.2). The identified variant is considered to be the most likely candidate variant for the EvC syndrome in the family based on previous reports validating the role of EVC variants in the EvC syndrome. The disease correctly segregated in the family members, as all affected members were homozygous, and obligate carriers were heterozygous. Our family is remarkable in highlighting the variable expressivity of the EvC phenotype within the same family, due to a homozygous deletion mutation in the EVC gene. The variable expressivity might be due to the hypomorphic nature of mutation, or the presence of additional variants in modifier genes or in the regulatory regions of the EVC/EVC2 genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a devastating pest of mango fruit. The present study was performed to investigate the potential of ants as biocontrol agents against B. dorsalis. The two predatory ant species Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) and Messor himalayanus (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were used in field and laboratory experiments against B. dorsalis. Mangifera indica (L.) (Anacardiaceae) mangoes were exposed to various numbers of ants. Females of B. dorsalis were monitored for landing, oviposition, and time spent on treated and untreated mango fruits. In a Y‐tube olfactometer, the response was tested of B. dorsalis towards mangoes that were either exposed or not to ants. Results showed that female adults oviposited 5× more on unexposed mangoes than on exposed mangoes. Ant secretions affected the behavior of B. dorsalis and reduced oviposition, number of landings, and time spent on the fruits. It can be concluded that a population of B. dorsalis might be controlled using the secretions of ants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a new SICA model is proposed in a fractional framework for the HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics. The new model involves a Caputo‐type fractional derivative with a Mittag‐Leffler function as its nonsingular kernel. In addition, the resultant fractional equations avoid dimensional mismatching by using an auxiliary parameter. Furthermore, the nonnegativity of the solution, the equilibrium points, and their stability are studied. Additionally, we implement the model by a powerful approximation scheme based on the product‐integration rule. Comparative results with the real experimental observations, happened in Cape Verde Islands from 1987 to 2014, verify that the new fractional model is more efficient than the pre‐existent classical model with ordinary time derivatives. More to the point, the fractional order itself provides a degree of flexibility affecting the performance of the model, which is helpful to exhibit the hidden features of the disease transmission in an accurate, appropriate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple factors, including growth factors, are shown to be culprits of cancer outset and persistence. Among growth factors, insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) family are of more importance in the prognosis of blood malignancies. After binding to their corresponding receptor, IGFs initiate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and increase the translation of intracellular proteins, such as cell division‐related proteins. They also stimulate the transcription of cell division‐related genes using the Ras‐GTP pathway. In addition to organs such as the liver, IGFs are secreted by tumor cells and can cause growth and proliferation of self or tumor cells via autocrine and paracrine methods. Current studies indicate that decreasing the effects of IGF by blocking them, their receptors, or PI3K/AKT pathway using various drugs could help to suppress the division of tumor cells. Here, we delineate the role of the IGF family in hematologic malignancies and their potential mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal Gaze Palsy with Progressive Scoliosis‐2 with Impaired Intellectual Development (HGPPS2) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence of conjugate horizontal eye movements, and progressive scoliosis developing in childhood and adolescence. We report three new patients with HGPPS2 in a consanguineous Pakistani family, presenting varying degrees of progressive scoliosis, developmental delays, horizontal gaze palsy, agenesis of corpus callosum, and absence of cerebral commissures. Analysis of genotyping data identified shared loss of heterozygosity (LOH) region on chromosomes 5p15.33‐15.31, 6q11.2‐12, and 18q21.1‐21.3. A hypothesis‐free, unbiased exome data analysis detected an insertion of nucleotide A (c.2399dupA) in exon 16 of the DCC gene. The insertion is predicted to cause frameshift p.