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It has long been an aspirational goal to create artificial channel structures that replicate the feat achieved by ion channel proteins. Biological ion channels occasionally demonstrate multiple conductance states (known as subconductance), remaining a challenging property to achieve in artificial channel molecules. We report a funnel‐shaped single‐molecule channel constructed by an electron‐deficient macrocycle and two electron‐deficient aromatic imide arms. Planar lipid bilayer measurements reveal distinct current recordings, including a closed state, two conducting states, and spontaneous transitions between the three states, resembling the events seen in biological ion channels. The transitions result from conformational changes induced by chloride transport in the channel molecule. Both opening states show a non‐linear and rectifying I–V relationship, indicating voltage‐dependent transport due to the asymmetrical channel structure. This work could enhance our understanding of ion permeation and channel opening mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient 2D membranes play a critical role in water purification and desalination. However, most 2D membranes, such as graphene oxide (GO) membranes, tend to swell or disintegrate in liquid, making precise ionic sieving a tough challenge. Herein, the fabrication of the polyoxometalate clusters (PW12) intercalated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane (rGO‐PW12) is reported through a polyoxometalate‐assisted in situ photoreduction strategy. The intercalated PW12 result in the interlayer spacing in the sub‐nanometer scale and induce a nanoconfinement effect to repel the ions in various salt solutions. The permeation rate of rGO‐PW12 membranes are about two orders of magnitude lower than those through the GO membrane. The confinement of nanochannels also generate the excellent non‐swelling stability of rGO‐PW12 membranes in aqueous solutions up to 400 h. Moreover, when applied in forward osmosis, the rGO‐PW12 membranes with a thickness of 90 nm not only exhibit a high‐water permeance of up to 0.11790 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and high NaCl rejection (98.3%), but also reveal an ultrahigh water/salt selectivity of 4740. Such significantly improved ion‐exclusion ability and high‐water flux benefit from the multi‐interactions and nanoconfinement effect between PW12 and rGO nanosheets, which afford a well‐interlinked lamellar structure via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high toxicity, volatility, and dispersion of the light aromatics, benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Compared to incineration, catalytic oxidation technologies for BTX removal offer benefits such as low energy consumption, high efficiency, and low pollution. ABO3–type perovskite catalysts (ABO3–PCs) are particularly promising materials for the catalytic oxidation of BTX due to their high activity and thermal stability, as well as their adjustable elemental composition and flexible structure allowing their properties to be improved. Nonetheless, the full potential of ABO3–PCs for the oxidation of BTX has yet to be reached. This review systematically and critically analyses progress in the catalytic oxidation of BTX by ABO3–PCs. Catalytic performance is assessed for each category of perovskite, including non–doped, doped (A–, B–, or A/B–site doped), and loading type (noble metal, metal oxide, and matrix composite), with structure–activity relationships are established. A kinetic model and proposed mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of BTX are also presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of ABO3–PCs applied to BTX oxidation and other reactions are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opium poppy, coca and cannabis are raw materials for three notorious illicit drugs. For a long time, drug lords have been growing and smuggling these drugs in a variety of ways and channels and are continually finding new ways of trafficking their wares, which has led to the increasing difficulty of global drug enforcement. In the present paper, we propose an innovative pollen identification system for these important drug plants, which provides a tool for screening and detection of the drugs to aid in drug enforcement. By utilizing the characteristics of these fine particles, their abundant production, and high resistance to decay, we believe this tool could be applied in the following scenarios: detecting and dynamically monitoring drug cultivation activities; determining whether a suspect has been to fields of drug plants and determining whether the site has ever been planted with a drug plant and/or was involved in drug production. In the future, combined with microscope automatic image acquisition technology and intelligent image recognition technology, this pollen identification system is expected to be used to screen three notorious illicit drug plants, thus enhancing the efficiency of drug related crime investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying a NOx trap catalyst to effectively remove NOx contaminants from the oxygen–rich exhaust is still very challenging, due to the lack of use guidance based on deactivation mechanisms. The temperature–dependent Pt sintering rate constant was described using Pt dispersion determined by pulse CO chemisorption. It was found that 700–850 °C was the determining temperature regions for the significant Pt sintering, according to the sintering kinetics and the evolution of active Ptδ+ sites. The weak basicity plays a critical role in trapping NOx at low–temperature (≤300 °C), and the NOx trap efficiency decreases because of the loss of catalytic activity and medium basicity caused by forming BaAl2O4 phase. The reduction of NOx towards N2 on the Pt crystallites smaller than 18 nm is structure sensitive and decreases with losing the reducibility of catalysts. The security for long–time use of a NOx trap catalyst should be exposed to the exhaust gas within 750 °C, and effectively removing NOx contaminants requires it to be worked in the 350–500 °C regions. These findings can guide engineers and applied chemists how to efficiently use a NOx trap catalyst in the automotive exhaust purification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although dearomative functionalizations enable the direct conversion of flat aromatics into precious three‐dimensional architectures, the case for simple arenes remains largely underdeveloped owing to the high aromatic stabilization energy. We herein report a dearomative sequential addition of two nucleophiles to arene π‐bonds through umpolung of chromium–arene complexes. This mode enables divergent dearomative carbonylation reactions of benzene derivatives by tolerating various nucleophiles in combination with alcohols or amines under CO‐gas‐free conditions, thus providing modular access to functionalized esters or amides. The tunable synthesis of 1,3‐ or 1,4‐cyclohexadienes as well as the construction of carbon quaternary centers further highlight the versatility of this dearomatization. Diverse late‐stage