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Objectives: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a 3‐dimensional spinal deformity involving lateral curvature, sagittal plane imbalance, and vertebral rotation. In China, AIS affects over 3 million individuals, with 300,000 new cases annually. AIS impacts physical and psychological well‐being, necessitating tailored treatment plans based on growth risk factors. This study evaluates the consistency of ultrasound and X‐ray assessments of the Risser sign in AIS patients and explores correlations between iliac crest distance and pelvic rotation degree. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 80 patients diagnosed with AIS from June to September 2023 at Changzhou Sports Hospital. Eligible participants were aged 10–18 with a Cobb angle >10°. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted by 3 experienced physicians using the VINNO V10 portable ultrasound system. The primary outcome was the Risser stage determined by X‐ray and ultrasound, with secondary outcomes including thoracic and thoracic‐lumbar segment rotation angles. Statistical analyses included kappa statistics, correlation analyses, and multiple regression. Results: Among the 77 valid cases, 154 iliac wings were evaluated, with a high concordance rate of 77% between ultrasound and X‐ray assessments. kappa values for left and right iliac crests were 0.723 and 0.808, respectively. Grouping Risser grades (0–1, 2–3, and 4–5) into 3 categories yielded kappa values of 0.93, 0.96, and 0.93, indicating high consistency. Significant correlations were found between iliac crest distances and rotation angles (left iliac crest distance and left thoracic rotation angle, r = 0.56, P <.001; right iliac crest distance and right thoracic‐lumbar rotation angle, r = 0.69, P <.001; right iliac crest distance and right thoracic rotation angle, r = 0.39, P <.01). Conclusions: Ultrasound is a reliable, radiation‐free alternative to X‐ray for assessing the Risser sign in AIS patients. Despite observed inconsistencies in intermediate Risser grades, ultrasound's ability to reduce radiation exposure and provide consistent results makes it a valuable tool in clinical practice. Further research is needed to optimize ultrasound techniques and explore its potential for early detection and intervention in scoliosis management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A mechanistically distinctive visible‐light‐promoted metal‐free aerobic oxidation of alkenyl silanes with alcohols was disclosed to efficiently construct α‐alkoxy ketones under mild conditions. The primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols could be used as reactants. The protocol could be carried out on a gram‐scale. Various derivatizations of products could be conducted. Mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by single‐electron oxidation of the alkenyl silanes, rather than radical addition to alkenyl silanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our objective was to prospectively investigate prediagnostic population‐based metabolome for risk of hospitalized gout (ie, most accurate, severe, and costly cases), accounting for serum urate. Methods: We conducted prediagnostic metabolome‐wide analyses among 249,677 UK Biobank participants with nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiling (N = 168 metabolites, including eight amino acids) from baseline blood samples (2006–2010) without a history of gout. We calculated multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) for hospitalized incident gout, before and after adjusting for serum urate levels; we included patients with nonhospitalized incident gout in a sensitivity analysis. Potential causal effects were evaluated with two‐sample Mendelian randomization. Results: Correcting for multiple testing, 107 metabolites were associated with incidence of hospitalized gout (n = 2,735) before urate adjustment, including glycine and glutamine (glutamine HR 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.75, P = 8.3 × 10−8; glycine HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.61–0.78, P = 3.3 × 10−9 between extreme quintiles), and glycoprotein acetyls (HR 2.48, 95% CI 2.15–2.87, P = 1.96 × 10−34). Associations remained significant and directionally consistent following urate adjustment (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.98; HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76–0.98; HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21–1.63 between extreme quintiles), respectively; corresponding HRs per SD were 0.91 (95% CI 0.86–0.97), 0.94 (95% CI 0.91–0.98), and 1.10 (95% CI 1.06–1.14). Findings persisted when including patients with nonhospitalized incident gout. Mendelian randomization corroborated their potential causal role on hyperuricemia or gout risk; with change in urate levels of −0.05 mg/dL (95% CI −0.08 to −0.01) and −0.12 mg/dL (95% CI −0.22 to −0.03) per SD of glycine and glutamine, respectively, and odds ratios of 0.94 (95% CI 0.88–1.00) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.67–0.97) for gout. Conclusion: These prospective findings with causal implications could lead to biomarker‐based risk prediction and potential supplementation‐based interventions with glycine or glutamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coinage metal (Au, Ag, Cu) cluster and polyoxometalate (POM) cluster represent two types of subnanometer "artificial atoms" with significant potential in catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine. While composite clusters combining Ag/Cu clusters with POM have achieved considerable success, the assembly of gold clusters with POM is still lagging. Herein, we first designedly synthesized two cluster structural units: an Au3O cluster stabilized by diverse N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and an amine‐terminated POM linker. The subsequent reaction involved amine substitution in the POM linker for the central O atom in the Au3O cluster, resulting in the first ternary composite cluster—a POM cluster sandwiched by two Au clusters protected by NHCs. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and other characteristic methods characterized their atomically precise structures. Furthermore, altering the NHC ligands decreased the number of gold atoms in the sandwich structures, accompanying the different protonated degrees of amine ligand in the terminal end of the POM linker. These composite clusters showed excellent performances in catalytic H2O2 conversion through the synergistic effect between gold clusters and POM clusters. This work opens a new avenue to functional composite metal clusters and would promote their enhanced catalysis applications through intercluster synergistic interactions within composite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusion It is not known whether bone marrow stem cells when injected intravenously for a bone marrow transplant colonize the human testicular epithelium. No previous studies of sperm genotype after bone marrow transplantation are reported.To differentiate host from donor genotype in spermatozoa of men who have undergone successful bone marrow transplants.Triplet DNA samples (spermatozoa, blood, and hair) obtained from men who had recovered sperm production after bone marrow transplant were genotyped using 44 autosomal and three sex‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine the tissue genotype in pairwise comparisons of DNA profiles.Participants were 14 men at a median of 5.5 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplant who