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Aqueous zinc metal battery (AZMB) has received widespread attention due to the advantages of low cost and high safety. However, challenges of dendritic growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and other side‐reaction impede the performance of the Zn anode. Herein, 4‐amino‐benzene‐sulfonic acid (ABSA) is proposed as an additive to the ZnSO4 electrolyte for improving the performance of AZMB. Combined analyses of theoretical calculations and experiment results, ABSA assumes a pivotal function in constructing an adsorptive layer, facilitating the subsequent formation of a stable sulfur‐rich solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI). Consequently, the SEI layer modulates the pathway of Zn2+ electrodeposition/dissolution and effectively hinders the deleterious growth of dendrites and unwanted side reactions. As a result, the Zn||Zn cells stably cycles for 2500 h at 1 mAh cm−2/1 mA cm−2 and over 1000 h at 10 mAh cm−2/10 mA cm−2. Significantly, the pouch cell of Zn||VO2 can obtain the specific capacity of 151 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. This work may provide a new perspective for designing advanced electrolytes from the prospect of interface protection for the AZMB and other metal ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calciumion batteries (CIBs) are an appealing energy storage technology owing to the low redox potential of Ca2+/Ca and the abundant Ca reserves in the earth's crust. However, suitable cathode materials with high capacity and long lifespan are scarce. Herein, VO2(B)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) heterojunction formed by interfacial V─O─C bonds is constructed and first reported as a cathode material for CIBs, which exhibits an ultrahigh discharge capacity of 319.2 mAh g−1 and exceptional long lifespan (3000 cycles at 500 mA g−1 with capacity retention of 85%). In addition, VO2(B)/rGO heterojunction also shows an outstanding rate capability at 50 °C (127.1 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1). The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the big tunnel structures of VO2(B) and the role of rGO in enhancing electronic conductivity. Density functional theory calculations reveal a feasible Ca2+ diffusion path at the interface. Furthermore, a reversible single‐phase insertion/extraction reaction is revealed by in situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ Raman, and ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This work demonstrates that VO2(B)/rGO holds great potential for building high‐capacity and long‐lifespan CIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are appealing alternatives for energy storage systems based on the high theoretical capacity, low price and high security of the Mg metal anode. Nevertheless, the shortage of high‐performance cathode materials severely obstructs its development. As an important conversion material, transition metal selenides, with desirable theoretical capacity and weak bond energy (Mg−Se), have attracted more attention in recent years. In this study, CuFeSe2 (CFS) nanoparticles were produced by a hydrothermal approach and its feasibility as a cathode material for RMBs was further investigated. Given the synergistic effect between Cu and Fe, the optimized CFS shows a reversible capacity of 120 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, outstanding long‐term cyclability (86 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 600 cycles), and prominent rate capability (85 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). Density functional theory (DFT) computations conclude CFS exhibits a suitable migration barrier for Mg2+ along the tunnel of 0.92 eV. An in‐depth investigation of the mechanism demonstrates that the Mg storage process can be divided into solid solution reaction and the conversion processes by ex‐situ techniques. This work contributes to further investigate the Mg2+ storage mechanism of cathode materials for RMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging as a leading contender for economical, high‐security grid‐scale energy storage, rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are currently facing the challenge in its progression due to the absence of cathode materials with high energy density. In this study, we design a V2O5 ⋅ nH2O, GO and CNTs composite (HVO/GO‐CNTs) film through freeze‐drying and vacuum filtration. This binder‐free cathode for AZIBs exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance, featuring a high capacity of 387 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and a high capacity retention of 82.6 % after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This investigation offers a promising approach to electrode material design for the advancement of high‐performance AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aqueous zinc metal battery has been one of the next‐generation energy storage systems with a promising future due to the advantages of aqueous electrolyte and metallic zinc anode. Among