modifications and derivatizations towards synthetically challenging and bioactive molecules reveal the synthetic utility. A possible mechanism was proposed based on control experiments and intermediate tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants synthesise a vast array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which serve as chemical defence and communication agents in their interactions with insect herbivores. Although nitrogen (N) is a critical resource in the production of plant metabolites, its regulatory effects on defensive VOCs remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of N content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) on the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), a notorious agricultural pest, using biochemical and molecular experiments in combination with insect behavioural and performance analyses. We observed that on tomato leaves with different N contents, S. litura showed distinct feeding preference and growth and developmental performance. Particularly, metabolomics profiling revealed that limited N availability conferred resistance upon tomato plants to S. litura is likely associated with the biosynthesis and emission of the volatile metabolite α‐humulene as a repellent. Moreover, exogenous application of α‐humulene on tomato leaves elicited a significant repellent response against herbivores. Thus, our findings unravel the key factors involved in N‐mediated plant defence against insect herbivores and pave the way for innovation of N management to improve the plant defence responses to facilitate pest control strategies within agroecosystems. Summary statement: Our study illustrates that nitrogen levels in tomato plants mediate the production and volatilisation of defensive secondary metabolites, specifically α‐humulene, which confer direct and indirect plant resistance to Spodoptera litura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Regional lymph node (LN) volume decreases after neoadjuvant therapy, requiring a tracer for more accurate detection. Nano‐carbon tracer is a third‐generation tracer with several advantages, but its use for LN detection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for middle and low rectal cancer remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects and safety of anoscope‐guided subrectal injections of nano‐carbon suspension in this patient population. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 45 patients with middle and low rectal cancer admitted to our institution from March 2019 to March 2022. All patients received preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy and were divided into nano‐carbon injection (n = 23; anoscope‐guided injections of nano‐carbon suspension in the rectal submucosa 2 cm above the dentate line 24 h preoperatively) and control (n = 22; directly underwent surgery) groups. The LN detection and complication rates were compared between the groups. Results: The total and mean numbers of LNs and small LNs and the number of patients with > 12 LNs were significantly higher in the nano‐carbon injection group than in the control group. The total number of positive LNs and LN metastasis did not differ between the groups, nor did the anastomotic leakage, bleeding, stenosis, and abscess occurrence rates. Conclusions: Anoscope‐guided nano‐carbon lymphatic tracing increased the LN detection rate, caused less trauma, and resulted in fewer postoperative complications than the direct surgical procedure. Thus, it is an effective, safe, and practical method that may improve dissections and the postoperative pathological staging accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction by perennial plants varies from being relatively constant over years to the production of massive and synchronous seed crops at irregular intervals, a reproductive strategy called mast seeding. The sources of interspecific differences in the extent of interannual variation in seed production are largely unknown. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of animal‐dispersed species to quantify how the interannual variability in seed crops produced by plants can be explained by the seed mass, dispersal mode, phylogeny, and climate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the interannual variations in seed production and seed mass tended to be similar in related species due to their shared evolution. The interannual variation in seed production was 1.22 times higher in synzoochorous species dispersed by scatter‐hoarders compared with endozoochorous species dispersed by frugivores. Furthermore, the production of small seeds was associated with higher interannual variation in seed production, although synzoochorous species produced larger seeds than endozoochorous species. Precipitation rather than temperature had a significant positive effect on the interannual variation in seed production. The seed mass and dispersal mode contributed more to the interannual variation in seed production than phylogeny, climate, and fruit type. Our findings support a long‐standing hypothesis that interspecific variation in the masting intensity is largely shaped by interactions between plants and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the utilization of organic coatings, microcracks may arise as a result of external environmental influences and inherent aging, significantly diminishing the coating's lifespan. In this study, we employed the Pickering emulsion template method combined with interfacial polymerization to fabricate graphene oxide/polyurethane/polyaniline (GO/PU/PANI) organic–inorganic hybrid shell microcapsules utilizing isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the core material. The capsules exhibited an average particle diameter of 3.11 μm and an encapsulation rate of 78.19%. Subsequently, these prepared capsules were incorporated into a photocurable resin to obtain a self‐healing corrosion‐resistant coating. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that even with just 5% addition of microcapsules, nearly complete repair could be achieved. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the self‐healing material containing 5% microcapsules were measured at 84.8 MPa and 193 MPa respectively. These values represented only a marginal decrease in tensile strength by 2.75% and flexural strength by 5.39%, compared to the substrate without capsule addition. Remarkably, after immersing the repaired coating in a NaCl solution with a concentration of 5 wt% for up to 250 hours, the alternating current impedance value remained stable at approximately 6.9 × 105 Ω·cm2. This outstanding corrosion resistance can be attributed to synergistic effects between PANI and IPDI within the coating system, thereby expanding its potential applications under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charging power supplies with both fast and visualization functions have a wide range of applications in the information and new energy industries. In this paper, the visualized and contact‐type fast charging power supply based on WO3 film and Zn sheet is presented, and the prototype devices are fabricated. Different with the charging method of conventional batteries, charging is achieved by a Zn sheet contacting with a WO3 film moistened with water, resulting in a rapid discoloration of WO3. Theoretical investigation indicates that the interaction between Zn sheet and water molecules is the primary cause of the color change in the WO3 film. The WO3 film completes the colouring state within 10 s in the presence of Zn sheet and water, and the open‐circuit voltage of the device is 0.7 V, which can be used to drive various electronics by series‐parallel connection. This research introduces a novel method to induce colouring of WO3 films and proposes a fast charging mode different from traditional power sources. It provides valuable insights for the future development of fast charging in the field of electrical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing chiral electrode catalysts for enantioselective electrosynthesis is a great challenge, as it requires catalysts that possess both high activity and enantioselectivity. Precise synthesis of nanoclusters and single atoms coexisting chiral catalysts provide a promising pathway for enhancing asymmetric catalytic performance. Herein, chiral electrode catalysts are fabricated comprising gold clusters (R‐AuC) and single atoms (R‐AuS) on graphene oxide (R‐AuC/S@GO) through an assembly‐irradiation strategy. Thereinto, the R‐Aus is in situ generated from R‐AuC under light irradiation. The monoatomization process can be precisely regulated by changing the wavelength of the light, resulting in four Au‐based chiral electrode (R‐Au@GO) catalysts with different ratios of nanoclusters and single atoms. These chiral electrodes are applied in the electrocatalytic enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl benzoylformate (MB) to chiral methyl mandelate (S‐MM), and the R‐AuC/S‐2@GO with ≈26% R‐AuC and 74% R‐AuS achieve the highest catalytic activity (35 µmol cm−2 h−1 productivity) and enantioselectivity [97% enantiomeric excess (ee)]. Detailed experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that the R‐AuS on GO promotes the in situ generation of H* species, and R‐AuC mainly drives the enantioselective conversion of MB by transferring the H* species to the carbonyl group of MB, ultimately yielding chiral S‐MM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suffering from the susceptibility to decomposition, the potential electrochemical application of FeOCl has greatly been hindered. The rational design of the soft‐hard material interface can effectively address the challenge of stress concentration and thus decomposition that may occur in the electrodes during charging and discharging. Herein, interlayer structure manipulation of FeOCl/MXene using soft‐hard interface design method were conducted for electrochemical dechlorination. FeOCl was encapsulated in Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets by electrostatic self‐assembly layer by layer to form a soft‐hard mechanical hierarchical structure, in which Ti3C2Tx was used as flexible buffer layers to relieve the huge volume change of FeOCl during Cl− intercalation/deintercalation and constructed a conductive network for fast charge transfer. The CDI dechlorination system of FeOCl/Ti3C2Tx delivered outstanding Cl− adsorption capacity (158.47 ± 6.98 mg g−1), rate (6.07 ± 0.35 mg g−1 min−1), and stability (over 94.49 % in 30 cycles), and achieved considerable energy recovery (21.14 ± 0.25 %). The superior dechlorination performance was proved to originate from the Fe2+/Fe3+ topochemical transformation and the deformation constraint effect of Ti3C2Tx on FeOCl. Our interfacial design strategy enables a hard‐to‐soft integration capacity, which can serve as a universal technology for solving the traditional problem of electrode volume expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar conjugated ligand functionalized with bithiophene and its Ru(II), Os(II), and Ir(III) complexes have been constructed as single‐molecule platform for synergistic photodynamic, photothermal, and chemotherapy. The complexes have significant two‐photon absorption at 808 nm and remarkable singlet oxygen and superoxide anion production in aqueous solution and cells when exposed to 808 nm infrared irradiation. The most potent Ru(II) complex Ru7 enters tumor cells via the rare macropinocytosis, locates in both nuclei and mitochondria, and regulates DNA‐related chemotherapeutic mechanisms intranuclearly including DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition and their synergistic effects with photoactivated apoptosis, ferroptosis and DNA cleavage. Ru7 exhibits high efficacy in vivo for malignant melanoma and cisplatin‐resistant non‐small cell lung cancer tumors, with a 100 % survival rate of mice, low toxicity to normal cells and low residual rate. Such an infrared two‐photon activatable metal complex may contribute to a new generation of single‐molecule‐based integrated diagnosis and treatment platform to address drug resistance in clinical practice and phototherapy for large, deeply located solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the Z11 argument tangent is proposed as a novel criterion for assessing energy loss (absorption) of the reciprocal two‐port networks composed of the shielding material. With a simple mathematical deduction, it can be found that the relationship between the network absorption and the Z11 argument tangent is inverted. The absorption decreases with increasing the Z11 argument tangent, and the Z11 argument is approximately equal to the power factor angle. Additionally, a series of samples are presented to verify their absorptions and the Z11 argument tangents. The numerical simulations on other works are also presented to calculate the Z11 argument tangent and validate the relationship between the Z11 argument tangent and electromagnetic absorption from another side. The experiment and simulation results agree well with that of the mathematical deduction. The findings can be applied in most passive shielding materials and provide a promising approach to guiding and developing absorption‐dominated electromagnetic shielding materials for next‐generation communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the mechanisms of X‐ray induced darkening in the Dy/Al/P co‐doped silica glasses at visible wavelengths and explore the role of P/Al ratio played in the enhancement of irradiation resistance. The absorption, emission spectra and lifetime, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of pristine and irradiated Dy‐silica glasses as a function of P/Al ratio were measured and analyzed. The Si‐related defects (Si‐E′ and non‐bridge oxygen hole center), Al‐related defects (Al‐E′ and Al‐related oxygen hole center), P‐related defects (P‐OHC and P2), and Dy2+ ions were studied and analyzed. Results demonstrate that increasing P/Al is efficient to suppress the photodarkening in Dy‐silica glasses at visible wavelengths. Results imply that Dy‐silica glasses with P/Al > 1 may be a promising candidate for efficient visible fiber lasers operated at around 575 nm wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A peri‐implant cystic lesion