had a median sperm output of 77 million spermatozoa/ejaculate. In 14/14 the donor (leukocyte) DNA genotype differed significantly from the spermatozoa and hair genotypes whereas hair and sperm genotypes showed no variations.These data suggest that paternity after a successful bone marrow transplant is likely to be of the host and not the donor's genetic origins. The study's small sample size reflects the paucity of eligible man with recovered spermatogenesis after bone marrow transplant and represents preliminary evidence. A large‐scale epidemiological analysis to estimate the frequency of bone marrow donor stem cell colonization of the testicular germinal epithelium based on progeny sex ratio and frequency of female donors is proposed.Successful colonization of the testicular germinal and hair follicle epithelia by allogeneic bone marrow transplant donor stem cells is rare or does not occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen sources involves competitive adsorption of different intermediates and multiple electron and proton transfers, presenting grand challenges in catalyst design. In nature nitrogenases reduce dinitrogen to NH3 using two component proteins, in which electrons and protons are delivered from Fe protein to the active site in MoFe protein for transfer to the bound N2. We draw inspiration from this structural enzymology, and design a two‐component metal–sulfur–carbon (M−S−C) catalyst composed of sulfur‐doped carbon‐supported ruthenium (Ru) single atoms (SAs) and nanoparticles (NPs) for the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3−) to NH3. The catalyst demonstrates a remarkable NH3 yield rate of ~37 mg L−1 h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of ~97 % for over 200 hours, outperforming those consisting solely of SAs or NPs, and even surpassing most reported electrocatalysts. Our experimental and theoretical investigations reveal the critical role of Ru SAs with the coordination of S in promoting the formation of the HONO intermediate and the subsequent reduction reaction over the NP‐surface nearby. Such process results in a more energetically accessible pathway for NO3− reduction on Ru NPs co‐existing with SAs. This study proves a better understanding of how M−S−Cs act as a synthetic nitrogenase mimic during ammonia synthesis, and contributes to the future mechanism‐based catalyst design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive metabolic intermediate that plays important roles in plant salt stress response. This review explores the sources of MG in plants, how salt stress promotes MG production, and the dual role of MG under salt stress conditions. Both the positive role of low concentrations of MG as a signalling molecule and the toxic effects of high concentrations of MG in plant response to salt stress are discussed. The MG detoxification pathways, especially the glyoxalase system, are described in detail. Special attention is given to the novel role of the DJ‐1 protein in the glyoxalase system as glyoxalase III to remove MG, and as a deglycase to decrease glycation damage caused by MG on DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules. This review aims to provide readers with comprehensive perspectives on the functions of MG in plant salt stress response, the roles of the DJ‐1 protein in MG detoxification and repair of glycation‐damaged molecules, as well as the broader functional implications of MG in plant salt stress tolerance. New perspectives on maintaining plant genome stability, breeding for salt‐tolerant crop varieties, and improving crop quality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baiyinnuoer Pb–Zn deposit, estimated at 26.57 million metric tonnes (Mt) with grades of 1.77% Pb and 5.21% Zn, is situated in the southern Great Xing'an Range (SGXR) of northeast China. The deposit comprises southern and northern ore belts. The southern belt primarily contains skarn ore bodies (32% of reserves) associated with Triassic granodiorite, while the northern belt is dominated by skarn ore bodies (30% of reserves) related to Triassic diorite porphyry. In addition to Triassic skarn‐type mineralization, the deposit also exhibits Early Cretaceous mineralization. This includes vein‐type occurrences (36% of reserves) within volcanic tuff and syenite porphyry, alongside a small amount of skarn ore bodies (2% of reserves) related to syenite porphyry. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating of intrusive rocks and garnets was conducted to investigate the timing and genesis of these mineralization events, revealing two distinct stages of skarn‐type mineralization. The first stage, associated with Early Triassic granitoids, dates to 254.6 ± 1.4–241.7 ± 2.7 Ma, while the second stage is closely associated with Early Cretaceous syenite porphyry, constrained to 135.4 ± 1.1–135.2 ± 1.6 Ma. Garnet U–Pb dating in the syenite porphyry‐related skarn yielded an age of 134.9 ± 4.7 Ma; however, due to low U content, reliable dating of garnets associated with Early Triassic granitoid‐related skarn was not feasible. Micro‐thermometry and Laser Raman analyses of fluid inclusions within vein‐type ore bodies highlighted distinct differences between vein‐type mineralization and Early Triassic skarn‐type mineralization. Additionally, in situ sulfur isotope analyses of sphalerite from both Early Triassic and Early Cretaceous ore bodies indicate a magmatic origin for sulfur in both stages. Through comprehensive geological, geochronological, in situ sulfur isotope and fluid inclusion studies, the Baiyinnuoer Pb–Zn deposit is conclusively identified as a large deposit characterized by two distinct periods of mineralization (Early Triassic and Early Cretaceous), akin to several other significant polymetallic deposits in NE China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases abnormally in the body, it damages tissue cells and is closely related to the occurrence of various chronic diseases. Antioxidant peptides (APs) are a class of active short peptides with antioxidant capacity, which have great research value. In this paper, two APs were designed and synthesized based on the structural features of APs: CHIWM (AP1) and CHCPWM (AP2). The reactive sites and activities of APs were analyzed using the quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) method. The reactive sites are all located in the indolyl heterocycle of tryptophan residues, among which AP1 has a smaller energy gap and single point energy. Multiple free radical scavenging assays showed that AP1 and AP2 had stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control, glutathione (GSH). For scavenging DPPH free radicals, the IC50s values were 0.613 mg/mL and 0.606 mg/mL, respectively. In cellular assays, both AP1 and AP2 were able to scavenge ROS in the cells and attenuate cellular damage. In conclusion, AP1 and AP2 designed in this paper have good antioxidant activity and have the potential to be applied in the treatment of chronic diseases caused by cellular oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis, converting sustainable solar energy into chemical energy, has emerged as a promising craft to achieve diverse organic transformations due to its mild reaction conditions, sustainability, and high efficiency. The synthesis of sulfonated compounds has drawn significant attention in the pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials industries due to the unique structure and electronic properties of the sulfonyl groups. Over the past decades, many photocatalytic sulfonylation reactions have been developed. In this review, the recent