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Mitochondrial dysfunction of neurons is the core pathogenesis of incurable Parkinson's disease (PD). It is crucial to ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction of neurons for boosting the therapy of PD. Herein, the remarkable promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction of neurons and improve the treatment of PD by using mitochondria‐targeted biomimetic nanoparticles, which are Cu2‐xSe‐based nanoparticles functionalized with curcumin and wrapped with DSPE‐PEG2000‐TPP‐modified macrophage membrane (denoted as CSCCT NPs), is reported. These nanoparticles can efficiently target mitochondria of damaged neurons in an inflammatory environment, and mediate the signaling pathway of NAD+/SIRT1/PGC‐1α/PPARγ/NRF1/TFAM to alleviate 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced neuronal toxicity. They can reduce the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, restore mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), protect the integrity of mitochondrial respiratory chain, and ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction via promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, which synergistically improve the motor disorders and anxiety behavior of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mice. This study demonstrates that targeting mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction has a great potential in the treatment of PD and mitochondria‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsyndromic monogenic obesity (NSMO) is a class of individual obesity that is independent of the environment and caused by a single gene mutation. It is mostly caused by mutations in LEP, LEPR, PCSK1, as well as some rare mutations in UCP3, NR0B2, and PPARG. Among 30 obesity patients, five patients are identified with positive gene detection. For the first time, the c.624C>T mutation associated with PCSK1, and the c.50G>A and c.293_301delinsAC mutations associated with NR0B2, as well as the obesity phenotype mutation (c.284A>G) associated with PPARG is confirmed. Following this, the genotype‐clinical phenotype, mutation hotspots, and mutation distributions of each gene are summarized, and the genetic characteristics of NSMO are analyzed. The locations of mutation c.50G>A, and c.284A>G are highly conserved according to the sequencing alignment. According to the findings, the c.624C>T mutation in PCSK1 is a newly discovered synonymous mutation, but it can result in significant early‐onset obesity. Additionally, the mutation of c.284A>G(PPARG) can lead to a variety of clinical phenotypes and the mutation of UCP3 and NR0B2 may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study enriches the human NSMO gene mutation database and provides a scientific basis for clinically accurate diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple inclined hollow pipes were combined to form a self‐priming jet (SPJ) impeller. The hydrodynamic and mixing characteristics in the tank were studied by numerical simulation. The feasibility of the numerical simulation model was verified by particle distribution experiments. The results showed that the turbulence intensity and vorticity were affected by the installation height and diameter of the impeller; the mixing performance was improved with increasing diameter and installation angle. The study on the enhanced mixing mechanism showed that the self‐priming was generated in the lower part of the impeller, the flow was accelerated in the empty pipe, and the jet was generated in the upper part of the impeller. Self‐priming and jet caused multiple axial internal circulation flows in the SPJ tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article studies the bipartite containment control problem for a class of fractional order nonlinear multi‐agent systems in the presence of arbitrary switchings and unmeasured states. Under the framework of Lyapunov function theory, this article proposes an adaptive neural network dynamic surface controller, in which dynamic surface control technology can avoid "explosion of complexity" and obtain fractional derivatives for virtual control functions continuously. Radial basis function neural networks are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions and an observer is designed to obtain the unmeasured states. The proposed distributed protocol can ensure all the signals remain semi‐global uniformly ultimately bounded in the closed‐loop system and all followers can converge to the convex hull containing each leader's trajectory as well as its opposite trajectory different in sign. Example and simulation results confirm the feasibility of the proposed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the self‐healing behavior of natural rubber (NR) and NR‐butyl rubber (IIR) composites, which was enhanced by graft‐polymerization of zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) onto rubber chains. Using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the vulcanization agent formed a reversible covalent/ionic crosslinking supermolecular network. By controlling the vulcanization process, a reversible supramolecular network composed of covalent cross‐linking, ionic cross‐linking, and physical entanglement is obtained. Experiments shown that the self‐repairing behavior of ionic bonds comes from the recombination of ionic clusters. Although the saturated backbone of IIR is hardly to provide ionic or covalent crosslinks, the addition of IIR can increase the degree of physical entanglements level of rubber and provide physical self‐healing behavior. The entanglement healing is weaker than ionic cross‐linking, but due to the better chain mobility, the multiple times healing ability of IIR introduced by entanglements is better than covalent or ionic bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regenerative braking energy generated during the braking of high‐speed trains affects the power quality of the power grid. Recovery of regenerative braking energy is problem that needs to be solved urgently. The regenerative braking energy of high‐speed railway features high power and high energy. It is difficult to recover it only by using high power density supercapacitors or high energy density batteries. In this paper, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries and its optimal configuration method are proposed for the purpose of obtaining maximum economic benefits for railroad systems. Then the economic benefits when using the HESS and the single energy storage system are compared from the perspective of whether the regenerative braking energy is fully recycled or not. Finally, a simulation analysis with actual load of a high‐speed railway station is performed. The highest benefit is achieved when the regenerative braking energy is partially recovered by the HESS, which can save 3% of the total cost per day and pay back the cost in eight years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to develop state estimation and sliding mode control schemes for the vibration suppression of an underactuated wing aeroelastic system in the presence of a gust load disturbance. Ignoring structural elastic deformation and using the concentrated elastic system (spring) to simulate the overall elastic deformation, this aeroelastic model consists of a straight wing and spring system, describing flap and pitch freedoms. The corresponding dynamic motion equation is established using the Lagrange method, and the gust is modeled as a typical "1‐cosine" gust. The aerodynamic lift and moment on the wing are computed by strip theory. The open loop system exhibits the limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) at a certain freestream velocity. The objective is to design a control system for suppressing the LCOs. For the purpose of control, a single trailing‐edge control surface is used. It is assumed that only the pitch angle is measured and the remaining state variables needed for full state feedback are estimated by the designed observer. Then an integral sliding surface is put forward on the estimation space; a new continuous reaching law is proposed to reduce the chattering phenomena. The finite‐time reachability of the predesigned sliding surface is proved and guaranteed by the designed sliding mode control law. The sufficient condition for the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system composed of the sliding mode dynamics and the error dynamical system is derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI). The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is finally demonstrated by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]