is a rare finding, and to date most investigators have considered that its pathogenesis is caused by trauma and infection related to dental implantation. However, the pathogenesis of these cysts remains unclear and is recognized to have multifactorial origins. Case presentation: In February 2021, a 75‐year‐old male patient underwent implant restoration due to mobility of the left maxillary central incisor. The implant achieved good osseointegration and was successfully restored. However, in March 2023, the patient sought treatment due to mobility of the dental implant. Clinical examination showed that the implant had loosened in three directions (vertical, mesial‐distal, and labial‐lingual), and the peri‐implant mucosa was slightly red and swollen. Radiographic examination (cone beam computed tomography) showed a large radiolucent area with clear boundaries involving the cervical and middle portions of the dental implant, and white bone lines were observed at the edge of the low‐density shadow. Intraoperatively, we removed the patient's implant, performed a complete debridement, and conducted bone augmentation surgery in the area of bone defect. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well. The final histopathological result confirmed an epidermoid cyst. Conclusions: Peri‐implant epidermoid cyst is a rare complication that affects the long‐term outcome of implant therapy. This case serves as a warning to clinicians to avoid involving epithelial tissue in the implant site during implant surgery, in order to prevent the potential occurrence of a peri‐implant epidermoid cyst, thereby creating better conditions for the patient's recovery and the long‐term efficacy of the implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of privileged catalytic scaffolds into a macrocyclic skeleton represents an attractive strategy to furnish supramolecular catalysis systems with enzyme‐mimetic cavity and multi‐site cooperation. Herein we reported the synthesis, structure, binding properties and catalytic application of a series of chiral bis‐phosphate macrocycles toward the challenging asymmetric electrophilic fluorination. With a large, integrated chiral cavity and two cooperative phosphate sites, these macrocycles exhibited good inclusion toward 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) dicationic ammoniums through complementary ion‐pair and C−H⋅⋅⋅O interactions, as confirmed by crystallographic and solution binding studies. In fluorocyclization of tryptamines with Selectfluor reagent which has a similar DABCO‐based dicationic structure, only 2 mol% macrocycle catalyst afforded the desired pyrroloindoline products in moderate yields and up to 91 % ee. For comparison, the acyclic mono‐phosphate analogue gave obviously lower reactivity and enantioselectivity (<20 % ee), suggesting a remarkable macrocyclic effect. The high catalytic efficiency and superior stereocontrol were ascribed to the tight ion‐pair binding and cavity‐directed noncovalent interaction cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays critical roles in intrinsic chemoresistance by regulating Fanconi anaemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) expression. However, the mechanisms by which mTOR regulates FANCD2 expression and related inhibitors are not clearly elucidated. Extracts of Centipeda minima (C. minima) showed promising chemosensitizing effects by inhibiting FANCD2 activity. Here, we have aimed to identify the bioactive chemosensitizer in C. minima extracts and elucidate its underlying mechanism. Experimental Approach: The chemosensitizing effects of arnicolide C (ArC), a bioactive compound in C. minima, on non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were investigated using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, the comet assay, small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection and animal models. The online SynergyFinder software was used to determine the synergistic effects of ArC and chemotherapeutic drugs on NSCLC cells. Key Results: ArC had synergistic cytotoxic effects with DNA cross‐linking drugs such as cisplatin and mitomycin C in NSCLC cells. ArC treatment markedly decreased FANCD2 expression in NSCLC cells, thus attenuating cisplatin‐induced FANCD2 nuclear foci formation, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. ArC inhibited the mTOR pathway and attenuated mTOR‐mediated expression of E2F1, a critical transcription factor of FANCD2. Co‐administration of ArC and cisplatin exerted synergistic anticancer effects in the A549 xenograft mouse model by suppressing mTOR/FANCD2 signalling in tumour tissues. Conclusion and Implications: ArC suppressed DNA cross‐linking drug‐induced DNA damage response by inhibiting the mTOR/E2F1/FANCD2 signalling axis, serving as a chemosensitizing agent. This provides insight into the anticancer mechanisms of ArC and offers a potential combinatorial anticancer therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ClC is the main family of natural chloride channel proteins that transport Cl- across the cell membrane with high selectivity. The chloride transport and selectivity are determined by the hourglass-shaped pore and the filter located in the central and narrow region of the pore. Artificial unimolecular channel that mimics both the shape and function of the ClC selective pore is attractive, because it could provide simple molecular model to probe the intriguing mechanism and structure-function relevance of ClC. Here we elaborated upon the concept of molecular hourglass plus anion-π interactions for this purpose. The concept was validated by experimental results of molecular hourglasses using shape-persistent 1,3-alternate tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine as the central macrocyclic skeleton to control the conductance and selectivity, and anion-p interactions as the driving force to facilitate the chloride dehydration and movement along the channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2ER) to valuable chemicals, for example, HCOOH have received widespread attention, which still suffers from moderate Faradaic efficiency with low current regarding the wide industrial application of HCOOH. Herein, we employed a strategy of modifying electronic metal‐support interaction (EMSI) by fabricating Bi nanoparticles supported Ni‐modified Bi2O2CO3 (Bi/Ni‐BOC) heterostructure. The obtained Bi/Ni‐BOC exhibited high formate Faradic efficiency (FEHCOOH) of 97% at −2.