advances in photocatalyzed sulfonylation have been reviewed since 2020, with a primary focus on discussing reaction design and mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the liver stem cells (LSCs) holds great promise for new insights into liver diseases and liver regeneration. However, the heterogenicity and plasticity of liver cells have made it controversial. Here, by employing single‐cell RNA‐sequencing technology, transcriptome features of Krt19+ bile duct lineage cells isolated from Krt19CreERT; Rosa26R‐GFP reporter mouse livers are examined. Distinct biliary epithelial cells which include adult LSCs, as well as their downstream hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are identified. Importantly, a novel cell surface LSCs marker, CD63, as well as CD56, which distinguished active and quiescent LSCs are discovered. Cell expansion and bi‐potential differentiation in culture demonstrate the stemness ability of CD63+ cells in vitro. Transplantation and lineage tracing of CD63+ cells confirm their contribution to liver cell mass in vivo upon injury. Moreover, CD63+CD56+ cells are proved to be activated LSCs with vigorous proliferation ability. Further studies confirm that CD63+CD56− quiescent LSCs express VEGFR2 and FGFR1, and they can be activated to proliferation and differentiation through combination of growth factors: VEGF‐A and bFGF. These findings define an authentic adult liver stem cells compartment, make a further understanding of fate regulation on LSCs, and highlight its contribution to liver during pathophysiologic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to unique structural characteristics and chiral environment, β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) has a strong chiral separation ability. 4‐Chlorophenyl isocyanate (4CPI) also plays an important role in separating chiral drugs. In this paper, a chiral stationary phase: 4‐CPI‐β‐CD stationary phase (4CPI‐β‐CD@PMMA) was designed and prepared. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres with uniform particle size and good monodispersity were prepared by modified seed polymerization and seed expansion methods. Using diazo resin as a coupling agent, PMMA microspheres were connected with 4CPI‐β‐CD to prepare a stationary phase with chiral recognition ability. PMMA microspheres and 4CPI‐β‐CD were also characterized. Compared with the traditional silica gel column, PMMA microspheres have higher preparation efficiency, better monodispersity, and better mechanical properties as chromatographic fillers. Finally, the chiral separation of ketoprofen was carried out by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the separation conditions were optimized. This paper is a good idea for the preparation of the chiral stationary phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxazocines are key structural intermediates in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. However, the synthesis of oxazocines especially in a highly enantioselective manner, is a long‐standing formidable challenge due to unfavorable energetics involved in cyclization. Herein, a series of new PNP‐Ligand P‐chiral stereocenter is first designed and synthesized, called MQ‐Phos, and successfully applied it in the Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective higher‐order formal [4+4]‐cycloaddition of α, β‐unsaturated imines with 2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1‐arylallyl carbonates. The reaction features mild conditions, excellent regio‐ and enantiocontrol and a broad substrate scope (54 examples). Various medium‐sized rings can be afforded in moderate to excellent yields (up to 92%) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). The newly developed MQ‐Phos is critical for synthesis of the medium‐sized ring in excellent catalytic reactivity and enantioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost‐effective chemical prelithiation solution, which consists of Li+, polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and solvent, is developed for a model hard carbon (HC) electrode. Naphthalene and methyl‐substituted naphthalene PAHs, namely 2‐methylnaphthalene and 1‐methylnaphthalene, are first compared. Grafting an electron‐donating methyl group onto the benzene ring can decrease electron affinity and thus reduce the redox potential, which is validated by density functional theory calculations. Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G1), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvents are then compared. The G1 solution has the highest conductivity and least steric hindrance, and thus the 1‐methylnaphthalene/G1 solution shows superior prelithiation capability. In addition, the effects of the interaction time between Li+ and 1‐methylnaphthalene in G1 solvent on the electrochemical properties of a prelithiated HC electrode are investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance data confirm that 10‐h aging is needed to achieve a stable solution coordination state and thus optimal prelithiation efficacy. It is also found that appropriate prelithiation creates a more Li+‐conducing and robust solid‐electrolyte interphase, improving the rate capability and cycling stability of the HC electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the paper is the numerical and experimental investigation related to the damage recognition effects for CFRP tubes of four dynamic parameters. Four damage identification indexes consisting of natural frequency‐based index, Mode Shape‐based index (MS), Mode Shape Curvature‐based index (MSC), and Modal Flexibility Curvature‐based index (MFC) are established by analyzing the dynamic parameter data obtained before and after damage occurs. The performances of dynamic parameters are thoroughly discussed in the context of numerical simulations and experiment. The results indicate that the effect of natural frequency is not as significant as that of mode shape. MFC has the most notable effectiveness out of the four indexes. The simulation peak index pair is predicted to rise from 0.3 to 0.6 as the damage in the simulation model increases by 25% from 12.5%, indicating that MFC can feedback the damage degree. Moreover, the circumferential curvature index exhibits superior performance compared to the axial curvature index. To enhance the accuracy of the axial curvature index, it is proposed to increase the number of measuring sites along the tube's long direction. Highlights: Damage identification indexes of four dynamic parameters are established.Discuss the identification ability of dynamic parameters by simulation and test.Two numerical models of CFRP tube with delamination damage are established.Impact and modal tests are executed to study the ability of four indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jianbeigou gold deposit is a typical lode gold deposit in the Qinling metallogenic belt, located on the southern margin of the North China Craton. Three stages of the hydrothermal process can be distinguished, including the quartz ± pyrite, quartz‐polymetallic sulfide, and quartz‐carbonate ± pyrite stages. From the early to late stages, the homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions are 281–362°C, 227–331°C, and 149–261°C, respectively. The corresponding salinities estimated for these fluids are 3.9–9.9 wt%, 0.4–9.4 wt%, and 0.7–7.2 wt% NaCl equiv. Combined with laser Raman spectroscopy data, the ore‐forming fluid belongs to a H2O‐CO2‐NaCl ± CH4 system with medium–low temperature and salinity. The δ18Ofluid and δD values for the quartz veins are –1.0‰ to 6.0‰ and –105‰ to –84‰, respectively, which indicates that the ore‐forming fluid is of mixed source, mainly derived from magma, with a contribution from meteoric water. Pyrite has been identified into three generations based on mineral paragenetic sequencing, including Py1, Py2, and Py3. The pyrites have δ34S sulfur isotopic compositions from three stages between 3.7‰ and 8.4‰, indicating that sulfur mainly originated from magma. Te, Bi, Sb, and Cu contents in pyrite were all high and showed a strong correlation with Au concentrations. Native gold and the Au‐Ag‐Bi telluride minerals were formed concurrently, and the As concentration was low and decoupled from the Au content. Therefore, Te, Bi, Sb and other low‐melting point chalcophile elements play an important role for gold mineralization in arsenic‐deficient ore‐forming fluid. Combined with the geological setting, evolution of pyrite, and ore‐fluids geochemistry, we propose that the Jianbeigou deposit can be classified as a magmatic–hydrothermal lode gold deposit. Gold mineralization on the southern margin of the North China Craton is related to Early Cretaceous magmatism and formed in an extensional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A novel and eco‐friendly electrochemical activation of trifluoromethyl thianthrenium triflate (TT–CF3+OTf−) for trifluoromethylation of imidazole‐fused heteroaromatic compounds was established. This method involves the direct electrolysis of TT–CF3+OTf− without the requirement of external oxidants or catalysts, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. A wide range of imidazole‐fused heteroaromatic compounds including imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles have been successfully trifluoromethylated using this technique, exhibiting excellent compatibility with various functional groups and a broad substrate scope. Moreover, the method's applicability for one‐pot sequential reactions enables the reduction of waste and resource consumption by eliminating the need for intermediate purification steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the functionalization of 1,3‐butadiene has become an attractive strategy for constructing allyl compounds with molecular and structural complexity, and the current research focuses on synthetic chemistry and organic synthesis. Compared with the traditional synthesis method, the synthesis methods promoted by photochemistry or electrochemistry represent an environmentally friendly and mild strategy. In this review, the functionalization reactions of 1,3‐butadiene under photochemical/electrochemical processes in recent years are reviewed according to the classification of functionalization systems, with particular emphasis on the corresponding reaction mechanism, which lays a foundation for further exploration of new catalytic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a two‐step activated swelling technique was effectively employed to successfully synthesize monodisperse porous poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) (PS‐DVB) particles. Diazoresin (DR) transform an ionic bond into a covalent bond by photoreaction. Under ultraviolet irradiation, DR was used to covalently attach dichlorophenyl isocyanate to sulfonated PS‐DVB microspheres. The novel photo‐crosslinking reaction effectively overcomes the toxicity issues associated with conventional coupling agents and enables green production of chromatographic fillers. Modified PS‐DVB particles were indeed commonly used as filler material for the separation of chiral compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The porous modified microspheres designed effectively separate benzoone, DL‐mandelic acid, 2‐phenylcyclohexanone, ibuprofen, 2‐hydroxyl flavone, DL‐cysteine, chloraniline maleate, hesperidin, and other chiral compounds by 100 mm column. It is noteworthy that the isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres are effective in separating chiral drugs (1000 μg/mL) within 5 min. Compared with ordinary microspheres, porous isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres showed better separation efficiency under the same conditions. The enhancement is attributed to the increase in their specific surface area. Consequently, they are a better choice of chromatographic packing matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laparoscopic surgery has been endorsed by clinical guidelines for colon cancer, but not for rectal cancer on account of unapproved oncologic equivalence with open surgery. Aims: We started this largest‐to‐date meta‐analysis to comprehensively evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopy in the treatment of rectal cancer compared with open surgery. Materials & Methods: Both randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials comparing laparoscopic proctectomy and open surgery between January 1990 and March 2020 were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase Databases (PROSPERO registration number CRD42020211718). The data of intraoperative, pathological, postoperative and survival outcomes were compared between two groups. Results: Twenty RCTs and 93 NRCTs including 216,615 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 48,888 patients received laparoscopic surgery and 167,727 patients underwent open surgery. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery group showed faster recovery, less complications and decreased mortality within 30 days. The positive rate of circumferential margin (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.85, p < 0.0001) and distal margin (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.85 p < 0.0001) was significantly reduced in the laparoscopic surgery group, but the completeness of total mesorectal excision showed no significant difference. The 3‐year and 5‐year local recurrence, disease‐free survival and overall survival were all improved in the laparoscopic surgery group, while the distal recurrence did not differ significantly between the two approaches. Conclusion: Laparoscopy is non‐inferior to open surgery for rectal cancer with respect to oncological outcomes and long‐term survival. Moreover, laparoscopic surgery provides short‐term advantages, including faster recovery and less complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Heart failure (HF) has shared genetic architecture with its risk factors: atrial fibrillation (AF), body mass index (BMI), coronary heart disease (CHD), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aim to assess the association and risk prediction performance of risk‐factor polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for incident HF and its subtypes in bi‐racial populations. Methods and results: Five PRSs were constructed for AF, BMI, CHD, SBP, and T2D in White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The associations between PRSs and incident HF and its subtypes were assessed using Cox models, and the risk prediction performance of PRSs was assessed using C statistics. Replication was performed in the ARIC study Black and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) White participants. In 8624 ARIC study Whites, 1922 (31% cumulative incidence) HF cases developed over 30 years of follow‐up. PRSs of AF, BMI, and CHD were associated with incident HF (P < 0.001), where PRSAF showed the strongest association [hazard ratio (HR): 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41–1.53]. Only the addition of PRSAF to the ARIC study HF risk equation improved C statistics for 10 year risk prediction from 0.812 to 0.829 (∆C: 0.017, 95% CI: 0.009–0.026). The PRSAF was associated with