many cathode materials, vanadium‐based materials with considerable specific capacity, adjustable crystal structure, and multiple valence states are very promising cathodes, but the electrochemical performance of vanadium‐based zinc metal batteries faces severe challenges such as the limited and declining capacity and sluggish ion/e− transport kinetics process. Herein, taking VO2 as an example, the crystal structure and energy storage mechanism of VO2 cathode are briefly introduced. The challenges of aqueous Zn/VO2 battery are analyzed in depth. Significantly, the current advanced modification strategies for aqueous Zn/VO2 battery are summarized and discussed in detail, and the future development is also prospected. This article can provide some significant references for the development of aqueous Zn/VO2 battery and the guiding significance for other metal ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the largest organ in the human body. Various skin environments on its surface constitutes a complex ecosystem. One of the characteristics of the skin micro‐ecosystem is low biomass, which greatly limits a comprehensive identification of the microbial species through sequencing. In this study, deep‐shotgun sequencing (average 21.5 Gigabyte (Gb)) from 450 facial samples and publicly available skin metagenomic datasets of 2069 samples to assemble a Unified Human Skin Genome (UHSG) catalog is integrated. The UHSG encompasses 813 prokaryotic species derived from 5779 metagenome‐assembled genomes, among which 470 are novel species covering 20 phyla with 1385 novel assembled genomes. Based on the UHSG, the core functions of the skin microbiome are described and the differences in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug resistance functions among different phyla are identified. Furthermore, analysis of secondary metabolites of the near‐complete genomes further find 1220 putative novel secondary metabolites, several of which are found in previously unknown genomes. Single nucleotide variant (SNV) reveals a possible skin protection mechanism: the negative selection process of the skin environment to conditional pathogens. UHSG offers a convenient reference database that will facilitate a more in‐depth understanding of the role of skin microorganisms in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises) have large and anatomically sophisticated brains. To expand our understanding of the cellular makeup of cetacean brains and the similarities and divergence between the brains of cetaceans and terrestrial mammals, we report a short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) single‐nucleus transcriptome atlas. To achieve this goal, we assembled a chromosome‐scale reference genome spanning 2.25 Gb on 22 chromosomes and profiled the gene expression of five major anatomical cortical regions of the short‐finned pilot whale by single‐nucleus RNA‐sequencing (snRNA‐seq). We identified six major cell lineages in the cerebral cortex (excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, astrocytes, and endothelial cells), eight molecularly distinct subclusters of excitatory neurons, and four subclusters of inhibitory neurons. Finally, a comparison of snRNA‐seq data from the short‐finned pilot whale, human, and rhesus macaque revealed a broadly conserved cellular makeup of brain cell types. Our study provides genomic resources and molecular insights into cetacean brain evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited availability of cathode materials with high specific capacity and significant cycling stability for aqueous K‐ion batteries (AKIBs) hinder their further development owing to the large radius of K+ (1.38 Å). Prussian blue and its analogs with a three‐dimensional frame structure possessing special energy storage mechanism are promising candidates as cathode materials for AKIBs. In this study, K0.2Ni0.68Co0.77Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 1.8H2O (KNCHCF) was prepared as a cathode material for AKIBs. Both the electrochemical activity of Co ions and the near‐pseudocapacitance intercalation of KNCHCF enhance K+ storage. Therefore, KNCHCF exhibits a superior capacity maintenance rate of 86 % after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 3.0 A g−1. The storage mechanism of K+ in AKIBs was revealed through ex situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, the assembled K−Zn hybrid battery showed good cycling stability with 93.1 % capacity maintenance at 0.1 A g−1 after 50 cycles and a high energy density of 96.81 W h kg−1. Hence, KNCHCF may be a potential material for the development of AKIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Amylose content is a crucial physicochemical property responsible for the eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain and is mainly controlled by the Waxy (Wx) gene. Previous studies have identified several Dull genes that modulate the expression of the Wxb allele in japonica rice by affecting the splicing efficiency of the Wxb pre‐mRNA. Here, we uncover dual roles for a novel Dull gene in pre‐mRNA splicing