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and above 90% within broad potential range (−1.7 to −2.2 V) in flow cell with superior stability at high current density of ~220 mA cm−2, and formate concentration can reach 2.4 mmol h−1 cm−2 at −2.3 V. In/ex situ x‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicated that Ni doping promoted the enhancement of EMSI, which improved the generation and stable existence of electron‐rich Bi to boost CO2 activation and *OHCO hydrogenation, thus facilitating highly‐efficient formate production with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important complication resulting in heart failure and death of diabetic patients. However, there is no effective drug for treatments. This study investigated the effect of D‐pinitol (DP) on cardiac injury using diabetic mice and glycosylation injury of cardiomyocytes and its molecular mechanisms. We established the streptozotocin‐induced SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice and DP (150 mg/kg/day) intragastrically and advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs)‐induced H9C2 cells. H9C2 cells were transfected with optineurin (OPTN) siRNA and overexpression plasmids. The metabolic disorder indices, cardiac dysfunction, histopathology, immunofluorescence, western blot, and immunoprecipitation were investigated. Our results showed that DP reduced the blood glucose and AGEs, and increased the expression of heart OPTN in diabetic mice and H9C2 cells, thereby inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78, CHOP) and glycophagy (STBD1, GABARAPL1), and alleviating the myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis of DCM. The expression of filamin A as an interaction protein of OPTN downregulated by AGEs decreased OPTN abundance. Moreover, OPTN siRNA increased the expression of GRP78, CHOP, STBD1, and GABARAPL1 and inhibited the expression of GAA via GSK3β phosphorylation and FoxO1. DP may be helpful to treat the onset of DCM. Targeting OPTN with DP could be translated into clinical application in the fighting against DCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penetrating corneal wounds can cause severe vision impairment and require prompt intervention to restore globe integrity and minimize the risk of infection. Tissue adhesives have emerged as a promising alternative to suturing for mitigating postoperative complications. However, conventional water‐soluble adhesives suffer formidable challenges in sealing penetrating corneal wounds due to dilution or loss in a moist environment. Inspired by the robust adhesion of mussels in aquatic conditions, an injectable photocurable bioadhesive hydrogel (referred to as F20HD5) composed of polyether F127 diacrylate and dopamine‐modified hyaluronic acid methacrylate is developed for sutureless closure of corneal full‐thickness wounds. F20HD5 exhibits high transparency, wound‐sealing ability, proper viscosity, biodegradability, and excellent biocompatibility. It allows in situ cross‐linking via visible light, thereby providing sufficient mechanical strength and adhesiveness. In vivo, the adhesive hydrogel effectively closed penetrating linear corneal incisions and corneal injuries with minimal tissue loss in rabbits. During the 56‐day follow‐up, the hydrogel facilitates the repair of the injured corneas, resulting in more symmetrical curvatures and less scarring in distinction to the untreated control. Thus, bioinspired hydrogel holds promise as an effective adhesive for sealing full‐thickness corneal wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While great achievements have been made in the development of mechanically robust nanocomposite hydrogels, incorporating multiple interactions on the bases of two demensional inorganic cross‐linkers to construct self‐strengthening hydrogels has rarely been investigated. To this end, we propose here a new method for the coupling the dynamic covalent bonds and non‐covalent interactions within a pseudo double‐network system. The pseudo first network, formed through the Schiff Base reation between Tris‐modified layered double hydroxides (Tris−LDHs) and oxidized dextran (ODex), is linked to the second network built upon non‐covalent interactions between Tris−LDHs and poly(acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl−propanesulfonate) (p‐(AM‐co‐AMPS). The swelling and mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels have been investigated as a function of the ODex and AMPS contents. The as‐prepared hydrogel can swell to 420 times of its original size and retain more than 99.9 wt.% of water. Mechanical tests show that the hydrogel can bear 90 % of compression and is able to be stretched to near 30 times of its original length. Cyclic tensile tests reveal that the hydrogels are capable of self‐strengthening after mechanical training. The unique energy dissipation mechanism based on the dynamic covalent and non‐covalent interactions is considered to be responsible for the outstanding swelling and mechanical performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of organic–inorganic hybrid supramolecular polymers using polyoxometalate (POM) as building block is expected to bring new opportunities to the functionalization of supramolecular polymers and the development of novel POM‐based soft materials. Here, by using the orthogonal self‐assembly based on host–guest interactions and metal‐ligand interactions, we report the in situ construction of a novel POM‐based hybrid supramolecular polymer (POM‐SP) at the oil‐water interface, while the redox and competitive responsiveness can be triggered independently. Moreover, the binding energy of POM‐SP at the interface is sufficiently strong so that the assembly of POM‐SP jams, allowing the stabilization of liquids in nonequilibrium shapes, offering the possibility of fabricating all‐liquid constructs with reconfigurability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The evolution of fruit size is poorly understood, though long‐standing hypotheses, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis and correlated evolution hypothesis, have highlighted the influence of frugivores and phylogeny on fruit size variation. Location: Interaction networks were extracted from studies carried out in Asia, Europe, Africa, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand and the Neotropics. Time Period: Up to 50 years between 1970 and 2022. Major Taxa Studied: Frugivores (birds and mammals) and fleshy‐fruited plants. Methods: We compiled a global data set on fruit size (i.e. width and length) and plant traits (i.e. leaf area and plant height) for 349 fleshy‐fruited plants, and the body mass of frugivores from 326 interaction networks. We constructed a plant phylogeny from a mega‐tree containing 74,533 vascular plant species and we calculated Pagel's λ to assess the phylogenetic signal in plant traits and fruit size. Phylogenetic generalized linear mixed model (PGLMM) was used to reveal relationships between fruit size and plant traits as well as the body mass of interacting frugivores. We used phylogenetic partial R2s regression model to tease apart the effects of body mass of frugivores, leaf area, plant height and plant phylogeny on the evolution of fruit size. Results: We show that the global variation in fruit width is better explained by frugivorous assemblages than by phylogeny and plant functional traits (leaf area and plant height). Despite the significant evolutionary correlation between fruit length and width, fruit length appears to be more phylogenetically constrained and less sensitive to frugivore‐driven selection than fruit width. Main Conclusion: In light of the two original hypotheses, our study demonstrates a global phylogenetic constraint on fruit length and frugivore‐driven selection on fruit width, provides a novel mechanistic explanation for the evolution of fruit size across fleshy‐fruited plant species. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between frugivory, phylogeny and plant traits in the evolution of fruit size, offering valuable insights into the broader context of published findings and hypotheses in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 5 (TRAF5) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. This work aimed to clarify the role of TRAF5 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. Herein, we uncovered that TRAF5 level was reduced in LUAD tissues. Low TRAF5 expression correlated with dismal prognosis in LUAD patients. Moreover, upregulated TRAF5 impeded cell viability, migration, and invasion, induced apoptosis in vitro, as well as impaired tumorigenicity in vivo. However, depletion of TRAF5 revealed opposing results. Moreover, TRAF5 was identified as the downstream target of methyltransferase‐like 3 (METTL3)‐elicited N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification. METTL3 stabilized TRAF5 mRNA and positively modulated TRAF5 level. Further, TRAF5 depletion relieved the repressive phenotype caused by METTL3 addition. In addition, it was manifested that the METTL3/TRAF5 axis served as an inhibitor in LUAD through the PI3K/AKT/Nuclear Factor‐Kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling. Collectively, we propose that METTL3‐mediated TRAF5 m6A modification exerted as a vital tumor inhibitory function in LUAD development. The METTL3/TRAF5 axis may be a critical effector of LUAD progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), a seasonal bottom‐layer water mass in the Yellow Sea (YS) most prominent in summer, has always been overlooked in previous studies investigating variations in the winter Sea Surface Temperature. Here, using observations and high‐resolution numerical modeling, we reveal for the first time the significant contribution of thermal stratification associated with the YSCWM to the sea surface cooling and the formation of the westward‐shifted Yellow Sea Warm Water Tongue (YSWT) in early winter. Heat budget analyses indicated that the impact of the YSCWM to surface cooling manifests in two aspects. First, the upward mixing of bottom cold water from the remnant YSCWM triggers cooling in the mixed layer. Second, the shallower local mixed layer above the YSCWM facilitates more pronounced cooling processes compared to the YSWT region under similar heat flux. The formation of the westward‐shifted YSWT is the result of intensified surface cooling in both the coastal shallow waters and the YSCWM region in the central YS. During the formation process of the YSWT, its main axis aligns with the western boundary of the YSCWM. As the YSCWM dissipates, the YSWT shows an eastward apparent displacement and eventually stabilizes near approximately 123°E. This study enriches our understanding of the transition from stratification to vertical homogeneity in the water temperature structure of the YS during early winter. Plain Language Summary: The Yellow Sea (YS), a shallow marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific, experiences significant seasonal variations in water temperature. During summer, the YS has layers of different temperatures with a colder water mass deep down. During winter, the water temperature becomes vertically uniform, and a tongue‐shaped warm water extends toward the northwest. Earlier studies of winter temperature changes in the YS often did not consider the effect of the cold water mass. Our research, using both observations and numerical models, shows that this cold water mass plays an important role in how the surface temperature changes in winter and proposes a novel mechanism for the formation of the winter warm water tongue. The thermal stratification associated with the bottom cold water mass contributes to stronger sea surface cooling through two processes: the upward mixing of cold deep‐water and the shallowing of the mixed layer. Additionally, the stronger cooling in both the deep waters and the coastal shallow waters result in the formation of the warm water tongue between these two regions. Understanding these changes is important for studying the YS's climate and its impact on marine life. Key Points: The Yellow Sea (YS) Cold Water Mass significantly contributes to the winter sea surface cooling in the YSThe effects of the YS Cold Water Mass are manifested in upward mixing of bottom cold water and shallowing of the mixed layerThe YS Warm Water Tongue forms under stronger cooling in the nearshore waters and the region of the YS Cold Water Mass [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new emerging disease of quinoa, quinoa basal stem rot (QBSR), has been recorded in Shanxi Province, China. Observed during the inflorescence emergence stage, the pathogen causes wilting, foliar chlorosis, leaf abscission and eventual death of quinoa. In this study, isolates were identified as Fusarium solani using morphology, molecular and phylogenetic analysis (using sequences of calmodulin, rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, RNA polymerase II B‐subunits RPB1 RPB1 and RPB2 RPB2, and translation elongation factor 1‐α), and pathogenicity analysis. Twenty‐seven isolates were classified into two different groups according to their morphological characteristics, and the mycelial growth rate of Group 2 was higher than that of Group 1 on six different media. The optimum growth temperature for both groups was 30°C and the highest mycelial growth rates were 9.2 and 10.0 mm/day, for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The sporodochial conidia (SC) and aerial conidia (AC) germinated normally at 15–25°C and 10–40°C, respectively, and the width of SC and AC germ tubes were 1.4 and 2.2 μm. The lethal temperature for AC was 51°C for 20 min, and SC stopped germinating at 45°C. Pathogenicity tests of representative isolates showed that mycelia or conidia caused typical symptoms of QBSR on wounded basal stems of Chenopodium quinoa at 6 days postinoculation. The optimum temperature for the onset of QBSR was 30°C for both groups of isolates, and lesion lengths ranged from 5.4 to 5.9 cm. Knowledge of this pathogen will provide useful information for effective disease management to prevent its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Recurrent heart failure hospitalization (HFH) is an important feature of the progression of heart failure (HF). In the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial, we analysed risk factors for recurrent HFH events in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and developed a risk prediction model for recurrent HFH. Methods and results: This analysis focused on the subset of TOPCAT participants enrolled in the Americas (n = 1767). Recurrent HFH was defined as two or more hospitalizations for HF during the follow‐up period. Lasso regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to screen the risk factors, and the risk prediction model of recurrent HFH was established. During a median follow‐up period of 3.4 (95% confidence interval: 3.3–3.6) years, 72.2% (542 of 751 total hospitalizations) of HFH events occurred in 9.4% (n = 163) of patients with recurrent HFHs. Patients in the recurrent HFH group had higher cardiovascular mortality rate [6.2 per 100 patient‐years (PY) vs. 3.8 per 100 PY, P = 0.016] and all‐cause mortality rate (10.0 per 100 PY vs. 6.8 per 100 PY, P = 0.015) than those in the non‐recurrent HFH group. The model consisting of nine predictors has moderate predictive power for recurrent HFH events in patients with HFpEF (AUC = 0.75, Brier score = 0.08). Decision curve analysis showed a net clinical benefit from the application of the prediction model. Conclusions: In patients with HFpEF, the majority of HFHs occur in a small proportion of patients with repeated hospitalizations, who typically have more comorbidities and are at higher risk of death. The predictive model developed in this study helps to identify patients at high risk of recurrent HFH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: Many small‐sized, single‐center preclinical studies have investigated the benefits of introducing stem cells into the interior of nerve conduit. The aims of this meta‐analysis are to review and contrast the effects of various types of stem cells in in vivo models used to reconstruct peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) and to assess the reliability and stability of the available evidence. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to identify studies conducted from January 1, 2000, to September 21, 2022, and investigate stem cell therapy in peripheral nerve reconstruction animal models. Studies that met the relevant criteria were deemed eligible for this meta‐analysis. Results: Fifty‐five preclinical studies with a total of 1234 animals were incorporated. Stem cells demonstrated a positive impact on peripheral nerve regeneration at different follow‐up times in the forest plots of five outcome indicators: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, latency, muscle mass ratio, nerve conduction velocity, and sciatic functional index (SFI). In most comparisons, stem cell groups showed substantial differences compared with the control groups. The superior performance of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) in terms of SFI, CMAP amplitude, and latency (p <.001) was identified. Discussion: The findings consistently demonstrated a favorable outcome in the reconstruction process when utilizing different groups of stem cells, as opposed to control groups where stem cells were not employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), a glycolipid biosurfactant, possess great potential in many high‐value‐added fields. However, its water‐insolubility is an important obstacle to its wide application, especially in home and personal care fields. In this study, a new strategy “killing two birds with one stone” based on the chemical modification of natural MELs was developed for the preparation of hydrophilic MELs. These newly prepared MELs can be efficiently isolated from the reacted solution via stepwise extraction with a methanol/n‐hexane system. 88% of hydrophilic MELs were recovered from natural MELs, with a corresponding yield of 50%. This is mainly attributed to the esterification of fatty acids, representing the main and relatively‐difficult‐to‐remove impurities in fermentative‐produced MELs, facilitating separation from the MEL product via extraction. Moreover, these new MELs presented comparable surface activities to natural MELs while exhibiting enhanced water solubility and biocompatibility. This originates from the generation of MEL‐D, resulting from the deacetylation of natural MELs and the formation of new hydrophilic MELs containing just one hydrophobic chain (named “MEL‐G”). Hence, the present strategy is not only beneficial for the removal of impurities (fatty acids) but also for the preparation of MELs with improved hydrophilicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore how to control the conductivity of gel conveniently and effectively through experiments. First, a kind of acrylamide‐based composite with adhesion and conductivity adjustment was prepared by adding silver ions and silver monomers to the gel in one step. The semi interpenetrating network structure formed by the molecular chain of polyacrylamide and catechol modified sodium alginate in the composite is cross‐connected with silver ions to form a double network structure. This change of network structure not only makes the structure of gel more stable, but also brings extraordinary conductivity. Secondly, different types of conductive ions and organic solutions were added to the gel system. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the addition of silver enhanced the conductivity of the material; When NaNO3 is used to replace water molecules in PAM, the ionic conductivity can be increased by 75.3% (from 2.44 × 10−5 to 20.8 × 10−5 mscm−1). When PDA/PAM was soaked in AgNO3, the ionic conductivity increased in the range of 10.4% ~ 674%. It provides a novel strategy for controlling the conductivity of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein a series of chiral BTI radical anions bearing different chiral substituents were efficiently prepared by chemical reduction. X‐ray crystallography revealed finely‐tuned packing and helix assemblies of the radicals by the size of chiral substituents in crystalline state. In accordance with the crystalline‐state packing, the powder ESR spectra indicate that 4 a−⋅CoCp2+ and 4 c−⋅CoCp2+ π‐dimers exhibit thermally excited triplet states arising from strong spin‐spin interactions, while discrete 4 b−⋅CoCp2+ shows a broad doublet‐state signal reflecting weak spin‐spin interactions. The interplay between the unpaired electron spin and chiral substituents was studied by UV‐Vis‐NIR spectra, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and TD DFT calculations. Different NIR absorptions of the radicals attributing to isolated SOMO→LUMO+1 (~889 nm) transitions were recorded. The emergence of Cotton effects (CEs) at the NIR region for 4 c−⋅CoCp2+ radical enantiomers suggest the interplay between chirality and unpaired electron spin. The origin of the different circularly polarized light absorptions regarding SOMO derived transitions (around 880 nm) was attributed to chiral substitutes regulated electric and magnetic transition dipole moments of the unpaired electron participated transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using the published survival statistics from cancer registration or population‐based studies, we aimed to describe the global pattern and trend of lung cancer survival. Methods: By searching SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SEER, all survival analyses from cancer registration or population‐based studies of lung cancer were collected by the end of November 2022. The survival rates were extracted by sex, period, and country. The observed, relative, and net survival rates of lung cancer were applied to describe the pattern and time changes from the late 1990s to the early 21st century. Results: Age‐standardized 5‐year relative/net survival rate of lung cancer was typically low, with 10%–20% for most regions. The highest age‐standardized relative/net