both incident HF with reduced ejection fraction (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.27–1.60) and incident HF with preserved ejection fraction (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.33–1.62). The associations between PRSAF and incident HF and its subtypes, as well as the improved risk prediction, were replicated in the ARIC study Blacks and the CHS Whites (P < 0.050). Protein analyses revealed that N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide and other 98 proteins were associated with PRSAF. Conclusions: The PRSAF was associated with incident HF and its subtypes and had significant incremental value over an established HF risk prediction equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific states of aggregation of metal atoms in sub‐nanometer‐sized gold clusters are related to the different quantum confinement volumes of electrons, leading to novel optical and electronic properties. These volumes can be tuned by changing the relative positions of the gold atoms to generate isomers. Studying the isomeric gold core and the electron coupling between the basic units is fundamentally important for nanoelectronic devices and luminescence; however, appropriate cases are lacking. In this study, the structure of the first staggered di‐superatomic Au25‐S was solved using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The optical properties of Au25‐S were studied by comparing with eclipsed Au25‐E. From Au25‐E to Au25‐S, changes in the electronic structures occurred, resulting in significantly different optical absorptions originating from the coupling between the two Au13 modules. Au25‐S shows a longer electron decay lifetime of 307.7 ps before populating the lowest triplet emissive state, compared to 1.29 ps for Au25‐E. The experimental and theoretical results show that variations in the geometric isomerism lead to distinct photophysical processes owing to isomerism‐dependent electronic coupling. This study offers new insights into the connection between the geometric isomerism of nanosized building blocks and the optical properties of their assemblies, opening new possibilities for constructing function‐specific nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of tephritid pest invasions worldwide highlights the importance of interspecific interactions among tephritid pests. The melon fly [Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett)], the pumpkin fruit fly [Zeugodacus tau (Walker)], and the oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] (all Diptera: Tephritidae) are neotropical fruit flies with overlapping distributions. Their interactions during mating hours have rarely been observed in nature due to their nocturnal behavior. Here, laboratory studies were conducted under no‐choice and choice conditions to quantify interspecific mating. The interactions during mating hours resulted in interspecific mating, which reduced conspecific mating success and interrupted mating activity patterns. Successful interspecific mating pairs of Z. cucurbitae and Z. tau were recorded in no‐choice and choice tests. Interspecific mating between male Z. cucurbitae and female Z. tau significantly reduced conspecific mating in Z. tau. Observations of the diel mating activity patterns showed that male Z. cucurbitae initiated calling behaviors earlier than Z. tau males, giving Z. cucurbitae more chances to court Z. tau. Though males of neither Zeugodacus species formed mating pairs with B. dorsalis, Zeugodacus males reduced conspecific mating in B. dorsalis in the choice trials. Thus, interspecific interactions among Z. cucurbitae, Z. tau, and B. dorsalis affected conspecific mating; interrupted conspecific mating activity patterns were recorded in all three species. This information could be used to improve management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adult asthma is complex and incompletely understood. Plasma proteomics is an evolving technique that can both generate biomarkers and provide insights into disease mechanisms. We aimed to identify plasma proteomic signatures of adult asthma. Methods: Protein abundance in plasma was measured in individuals from the Agricultural Lung Health Study (ALHS) (761 asthma, 1095 non‐case) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (470 asthma, 10,669 non‐case) using the SOMAScan 5K array. Associations with asthma were estimated using covariate adjusted logistic regression and meta‐analyzed using inverse‐variance weighting. Additionally, in ALHS, we examined phenotypes based on both asthma and seroatopy (asthma with atopy (n = 207), asthma without atopy (n = 554), atopy without asthma (n = 147), compared to neither (n = 948)). Results: Meta‐analysis of 4860 proteins identified 115 significantly (FDR<0.05) associated with asthma. Multiple signaling pathways related to airway inflammation and pulmonary injury were enriched (FDR<0.05) among these proteins. A proteomic score generated using machine learning provided predictive value for asthma (AUC = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.75–0.79 in training set; AUC = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.69–0.75 in validation set). Twenty proteins are targeted by approved or investigational drugs for asthma or other conditions, suggesting potential drug repurposing. The combined asthma‐atopy phenotype showed significant associations with 20 proteins, including five not identified in the overall asthma analysis. Conclusion: This first large‐scale proteomics study identified over 100 plasma proteins associated with current asthma in adults. In addition to validating previous associations, we identified many novel proteins that could inform development of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in asthma management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulley structure has been widely employed to improve mechanical properties. Polyrotaxane‐based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) typically exhibits good tensile strength and Young's modulus. However, achieving outstanding self‐healability of polyrotaxane‐based WPU under mild conditions generally proves insufficient solely relying on host‐guest interactions. Herein, a strategy that constructs a triple synergy of host‐guest interaction, hydrogen bonds, and metal coordination bonds by sequentially introducing tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ is proposed to prepare polyrotaxane‐based WPU with excellent mechanical performance and high self‐healable capability. Besides the reversible non‐covalent bonding contributing to intrinsic self‐healing, the unique sliding motion of WPU's molecule chain acts as a driving force, promoting efficient contact among reversible bonds. Notably, benefiting from the sliding motion of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) along a chain, the dynamic reconstruction of hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonds, the resulting supramolecular WPU exhibited a tensile strength of 46.05 MPa and a toughness of 130.30 MPa, with satisfactory self‐healing performance (tensile strength healing efficiency of more than 95%). This work enriches the self‐healing mechanism and expands the concepts for the design of resilient self‐healing environmentally friendly supramolecular WPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most promising methods to replace the conventional anthraquinone route for the green and facile synthesis of H2O2. Owing to the outstanding electrochemical active surface area and fast charge transfer capability of carbon nanomaterials or nanostructures