(Asn800Lysfs*11). Interestingly, DCC gene is present in the LOH region on chromosome 18. Variant (c.2399dupA) in the DCC gene is considered as the most probable candidate variant for HGPPS2 based on the presence of DCC in the LOH region, previously reported role of DCC in HGPPS2, perfect segregation of candidate variant with the disease, prediction of variant pathogenicity, and absence of variant in variation databases. Sanger Sequencing confirmed the presence of the novel homozygous mutation in all three patients; the parents were heterozygous carriers of the mutation, in accordance with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. DCC encodes a netrin‐1 receptor protein; its role in the development of the CNS has recently been established. Biallelic DCC mutations have previously been shown to cause HGPPS2. A novel homozygous variant in patients of the reported family extend the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of HGPPS2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Cognitive impairment is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with substantial adverse effects on function and quality of life. One hypothesis to understand the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in SLE is accelerated immunosenescence. The aim of this study is to observe the correlation between immunosenescence with cognitive impairment in patients with SLE. Methods: Sixty‐one female SLE patient were measured for CD4 and CD8 T cell‐associated senescence markers, including percentage of end‐stage differentiated T cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing CD57+ or loss of CD28 expression), of naïve T cells (CD4+CD45RA+ and CD8+CD45RA+), memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+ and CD8+CD45RO+), and antigen‐experienced T cells (CD4+KLRG1+ and CD8+KLRG1+) which were measured using flow cytometry. One hallmark of immunosenescence called immune risk profile (IRP) was defined by an inverted ratio of CD4 and CD8. Cognitive functions were measured by Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) questionnaire. Results: Thirty‐six (59.1%) SLE patients who had IRP develop significantly lower attention and recall from both MMSE (P =.005 and P =.000) and MOCA (P =.017 and P =.000) examinations. Decreased visuospatial ability was also found in patients with IRP measured by MOCA (P =.046). There was a negative correlation between memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells with recall and visuospatial domain (R = −0.204, P =.039 and R = −0.250, P =.033; respectively), and negative correlation between CD8+CD28‐ T cells with recall and attention domain (R = −0.249, P =.027 and R = −0.145, P =.048, respectively). Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus patients develop an accelerated immunosenescence which contributes to cognitive dysfunction, especially in attention, recall, and visuospatial domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In insects, little is known about the co‐evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co‐diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P‐endosymbiont), ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’ at the population level. RESULTS: Maximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P‐endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P‐endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the co‐diversification of D. citri and its P‐endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P‐endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P‐endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the evolution of green chemistry in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with the usage of plants has captivated a great response. In this study, in vitro plantlets and callus of Silybum marianum were exploited as a stabilising agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide as a substitute for chemical method. The contemporary investigation defines the synthesis of ZnO NPs prepared by chemical and bio‐extract‐assisted methods. Characterisation techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray were used to confirm the synthesis. Although chemical and bio‐assisted methods are suitable choices for NPs synthesis, the bio‐assisted green assembly is advantageous due to superior stability. Moreover, this report describes the antibacterial activity of the synthesised NPs against standard strains of Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of active immunization of interleukin (IL)‐17A to inhibit B cell functions and monitor the risk of infection in a pristane‐induced lupus mice model. Methods: Female Balb/c mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL pristane. IL‐17A was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and given to mice in three different doses: D0 (0 μg/mL), D1 (1 μg/mL), and D2 (10 μg/mL). The vaccine was given three times with 3‐week intervals. At day 42, mice were injected intraperitoneally with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and monitored for 3 weeks. Plasma cells proliferation, Th17 and plasma cell percentages were measured by flow cytometry; anti‐IL‐17A antibody titers, IL‐17A, and anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; and MRSA colonization was measured by bacterial counter. Results: Anti‐IL‐17A antibody titers were significantly higher in D2 compared to D0 (P = 0.012). Serum IL‐17A levels were also significantly lower in D2 compared to D0 (P = 0.000) while Th17 percentages were not significantly different between groups. D2 was also had significantly lower anti‐dsDNA (P = 0.021), lower plasma cell percentages (P = 0.000) and lower B cell proliferation rate (P = 0.001) compared to D0. Analysis for the risk of infection also revealed that D2 did not increase the risk of infection compared to D0 (P = 0.504). Conclusion: Active immunization with IL‐17A coupled to KLH was able to induce a high