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Mitochondria possess a small genome that codes for core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system and whose expression is essential for energy production. Information on the regulation and spatial organization of mitochondrial gene expression in the cellular context has been difficult to obtain. Here we devise an imaging approach to analyze mitochondrial translation within the context of single cells, by following the incorporation of clickable non‐canonical amino acids. We apply this method to multiple cell types, including specialized cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons, and monitor with spatial resolution mitochondrial translation in axons and dendrites. We also show that translation imaging allows to monitor mitochondrial protein expression in patient fibroblasts. Approaching mitochondrial translation with click chemistry opens new avenues to understand how mitochondrial biogenesis is integrated into the cellular context and can be used to assess mitochondrial gene expression in mitochondrial diseases. Synopsis: This study monitors mitochondrial protein synthesis with spatial resolution in single cells of multiple cell types. Labelling of mitochondrial translation products allows to monitor translation with spatial resolution within single cells.Mitochondria show different levels of protein synthesis within a single cell.Protein synthesis occurs in mitochondria of the pre‐ and the postsynapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We investigated the protective effect of chitin micro‐particle (CMP) as an adjuvant against Leishmania infection in BALB/c mice. Methods: Mice were immunized subcutaneously with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) plus CMP (100 µg SLA + 100 µg CMP/100 µL) as the test group. Three weeks after the last immunization, test and control groups were infected by Leishmania major (L major). Eight weeks post‐infection, evaluation of parasites load in lymph nodes was performed using limiting dilution assay. Then, the spleen cell cytokine response (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐17 and IL‐27) to SLA among vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups was investigated using ELISA. Serum levels of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured as well. Results: The SLA plus CMP group demonstrated the protection. The responses included reduced lesion formation and lower parasite load. Also, in comparison with control group higher levels of IFN‐γ and, IL‐10 in the culture of spleen cells, and lower levels of IgG1 in sera were seen in SLA plus CMP group. Conclusion: The data supported the possibility of using CMP as a suitable adjuvant in Leishmania vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]