with different dimensions, such as 1D, 2D, and 3D, various strategies including nanostructure engineering, defect engineering, and interface engineering have been proposed to promote the catalytic activity of carbon‐based catalysts toward two‐electron (2e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for H2O2 generation over the past decade. In this review, the latest progress, major achievements, and prospects of the transition metal‐supported carbon with different dimensions for highly efficient electrochemical H2O2 preparation via the 2e− ORR process are summarized. The rational design principles and synthetic strategies of transition metal‐supported carbon are systematically introduced while the representative advances, the identification of active sites, and their possible catalytic mechanisms toward the H2O2 production are discussed. Finally, according to the current development stage and existing shortcomings of 2e– ORR catalysts for H2O2 production, the challenges and prospects of transition metal‐supported carbon with different dimensions are also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient NIR emitting materials have important application value in phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs), due to their high sensitivity of tissue composition responsiveness, and penetration depth (spatial resolution). In this work, a perovskite structure material CaSnO3 that can emit strong broad NIR light at the range of 850–1300 nm peaking at 1010 nm second biological window with a super large Stokes shift of 24463 cm−1 and a sensitive broad UV light response (λmax = 291 nm) by traditional high‐temperature solid‐state reaction that does not require additional doping ions is innovatively developed. Spectroscopic and theoretical calculations reveal that the NIR emission originates from self‐trapped excitons (STEs) enhanced by Jahn–Teller effect when Sn4+ is spontaneously reduced to Sn2+ and occupies the position of Ca2+ 8‐coordinate lattice. A prototype NIR‐II emitting LED device is successfully fabricated combining this perovskite CaSnO3 phosphor with UV 285 nm chip to evaluate its application value. This work provides a novel NIR‐II luminescent material, which is different from other doping types of systems, and STEs luminescence in perovskite has been achieved in the NIR‐II region for the first time, providing a new approach and choice for the development of NIR luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental white phosphorous (P4) is a crucial feedstock for the entire phosphorus‐derived chemical industry, serving as a common precursor for the ultimate preparation of high‐grade monophosphorus (P1) fine chemicals. However, the corresponding manufacturing processes generally suffer from a deep reliance on hazardous reagents, inputs of immense energy, emissions of toxic pollutants, and the generation of substantial waste, which have negative impacts on the environment. In this context, sustainability and safety concerns provide a consistent impetus for the urgent overall improvement of phosphorus cycles. In this Concept, we present an overview of the most recent growth in photo‐ and electrochemical synthesis of P1 organo‐compounds from P4, with special emphasis on sustainable features. The key aspects of innovations regarding activation mode and mechanism have been comprehensively analyzed. A preliminary look at the possible future direction of development is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing mixed dietary fibres (MDF) and essential oils blend (EOB) either alone or in combination on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC). Forty‐two piglets (28 days old) were randomly allocated into six treatments in a 25‐day experiment, and fed the basal diet (CON or ETEC) either with antibiotics (AT), MDF, EOB or MDF + EOB. On Day 22 of the experiment, pigs in CON and challenged groups (ETEC, AT, MDF, EOB and MDF + EOB) were orally administered sterile saline and ETEC containing 6 × 1010 CFU/kg body weight respectively. On Day 26, all pigs were euthanized to collect samples. Before ETEC challenge, piglets in MDF and EOB had lower diarrhoea incidence (p < 0.01) than others. After ETEC challenge, piglets in ETEC had lower average daily gain and higher diarrhoea incidence (p < 0.05) than those of CON. Furthermore, compared to CON, ETEC group increased the serum lipopolysaccharide concentration and diamine oxidase activity, and decreased mRNA levels of genes relating to barrier function (aquaporin 3, AQP3; mucin1, MUC1; zonula occludens‐1, ZO‐1; Occludin), and increased the concentration of cytokines (interleukin‐1β/4/6/10, IL‐1β/4/6/10) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). However, these deleterious effects induced by ETEC were partly alleviated by MDF, EOB, MDF + EOB and AT. Additionally, compared to ETEC group, MDF increased Bifidobacterium abundance in cecal digesta and butyrate concentration in colonic digesta (p < 0.05). Also, EOB improved propionate concentration in cecal digesta, and MDF + EOB decreased IL‐10 concentration in jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05) compared with ETEC. Conclusively, MDF and EOB either alone or in combination can improve growth performance and alleviate diarrhoea via improving intestinal barrier function of piglets after ETEC challenge, and all may serve as potential alternatives to AT for piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Neutrophil activity contributes to adverse cardiac remodelling in experimental acute cardiac injury and is modifiable with pharmacologic agents like colchicine. Methods and results: Neutrophil activity‐related plasma proteins known to be affected by colchicine treatment were measured at Visit 3 (1993–1995) and Visit 5 (2011–2013) of the ARIC cohort study. A protein‐based neutrophil activity score was derived from 10 candidate proteins using LASSO Cox regression. Associations with incident heart failure (HF) and with cardiac function using Cox proportional hazards regression and linear regression models, respectively. The mean ages at Visits 3 and 5 were 60 ± 6 and 75 ± 5 years, respectively, and 54% and 57% were women, respectively. Each 1‐standard deviation increase in the neutrophil activity score was associated with a higher risk of incident HF in mid‐life (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–1.37) and late‐life (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14–1.34), with a higher HR for HF with preserved than reduced ejection fraction (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.16–1.47 vs. HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.98–1.30). Higher neutrophil activity was associated with greater left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index, mass index and diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Conclusions: Plasma proteins related to neutrophil function associate with incident HF in mid‐ and late‐life and with adverse cardiac remodelling. Therapies that modify these proteins, such as colchicine, may represent promising targets for the prevention or treatment of HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a generalized definition of polygamy relations for any quantum correlation measures. Instead of the usual polygamy inequality, a polygamy relation with equality is given by introducing the polygamy weight. From the polygamy relation with equality, it presents polygamy inequalities satisfied by the βth (β>0)$(\beta >0)$ power of the quantum correlation measures. Taking concurrence of assistance as an example, it further illustrates the significance and