titer of neutralizing antibodies against IL‐17A and inhibit B cell functions without increasing the risk of infection in a pristane‐induced lupus mice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic synthesis of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and bimetallic alloy Au–Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions using Cannabis sativa as reducing and stabilising agent has been presented in this report. Formation of NPs was monitored using UV–visible spectroscopy. Morphology of the synthesised metallic and bimetallic NPs was investigated using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental composition and the surface chemical state of NPs were confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy was utilised to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the NPs. Biological applicability of biosynthesised NPs was tested against five bacterial strains namely Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Leishmania major promastigotes. The results showed considerable antibacterial and anti‐leishmanial activity. The Au–Ag bimetallic NPs showed improved antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as compared to Au and Ag alone, while maximum anti‐leishmanial activity was observed at 250 μg ml−1 NP concentration. These results suggest that biosynthesised NPs can be used as potent antibiotic and anti‐leishmanial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era of science and technology, nanotechnology is becoming popular science field because materials at nanoscale contain improved physical, chemical and biological properties. This study aimed to explore the capacity of bimetallic nanoparticle alloys of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au) in different ratios to evaluate the effects on medicinally important plant Eruca sativa. Biochemical parameters of Eruca sativa were studied by applying bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. Seeds of Eruca sativa were germinated on Murashige and Skoog medium with various combinations of nanoparticles suspension employed in concentration of (30 µg/ml). Bimetallic alloys were considered as a stress inducing factor in plants while studying the phytotoxicity. Many secondary metabolites were released because defensive mechanism of plants was active in response to stress. Such secondary metabolites produced in medicinal plants have a great capability in treating the human diseases. In the authors' study, nanoparticles of small size and of high toxicity effect produced more secondary metabolites like total protein content, total flavonoids and total phenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years nanotechnology has become increasingly important in almost every field. The new and improved physical, chemical and biological properties of material at nanoscale have far reaching implications in the fields of science and technology. Nanoparticles' effect on various plant species must be investigated to develop a comprehensive toxicity profile for nanoparticles. The current study strives to evaluate the effects of nine types of metal nanoparticles including monometallic and bimetallic alloy nanoparticles [Ag, Au, Cu, AgCu (1:3), AgCu (3:1), AuCu (1:3), AuCu (3:1), AgAu (1:3), AgAu (3:1)] on seed germination, root and shoot growth and biochemical profile of Silybum marianum plant. Seed germination was greatly affected and increased significantly upon treatment with nanoparticles' suspensions and was recorded highest for Ag nanoparticle suspension. Metal nanoparticles also had a significant effect on the biochemical profile of S. marianum. For the first week, the effect on DPPH, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, total protein content, peroxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced, but declined as the time progressed. Among the nanoparticles being used, the effect of Ag nanoparticle was mostly enhancing. The results obtained are significant in mapping the effects of different monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles on medicinal plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, characterisation and application of metal nanoparticles have become an important and attractive branch of nanotechnology. In current study, metallic nanoparticles of silver, copper, and gold were synthesised using environment friendly method (polyols process), and applied on medicinally important plant: Eruca sativa. Effects of application of these nanoparticles were evaluated on seed germination frequency and biochemical parameters of plant tissues. Seeds of E. sativa were germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium incorporated with various combinations of nanoparticles suspension (30 µg/ml). Phytotoxicity study showed that nanoparticles could induce stress in plants by manipulating the endogenous mechanisms. In response to these stresses, plants release various defensive compounds; known as antioxidant secondary metabolites. These plants derived secondary metabolites having a great potential in treating the common human ailments. In the authors study, small‐sized nanoparticles showed higher toxicity levels and enhanced secondary metabolites production, total protein content, total flavonoids content and total phenolics content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]