and microRNA processing. We isolated the dull mutant, du13, with a dull endosperm and low amylose content. Map‐based cloning showed that Du13 encodes a C2H2 zinc‐finger protein. Du13 coordinates with the nuclear cap‐binding complex to regulate the splicing of Wxb transcripts in rice endosperm. Moreover, Du13 also regulates alternative splicing of other protein‐coding transcripts and affects the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs. Our results reveal an evolutionarily conserved link between pre‐mRNA splicing and microRNA biogenesis in rice endosperm. Our findings also provide new insights into the functions of Dull genes in rice and expand our knowledge of microRNA biogenesis in monocots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Starch accounts for over 80% of the total dry weight in cereal endosperm and determines the kernel texture and nutritional quality. Amyloplasts, terminally differentiated plastids, are responsible for starch biosynthesis and storage. We screened a series of rice mutants with floury endosperm to clarify the mechanism underlying amyloplast development and starch synthesis. We identified the floury endosperm19 (flo19) mutant which shows opaque of the interior endosperm. Abnormal compound starch grains (SGs) were present in the endosperm cells of the mutant. Molecular cloning revealed that the FLO19 allele encodes a plastid‐localized pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 component subunit α1 (ptPDC‐E1‐α1) that is expressed in all rice tissues. In vivo enzyme assays demonstrated that the flo19 mutant showed decreased activity of the plastidic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In addition, the amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) were much lower in the developing flo19 mutant endosperm, suggesting that FLO19 participates in fatty acid supply for galactolipid biosynthesis in amyloplasts. FLO19 overexpression significantly increased seed size and weight, but did not affect other important agronomic traits, such as panicle length, tiller number and seed setting rate. An analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism data from a panel of rice accessions identified that the pFLO19L haplotype was positively associated with grain length, implying a potential application in rice breeding. In summary, our study demonstrates that FLO19 is involved in galactolipid biosynthesis which is essential for amyloplast development and starch biosynthesis in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main observation and conclusion: By a strategy of fine‐tuning of packing mode between the adjacent layers in a 2D net metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) through ligand changing, two 2D sql‐type MOFs with highly selective CO2 uptake, CuHIN and CuHPB, were successfully synthesized. Compared with the precursor MOF‐2, the fine‐tuning structure of CuHIN shows selective adsorption of CO2 over N2 and CH4 with the CO2 uptake amounts as high as 4.7 wt% at 0.15 bar and at 298 K, and CO2 selectivity towards N2 and CH4 is 165.8 and 10.22 at 1 bar and at 298 K, respectively. In addition, for the 2D MOFs, the dynamic porous structure depends on the interaction of the adjacent layers. The suitable interaction is good for gliding smoothly and gas adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have attracted significant attention owing to the high energy density and economic viability. However, the lack of suitable cathode materials, owing to the high polarizability of divalent Mg‐ion and slow Mg‐ion diffusion, hinders the development of RMBs. V2O5 is a promising RMBs cathode material, but its limited interlayer spacing is unfavorable for the rapid diffusion of Mg2+, demonstrating unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. In this study, the superlattices of V2O5 and polyaniline (PANI) with expanded interlayer spacing are assembled as the cathode material for RMBs. The intercalation of PANI in the interlayer region of V2O5 significantly improves the reversible capacities, Mg2+ diffusion kinetics, and cycling performance of the PVO cathode. Furthermore, RMBs with PVO as the cathode and Mg metal as the anode deliver high specific capacities. The introduced polyaniline layer not only expands the interlayer spacing of V2O5, but also increases the electrical conductivity. Moreover, ex situ XRD characterization indicates that PVO does not undergo obvious phase transformation with the continuous insertion of Mg2+, which may be ascribed to the π‐conjugated chains of PANI that give flexibility to the structure to improve cycling stability. This study demonstrates that designing organic‐inorganic superlattices is an efficient strategy for developing high‐performance cathode materials for RMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO2 generally has a higher theoretical capacity and layered structure suitable for the intercalation/extraction of zinc ions. However, Zn2+ ions with high charge density interact with the crystal lattice and limit further improvement in electrochemical performance. Defect engineering is