advantages of these relations. It also obtains a polygamy relation with equality by considering the one‐to‐group entanglements for any quantum entanglement measures that do not satisfy the polygamy relations. It demonstrates that such relations for tripartite states can be generalized to multipartite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work elucidates the potential impact of intramolecular H‐bonds within the pore walls of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on proton conductivity. Employing DaTta and TaTta as representative hosts, it was observed that their innate proton conductivities (σ) are both unsatisfactory and σ(DaTta)<σ(TaTta). Intriguingly, the performance of both imidazole‐loaded products, Im@DaTta and Im@TaTta is greatly improved, and the σ of Im@DaTta (0.91×10−2 S cm−1) even surpasses that of Im@TaTta (3.73×10−3 S cm−1) under 100 °C and 98 % relative humidity. The structural analysis, gas adsorption tests, and activation energy calculations forecast the influence of imidazole on the H‐bonded system within the framework, leading to observed changes in proton conductivity. It is hypothesized that intramolecular H‐bonds within the COF framework impede efficient proton transmission. Nevertheless, the inclusion of an imidazole group disrupts these intramolecular bonds, leading to the formation of an abundance of intermolecular H‐bonds within the pore channels, thus contributing to a dramatic increase in proton conductivity. The related calculation of Density Functional Theory (DFT) provides further evidence for this inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray imaging technology has achieved important applications in many fields and has attracted extensive attentions. Dynamic X‐ray flexible imaging for the real‐time observation of the internal structure of complex materials is the most challenging type of X‐ray imaging technology, which requires high‐performance X‐ray scintillators with high X‐ray excited luminescence (XEL) efficiency as well as excellent processibility and stability. Here, a macrocyclic bridging ligand with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) feature was introduced for constructing a copper iodide cluster‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) scintillator. This strategy endows the scintillator with high XEL efficiency and excellent chemical stability. Moreover, a regular rod‐like microcrystal was prepared through the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone during the in situ synthesis process, which further enhanced the XEL and processibility of the scintillator. The microcrystal was used for the preparation of a scintillator screen with excellent flexibility and stability, which can be used for high‐performance X‐ray imaging in extremely humid environments. Furthermore, dynamic X‐ray flexible imaging was realized for the first time. The internal structure of flexible objects was observed in real time with an ultrahigh resolution of 20 LP mm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal materials play an important role in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to their ultra‐high electrical conductivity, but they are rigid and inflexible, as well as of high density, which limits their application in some areas. In this study, a novel and simple method to fabricate the composites of metal foil and polymer is reported. A copper foil (Cuf) with micropores on the surface is used as a shielding matrix, then interpenetrating and interlocking nanostructure as well as reactive groups are introduced on its surface, and then silicone rubber (SiR) is coated on both surfaces to form a sandwich structure, and the obtained Cuf/SiR composites possesses high EMI shielding efficiency (SE), strong interface adhesion, and low density. The average EMI shielding efficiency of the obtained Cuf/SiR composites in the range of 1.13–18 GHz is 111.5 dB, with a high interface adhesion strength of 5.2 N cm−1 and low density of 1.3 g cm−3, and it also possesses bending and splicing properties, which exhibits broad potential application in the field of EMI shielding tents and shielding rooms. This preparation method of the composites is simple and efficient, and provides a guideline for the design and fabrication of metal foil/polymer composites in molding method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the ocean is a crucial but poorly quantified regional carbon cycle component. Large uncertainties remaining on the riverine DOC export from China, as well as its trend and drivers of change, have challenged the reconciliation between atmosphere‐based and land‐based estimates of China's land carbon sink. Here, we harmonized a large database of riverine in‐situ measurements and applied a random forest model, to quantify riverine DOC fluxes (FDOC) and DOC concentrations (CDOC) in rivers across China. This study proposes the first DOC modeling effort capable of reproducing well the magnitude of riverine CDOC and FDOC, as well as its trends, on a monthly scale and with a much wider spatial distribution over China compared to previous studies that mainly focused on annual‐scale estimates and large rivers. Results show that over the period 2001–2015, the average CDOC was 2.25 ± 0.45 mg/L and average FDOC was 4.04 ± 1.02 Tg/year. Simultaneously, we found a significant increase in FDOC (+0.044 Tg/year2, p =.01), but little change in CDOC (−0.001 mg/L/year, p >.10). Although the trend in CDOC is not significant at the country scale, it is significantly increasing in the Yangtze River Basin and Huaihe River Basin (0.005 and 0.013 mg/L/year, p <.05) while significantly decreasing in the Yellow River Basin and Southwest Rivers Basin (−0.043 and −0.014 mg/L/year, p =.01). Changes in hydrology, play a stronger role than direct impacts of anthropogenic activities in determining the spatio‐temporal variability of FDOC and CDOC across China. However, and in contrast with other basins, the significant increase in CDOC in the Yangtze River Basin and Huaihe River Basin is attributable to direct anthropogenic activities. Given the dominance of hydrology in driving FDOC, the increase in FDOC is likely to continue under the projected increase in river discharge over China resulting from a future wetter climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To prospectively investigate population‐based metabolomics for incident gout and reproduce the findings for recurrent flares, accounting for serum urate. Methods: We conducted a prediagnostic metabolome‐wide analysis among 105,615 UK Biobank participants with nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiling data (168 total metabolites) from baseline blood samples collected 2006–2010 in those without history of gout. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident gout, adjusted for gout risk factors, excluding and including serum urate levels, overall and according to fasting duration before sample collection. Potential causal effects were tested with 2‐sample Mendelian randomization. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) for the association with recurrent flares among incident gout cases. Results: Correcting for multiple testing, 88 metabolites were associated with risk of incident gout (N = 1,303 cases) before serum urate adjustment, including glutamine and glycine (inversely), and lipids, branched‐chain amino acids, and most prominently, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA; P = 9.17 × 10−32). Only GlycA remained associated with incident gout following urate adjustment (HR 1.52 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.22–1.88] between extreme quintiles); the HR increased progressively with fasting duration before sample collection, reaching 4.01 (95% CI 1.36–11.82) for ≥8 hours of fasting. Corresponding HRs per SD change in GlycA levels were 1.10 (95% CI 1.04–1.17) overall and 1.54 (95% CI 1.21–1.96) for ≥8 hours of fasting. GlycA levels were also associated with recurrent gout flares among incident gout cases (RR 1.90 [95% CI 1.27–2.85] between extreme quintiles) with larger associations with fasting. Mendelian randomization corroborated a potential causal role for GlycA on gout risk. Conclusion: This prospective, population‐based study implicates GlycA, a stable long‐term biomarker reflecting neutrophil overactivity, in incident and recurrent gout flares (central manifestation from neutrophilic synovitis) beyond serum urate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, erucamide as a non‐toxic and tasteless lubricant was melt blended with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to reduce the coefficient of friction (COF) of TPU and thus to improve the wearing comfort of intelligent wearable devices. The results show that when the content of erucamide reaches percolation, erucamide can migrate to the TPU surface, forming a layer of lubrication film, and thus significantly reduces the COF of TPU. In addition, erucamide with amide groups can form hydrogen bonds with carbamate groups from TPU chains and thus can disrupt the hydrogen bonds between two amide groups of TPU chains. With the introduction of erucamide, the chain mobility of TPU increases, the partial phase mixing of soft phase and hard phase of TPU occurs, and the interchain interaction between TPU chains decreases. Under the appropriate content of erucamide (0.5 wt%), both the elasticity and processability of TPU are also significantly improved, whereas the high tensile strength, tear strength and elongation at break of the TPU blend is still obtained, facilitating its practical application in intelligent wearable devices. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXenes have recently emerged as a new class of electrocatalysts for diverse energy conversion reactions, but they are generally considered to be catalytically inert. Herein, a strategy of interfacial polarization is put forward to improve the catalytic activity of MXenes, with the construction of an interfacial structure consisting of black phosphorus (BP) nanoflakes and Nb2C MXene nanosheets for electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia as a proof of concept. The experimental and computational results reveal that a strong interfacial polarization is built between BP nanoflakes and Nb2C nanosheets in the prepared BP/Nb2C composite. The polarization of Nb centers by adjacent BP sites gives rise to the formation of positively centered Nb atoms and BP‐polarized Nb atoms, which synergistically catalyze the cleavage of N–O bonds in HNO2* to form NO*. In addition, the stabilization of monatomic *N by the BP/Nb2C composite is also enhanced compared with BP nanoflakes and Nb2C nanosheets. As a result, both the ammonia yield rate and Faraday efficiency of the BP/Nb2C composite are much higher than that of BP nanoflakes and Nb2C nanosheets. Overall, this work shows the great potential for constructing a strong interfacial polarization to improve the catalytic performance of MXenes‐based electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is an important polyphagous pest that damages to various agricultural crops, whose distribution has become global as a result of human activity. In this study, we investigated the fecundity, pre‐oviposition and oviposition periods, and the longevity of adult Z. cucurbitae at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35.2°C. One newly emerged one virgin female and two males of Z. cucurbitae were used, and the longevity of both sexes and the fecundity of the females were examined daily. The longevity of female Z. cucurbitae ranged from 183.8 days at 15.0°C to 30.8 days at 35.2°C, and the maximum fecundity per female was 1204 eggs at 24.5°C. The lower development threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) of females were estimated as 14.8°C and 781.13 degree‐days, respectively. Female reproduction was modeled using a two‐phase oviposition model. Oviposition was estimated using females in the oviposition phase, which had a complete pre‐oviposition phase. The oviposition model consisted of two reproductive components (total fecundity and age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate during oviposition) and a survival component (age‐specific survival rate). The daily egg production of Z. cucurbitae was estimated in relation to adult age and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent fluorescent coatings have received widespread attention in the encryption technique field such as anti‐counterfeit, while the traditional fluorescent coatings are easy to be damaged by external force. In this study, the fluorescent and self‐healing anti‐counterfeit coatings are prepared after rational molecular design. Two polymers containing fluorescent groups, including polyurethane containing the anthracene (AN) side group and polyimide containing the naphthalenediimide (NDI) structure are synthesized to realize multiple color changes with fluorescence through simply blending. Due to the overlapping fluorescence spectra of the groups, enabling the fluorescence resonance energy transfer effect (FRET), the coating with different group ratios exhibits tunable fluorescence under the same excitation light, providing diverse patterns. Moreover, due to the reversible photo‐crosslinking and thermal de‐dimerization properties of anthracene, the recording, erasure, and rewriting of the surface pattern can be realized, and the fluorescent anti‐counterfeit coatings exhibit excellent self‐healing properties after cross‐linking due to the FRET effect, which solves the problem of poor healing and ensures the stability and integrity. The fluorescent coating with cross‐linked structure and self‐healing behavior based on the FRET effect greatly expands the functional applications of traditional polyurethane materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenol is a major component of clove oil. A recent study found that inhalation of eugenol promoted the appetite of mice. However, whether oral ingestion of eugenol promoted appetite is unclear and its mechanism await study. Here, mice were divided into four treatments (n = 20) and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02% eugenol for 4 weeks. In addition, mice (n = 7) were injected intraperitoneally with 3 mg/kg body weight eugenol. Our data showed that feeding mice with 0.01% and 0.02% eugenol promoted their appetite. In addition, the short‐term intraperitoneal injection of eugenol enhanced the feed intake in mice within 1 h. Further studies found that dietary eugenol increased orexigenic factors expression and decreased anorexigenic factors expression in mice. We then carried out N38 cell experiments to explore the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels‐dependent mechanism of eugenol in promoting appetite. We found that eugenol activated the TRP channels mediated‐CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway in the hypothalamus and N38 cells. Besides, the inhibition of TRPV1 and AMPK eliminated the upregulation of eugenol on the agouti‐related protein level in N38 cells. In conclusion, the study suggested that eugenol promotes appetite through TRPV1 mediated‐CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]