survival rate was observed in Japan (32.9%, 2010–2014), and the lowest was in India (3.7%, 2010–2014). In most countries, the five‐year age‐standardized relative/net survival rates of lung cancer were higher in females and younger people. The patients with adenocarcinoma had a better prognosis than other groups. In China, the highest 5‐year overall relative/net survival rates were 27.90% and 31.62% in men and women in Jiangyin (2012–2013). Conclusion: Over the past decades, the prognosis of lung cancer has gradually improved, but significant variations were also observed globally. Worldwide, a better prognosis of lung cancer can be observed in females and younger patients. It is essential to compare and evaluate the histological or stage‐specific survival rates of lung cancer between different regions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ecological Applications is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of human urine‐derived stem cells (HUSCs) for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) and investigate associated the molecular network mechanism by using bioinformatics combined with experimental validation. Methods: After the contusive SCI model was established, the HUSC‐expressed specific antigen marker was implanted into the injury site immediately, and the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB scale) was utilized to evaluate motor function so as to determine the effect of HUSCs for the neural repair after SCI. Then, the geneCards database was used to collect related gene targets for both HUSCs and SCI, and cross genes were merged with the findings of PubMed screen. Subsequently, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, as well as core network construction, were performed using Cytoscape software. Lastly, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were employed to validate the mRNA expression and localization of 10 hub genes, and two of the most important, designated as cadherin 1 (CDH1) and integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1), were identified successfully. Results: The immunophenotypes of HUSCs were marked by CD90+ and CD44+ but not CD45, and flow cytometry confirmed their character. The expression rates of CD90, CD73, CD44 and CD105 in HUSCs were 99.49, 99.77, 99.82 and 99.51%, respectively, while the expression rates of CD43, CD45, CD11b and HLA‐DR were 0.08, 0.30, 1.34 and 0.02%, respectively. After SCI, all rats appeared to have severe motor dysfunction, but the BBB score was increased in HUSC‐transplanted rats compared with control rats at 28 days. By using bioinformatics, we obtained 6668 targets for SCI and 1095 targets for HUSCs and identified a total of 645 cross targets between HUSCs and SCI. Based on the PPI and Cytoscape analysis, CD44, ACTB, FN1, ITGB1, HSPA8, CDH1, ALB, HSP90AA1 and GAPDH were identified as possible therapeutic targets. Enrichment analysis revealed that the involved signal pathways included complement and coagulation cascades, lysosome, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. Lastly, quantificational real‐time (qRT)‐PCR confirmed the mRNA differential expression of CDH1/ITGB1 after HUSC therapy, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence staining showed that the astrocyte proliferation at the injured site could be reduced significantly after HUSC treatment. Conclusions: We validated that HUSC implantation is effective for the treatment of SCI, and the underlying mechanisms associated with the multiple molecular network. Of these, CDH1 and ITGB1 may be considered as important candidate targets. Those findings therefore provided the crucial evidence for the potential use of HUSCs in SCI treatment in future clinic trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate to strong earthquakes have occurred frequently in the northeast Dabie Orogen recently. From 2014 to 2017, the Guanmiao Earthquake Swarm (GES), with a maximum earthquake magnitude of M3.9, and the Quanjun Earthquake Swarm (QES), with a maximum earthquake magnitude of M3.7, occurred successively in the area near southeast Jinzhai County, where two main Mesozoic E–W‐striking boundary faults, including the Xiaotian–Mozitan and Xinyang–Shucheng faults, are cut by the Cenozoic NNE‐/NE‐trending dextral strike‐slip faulting system. These earthquake swarms occurred within areas of human activities and have the potential to cause more violent geological hazards. However, the tectonic geneses of the earthquake swarms are still unknown due to a lack of sufficient geophysical evidence. Based on terrestrial high‐resolution Bouguer gravity anomaly data, the density structure of the northeast Dabie Mountains is inverted using a 3D linear gravity inversion method. As a result, the occurrence and cutting depth of the reactivated faults near the earthquake swarms are defined, suggesting that the Shangloufang–Xialoufang Fault (F11) may be the seismogenic fault of the GES. The genesis of the QES is possibly associated with the fault termination of the Yingshan–Quanjun strike‐slip fault (F10). More broadly, F10 is one of the major synthetic faults of the NNE‐/NE‐trending dextral strike‐slip faulting system between the Tanlu and Shangcheng–Macheng (F2) faults, which bound the East Dabie Block together. The synthetic and antithetic faults fully cover the Beihuaiyang belt and North Dabie unit topography. These intraplate strike‐slip faults formed to accommodate vertical and lateral movements of the Dabie Mountains, driven by the oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate, were likely responsible for generating earthquakes in both Huoshan and Jinzhai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Most naturalized plants are escapees from cultivation. Inventories of cultivated introduced species thus offer unique, still underutilized, opportunities to assess naturalization drivers of introduced plants. We used a comprehensive inventory of 13,718 introduced species cultivated in China's botanical gardens to test which species characteristics distinguish the 739 species that have naturalized. Locations: China. Methods: We used generalized linear models to test whether the naturalization of cultivated introduced plants in China is associated with functional traits, propagule pressure, environmental niche and introduction history. To test direct and indirect effects of those variables and their relative importance in driving naturalization, we used structural equation models. Results: We showed that species were more likely to naturalize when they originate from the Americas, are more widely cultivated, and have a longer residence time. Moreover, species were more likely to naturalize if they have a good environmental match, are short‐lived herbs, are predominantly propagated from seeds, and, in the case of herbs, are relatively tall compared to other herbs. Part of the latter effects are mediated by how these variables relate to propagule pressure proxies, and this varies among short‐lived herbs, long‐lived herbs and woody plants. Main Conclusions: Naturalization is partly driven by life‐form‐dependent cultivation biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]