a potential modification method with very promising application prospects, but the established procedures for preparing defects are complicated. In this study, VO2–x(B) with oxygen deficiency is prepared by a simple solution reaction with NaBH4. The presence of oxygen deficiencies is confirmed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorbance spectroscopy and others. Owing to the presence of oxygen defects, the aqueous Zn/VO2–x(B) battery exhibits improved specific capacity, excellent reversibility, and structural stability. Ex situ characterization techniques are employed to demonstrate the reversible insertion‐extraction mechanism of Zn2+ ions from and into the host material. In addition, the Zn/VO2–x(B) batteries still exhibit considerable electrochemical performance, even with high‐loading electrodes (about 4 mg cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) with near neutral (pH ≈ 4–6) Zn2+‐containing aqueous electrolyte have received extensive research due to their advantages of high safety, low production cost, suitable anode zinc, and environmental friendliness, etc. At present, one of the key challenges of aqueous ZIBs is the development of cathode materials with stable structure, rapid kinetics, and high capacity, etc. Compared with other cathode materials, V2O5 has an important potential application because of its high theoretical specific capacity (589 mA h g−1) based on two electron transfers, relatively low production cost, and suitable layered structure that facilitates zinc ion insertion/extraction. Herein, the following sections are proposed: 1) An understanding of the structure and energy storage mechanism of V2O5; 2) The recent development on the aqueous Zn/V2O5 battery from properties of V2O5 cathode and composition optimization of battery structure; 3) The application of V2O5 cathode in flexible ZIBs; and 4) The outlook and development trends in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the value of inflammatory markers for the prediction of small bowel obstruction (SBO) following appendectomy. Methods: We included cases of acute appendicitis that underwent laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in the Qingdao Municipal Hospital between January 2017 and January 2019. The cases were divided into an SBO group and a non‐SBO group depending on whether patients had or did not have SBO, and patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in abdominal exudate and venous blood were examined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: After 1 year of follow‐up, there were 985 cases in the non‐SBO group and 16 cases in the SBO group. The levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in abdominal exudate on post‐operative day 1 in the SBO group were 172.5 ± 14.7, 2167.3 ± 372.1 and 253.9 ± 12.9 pg/mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the non‐SBO group. The serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the SBO group were significantly higher than that in the non‐SBO group before surgery. Post‐operatively, the inflammatory markers above decreased significantly and became similar with time in both groups. The logistic regression showed that the levels of peritoneal IL‐6, preoperative serum CRP and perforated appendicitis were significant risk factors of SBO. The specificity and sensitivity of peritoneal IL‐6 were 0.81 and 0.921, respectively. Conclusion: The IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α and CRP in serum and abdominal exudate played an important role in SBO after LA. The peritoneal IL‐6 was the most reliable prediction marker for SBO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spikelet is the primary reproductive structure and a critical determinant of grain yield in rice. The molecular mechanisms regulating rice spikelet development still remain largely unclear.Here, we report that mutations in OsPEX5, which encodes a peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) receptor protein, cause abnormal spikelet morphology.We show that OsPEX5 can physically interact with OsOPR7, an enzyme involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and is required for its import into peroxisome. Similar to Ospex5 mutant, the knockout mutant of OsOPR7 generated via CRISPR‐Cas9 technology has reduced levels of endogenous JA and also displays an abnormal spikelet phenotype. Application of exogenous JA can partially rescue the abnormal spikelet phenotype of Ospex5 and Osopr7. Furthermore, we show that OsMYC2 directly binds to the promoters of OsMADS1, OsMADS7 and OsMADS14 to activate their expression, and subsequently regulate spikelet development.Our results suggest that OsPEX5 plays a critical role in regulating spikelet development through mediating peroxisomal import of OsOPR7, therefore providing new insights into regulation of JA biosynthesis in plants and expanding our understanding of the biological role of JA in regulating rice reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyruvate kinase (PK) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and carbon metabolism. Here, we isolated a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, w59, with a white‐core floury endosperm. Map‐based cloning of w59 identified a mutation in OsPKpα1, which encodes a plastidic isoform of PK (PKp). OsPKpα1 localizes to the amyloplast stroma in the developing endosperm, and the mutation of OsPKpα1 in w59 decreases the plastidic PK activity, resulting in dramatic changes to the lipid biosynthesis in seeds. The w59 grains were also characterized by a marked decrease in starch content. Consistent with a decrease in number and size of the w59 amyloplasts, large empty spaces were observed in the central region of the w59 endosperm, at the early grain‐filling stage. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis revealed four potential rice isoforms of OsPKp. We validated the in vitro PK activity of these OsPKps through reconstituting active PKp complexes derived from inactive individual OsPKps, revealing the heteromeric structure of rice PKps, which was further confirmed using a protein–protein interaction analysis. These findings suggest a functional connection between lipid and starch synthesis in rice endosperm amyloplasts. Pyruvate kinase (PK) functions in glycolysis. Mutation in plastidic OsPKpα1 resulted in dramatic changes to lipid and starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. As plastidic PK plays a fundamental role in generating the precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, our findings suggest a functional connection between lipid and starch synthesis in amyloplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosis is a phenomenon whereby hybrids of inbred lines produce favourable phenotypes that exceed those of their parents. Traits of interest are higher yield and stronger stress tolerance. The two-line super-hybrid rice 'Liangyoupei9' ( LYP9) shows superiority to both its elite inbred line '93-11' and 'Pei'ai64s' (' PA64s') parents and conventional hybrids. However, the genetic basis of its hybrid vigour, especially yield determination, remains elusive. In the present study, a set of 156 chromosome segment substitution lines ( CSSLs) carrying overlapping segments from ' PA64s' in a genetic background of '93-11' were constructed and planted in six environments. Three major agronomic traits, viz. panicle length ( PL), heading date ( HD) and plant height ( PH), and five yield-related traits, viz. grain weight per panicle ( GWP), number of grains per panicle ( GPP), 1000-grain weight ( TGW), seed set ( SS) and number of panicles of per plant ( PPP), were evaluated over 3 years. Quantitative trait loci ( QTL) analysis was conducted using a likelihood ratio test based on stepwise regression. Forty-six putative QTL distributed on 11 chromosomes were detected in more than one year. Remarkably, GWP of four CSSLs carrying positive yield QTL outperformed the recurrent parent '93-11' by more than 15%, in at least two environments. These results indicate that CSSLs are effective in identifying yield-associated traits, and lines harbouring such QTL will be rich in resources for future molecular breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant uveal melanoma severely damages eye function and is prone to metastasize to other organs. Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising agent to treat uveal melanoma because of its induction of apoptosis in cancer cells both at primary and metastatic sites. However, TRAIL therapy lacks tumor specificity in the current delivery systems for uveal melanoma treatment, thereby causing cytotoxiciy to normal tissues. To improve uveal melanoma specificity of adenovirus‐based TRAIL introduction, we used miRNA response elements (MREs) of miR‐34a, miR‐137 and miR‐182, which have been shown to have reduced expression in uveal melanoma cells, to regulate its expression. miR‐34a, miR‐137 and miR‐182 all had lower expression levels in uveal melanoma cell lines, compared with normal cells. MREs‐regulated luciferase activity was reduced in normal cell lines, but not significantly attenuated in uveal melanoma cells. The infection of MRE‐regulated TRAIL‐expressing adenoviral vector (Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs) led to high level of TRAIL expression in uveal melanoma cell lines, but not in normal cells. Strong expression of TRAIL had a high anti‐tumor capacity by inducing apoptosis in uveal melanoma cells. In contrast, Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs had no cytotoxicity to normal cell lines. Animal experiments further confirmed tumor‐suppressing effect of Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs on uveal melanoma xenografts and its biosafety to hepatic tissues. Collectively, we constructed an MRE‐directed TRAIL‐expressing adenoviral vector and provided evidence that this vector possessed high anti‐tumor activity and uveal melanoma specificity. Highlights: MREs of miR‐34a, miR‐137 and miR‐182 restrict TRAIL expression in uveal melanoma.Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs selectively induces apoptosis and reduce growth of uveal melanoma.Ad‐TRAIL‐3MREs possesses no cytotoxicity to normal cells in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) premature leaf senescence-resistant inbred XLZ33 and senescence-susceptible inbred lines XLZ13 were selected and crossed to produce F1, F1-reciprocal, F2 and BC1 generations for evaluation of leaf senescence process and inheritance. The results showed that leaf senescence processes for XLZ13 and XLZ33 were obviously different and leaf senescence traits could be distinguished between the two parents at particular periods of cotton growth. Inheritance anlysis for the cotton premature leaf senescence resistant trait further showed that the segregation in the F2 fit a 3:1 ratio inheritance pattern, with resistance being dominant. The backcross of F1 to the susceptible parent produced a 1:1 ratio, confirming that cotton premature leaf senescence resistant trait was from a single gene. The single dominant gene controlling cotton premature leaf senescence resistance in XLZ33 was named as cotton premature leaf senescence resistance 1, with the symbol cplsr1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 2 figures and 5 tables To discover new resistance genes to rice stripe virus disease (RSVD), quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted by using 162 recombinant inbred lines, derived from a cross between 'Guichao 2' and 'Koshihikari', RSVD resistances were evaluated using both artificial inoculation and natural infection methods by scoring the ratio of the disease rating index. Three QTL‐controlling RSVD resistance were detected by the above two methods, which located on chromosomes 4(qStv4), 9(qStv9) and 12(qStv12), respectively. The qStv9 and qStv12 was repeatedly detected in artificial inoculation test in 2006 and 2008. In natural inoculation test, the qStv4 and qStv9 was detected in 2006, and the qStv12 was detected in 2008. As qStv9 and qStv12 explained 11.3–32.1% of the resistance effect from 'Guichao 2' across two environments, they should be a useful genetic resource in rice MAS breeding programme against RSVD. Further analysis revealed that the lines harbouring the alleles of qStv9 and qStv12 exhibited significantly increased resistance to RSVD, implying the possibility of breeding new resistant varieties by pyramiding resistant QTL through marker‐assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main observation and conclusion: By a strategy of fine‐tuning of packing mode between the adjacent layers in a 2D net metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) through ligand changing, two 2D sql‐type MOFs with highly selective CO2 uptake, CuHIN and CuHPB, were successfully synthesized. Compared with the precursor MOF‐2, the fine‐tuning structure of CuHIN shows selective adsorption of CO2 over N2 and CH4 with the CO2 uptake amounts as high as 4.7 wt% at 0.15 bar and at 298 K, and CO2 selectivity towards N2 and CH4 is 165.8 and 10.22 at 1 bar and at 298 K, respectively. In addition, for the 2D MOFs, the dynamic porous structure depends on the interaction of the adjacent layers. The suitable interaction is good for gliding smoothly and gas adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The temporal progression states of the molecular and structural substrate in atrial fibrillation (AF) are not well understood. We hypothesized that these can be detected by AF electrograms and magnetic resonance imaging parametric mapping., Methods and Results: AF was induced in 43 dogs (25-35 kg, ≥1 year) by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) (3-33 weeks, 600 beats/min), and 4 controls were used. We performed high-resolution epicardial mapping (UnEmap, 6 atrial regions, both atria, 130 electrodes, distance 2.5 mm) and analyzed electrogram cycle length, dominant frequency, organization index, and peak-to-peak bipolar voltage. Implantable telemetry recordings were used to quantify parasympathetic nerve activity over RAP time. Magnetic resonance imaging native T1, postcontrast T1, T2 mapping, and extracellular volume fraction were assessed (1.5T, Siemens) at baseline and AF. In explanted atrial tissue, DNA oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine staining) and percentage of fibrofatty tissue were quantified. Cycle length and organization index decreased ( R =0.5, P <0.05; and R =0.5, P <0.05; respectively), and dominant frequency increased ( R =0.3, P n.s.) until 80 days of RAP but not thereafter. In contrast, voltage continued to decrease throughout the duration of RAP ( R =0.6, P <0.05). Parasympathetic nerve activity increased following RAP and plateaued at 80 days. Magnetic resonance imaging native T1 and T2 times increased with RAP days ( R =0.5, P <0.05; R =0.6, P <0.05) in the posterior left atrium throughout RAP. Increased RAP days correlated with increasing 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels and with fibrosis percentage ( R =0.5, P <0.05 for both)., Conclusions: A combination of AF electrogram characteristics and T1/T2 magnetic resonance imaging can detect early-stage AF remodeling (autonomic remodeling, oxidative stress) and advanced AF remodeling due to oxidative stress and fibrosis.