Search

Comprehensive Summary: A chemical investigation of the deep‐sea‐derived fungus Penicillium allii‐sativi MCCC 3A00580 resulted in the discovery of four new meroterpenoids (1—4) and one related known co‐metabolite (5). These meroterpenoids showcase unique carbon skeletons featuring a common drimane sesquiterpene part with highly diverse polyketide units. Particularly, compound 1 incorporates a salicylic acid moiety while 2 possesses a rare peroxide bridge in the polyketide part. The structures of new compounds were assigned by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum calculations, and biogenetic considerations. Notably, 3 significantly blocked the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in the arrest of cell cycle at G0‐G1 phase and triggering mitochondrial apoptosis in Hela cells. While the previously reported co‐metabolite macrophorin A (MPA) effectively triggered cell death in MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cells by activating apoptosis pathways involving death receptors, mitochondria, mTOR, and TNF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) with sulfur atoms is becoming more and more important as a means of creating unique functional materials. Recently, thiophene‐containing multiple helicenes have garnered enormous attention due to their intriguing electronic and (chir)optical properties compared with carbohelicenes. However, the efficient synthesis of thiopyran‐containing multiple helicenes and the underlying sulfur doping mechanisms are rather unexplored. Herein, the synthesis and structural analysis of a thiopyran‐containing double [7]helicene 3 are reported. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals 3 and its dication with C2‐symmetric propeller‐shape structures and compact interactions in the solid state. 3 exhibits deep‐red to near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence emission. Tunable aromaticity of the central benzene ring and thiopyran rings is found by chemical oxidation, which is further confirmed by nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS), anisotropy of the induced current density (ACID) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) analysis. Furthermore, the chiral and photosensitizing characters of 3 are investigated. The excellent deep‐red to NIR fluorescence, circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and photosensitizing activities suggest that 3 can be used as an outstanding photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and bioimaging, especially paving the way for future CPL‐PDT and CPL‐bio‐probe applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a significant independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Yet, the exact mechanism of action is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of exosomes‐miR‐155‐5p derived from periodontal endothelial cells on atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo. Higher expression of miR‐155‐5p was detected in the plasma exosomes of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) compared to patients with CP. Also, the expression level of miR‐155‐5p was associated with the severity of CP. miR‐155‐5p‐enriched exosomes from HUVECs increased the angiogenesis and permeability of HAECs and promoted the expression of angiogenesis, permeability, and inflammation genes. Along with the overexpression or inhibition of miR‐155‐5p, the biological effect of HUVECs‐derived exosomes on HAECs changed correspondingly. In ApoE−/− mouse models, miR‐155‐5p‐enriched exosomes promoted the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis by increasing permeable and angiogenic activity. Collectively, these findings highlight a molecular mechanism of periodontitis in CAS, uncovering exosomal miR‐155‐5p derived periodontitis affecting carotid endothelial cells in an 'exosomecrine' manner. Exosomal miR‐155‐5p may be used as a biomarker and target for clinical intervention to control this intractable disease in future, and the graphic abstract was shown in Figure S1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of treatment‐related toxicities with programmed cell death 1 and its ligand (PD‐1/PD‐L1) inhibitors in patients with lung cancer is unclear and inconclusive. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched without language restrictions from inception to May 31, 2024 to identify Phase 3 randomized controlled trials of lung cancer comparing PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors versus placebo/best supportive care (alone or in combination with nontargeted chemotherapy) that had available data regarding treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) or incidence and sample size. Random‐effect models were employed to study the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Finally, 36 trials, involving 19,693 participants, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors significantly augmented the likelihood of developing all‐grade (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04, p <.01) and grade ≥3 TRAEs (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.23, p <.01). PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors substantially augmented the odds of developing treatment‐related serious adverse events (SAEs) (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.27–1.71, p <.01) and fatal adverse events (FAEs) (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11–1.82, p <.01). Subgroup analyses indicated that the RR of SAEs and FAEs were generally consistent, regardless of treatment type, tumor type, treatment setting, PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors type and study design. The most common causes of FAEs were respiratory failure/insufficiency (33.3%), cardiac events (16.1%), and hematological disorders (10.1%). We demonstrated that PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors were significantly correlated with higher possibility of developing treatment‐related toxicities, especially SAEs and FAEs, compared with placebo/best supportive care controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of mechanically responsive materials with reversible shape‐shifting, shape‐locking, and stretchability holds promise for a wide range of applications in fields such as soft robotics and flexible electronics. Here, we report novel thermoelastic one‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrids (R/S‐Hmpy)PbI3 (Hmpy=2‐hydroxymethyl‐pyrrolidinium) to show mechanical responses. The single crystals undergo two phase transitions at 310 K and 380 K. When heated to 380 K, they show shape‐shifting and expansion along the b‐axis by about 13.4 %, corresponding to a larger deformation than that of thermally activated shape memory alloys (8.5 %), and exhibit a strong actuation force. During the cooling process, the stretched crystal shape maintains and a shape‐locking phenomenon occurs, which is lifted when the temperature decreases to 305 K. Meanwhile, due to the introduction of chiral ions, the thermal switching shows a 10‐fold second‐order nonlinear switching contrast (common values typically below 3‐fold). This study presents a thermoelastic actuator based on shape‐shifting and ‐locking of organic–inorganic hybrids for the first time. The dielectric and nonlinear optical switching properties of organic–inorganic hybrids broaden the range of applications of mechanically responsive crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeking high‐performance photoresists is an important item for semiconductor industry due to the continuous miniaturization and intelligentization of integrated circuits. Polymer resin containing carbonate group has many desirable properties, such as high transmittance, acid sensitivity and chemical formulation, thus serving as promising photoresist material. In this work, a series of aqueous developable CO2‐sourced polycarbonates (CO2‐PCs) were produced via alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides bearing acid‐cleavable cyclic acetal groups in the presence of tetranuclear organoborane catalyst. The produced CO2‐PCs were investigated as chemical amplification resists in deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. Under the catalysis of photogenerated acid, the acetal (ketal) groups in CO2‐PC were hydrolysed into two equivalents of hydroxyl groups, which change the exposed area from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, thus enabling the exposed area to be developed with water. Through normalized remaining thickness analysis, the optimal CO2‐derived resist achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 1.9 mJ/cm2, a contrast of 7.9, a favorable resolution (750 nm, half pitch), and a good etch resistance (38 % higher than poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)). Such performances outperform commercial KrF and ArF chemical amplification resists (i.e. polyhydroxystyrene‐derived and polymethacrylate‐based resists), which endows broad application prospects in the field of DUV (KrF and ArF) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography for nanomanufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the structural, microvascular, and functional progression of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with or without high myopia by examining longitudinal changes in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and visual field (VF) parameters. Methods: We evaluated 61 NTG eyes and classified 25 of the eyes with axial lengths (ALs) of ≥26 mm as highly myopic. We assessed the rate of change in OCTA parameters, namely radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density (VD), parafovea VD, deep parafovea VD, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, and ganglion cell complex thickness. We evaluated the correlation of the rate of change in OCTA parameters with VF loss and AL. Results: Among the 61 NTG eyes, rates of loss of RPC VD, parafovea VD, deep parafovea VD, and RNFL thickness were significantly different from zero despite the nonsignificant rate of change in VF mean deviation (MD). Changes in these OCTA parameters did not differ significantly in highly myopic NTG eyes. The rate of change in VF MD was significantly correlated with the rate of change in parafovea VD in highly myopic and non‐highly myopic NTG eyes. In highly myopic NTG eyes, AL was negatively correlated with the rates of loss of RNFL thickness, VF MD, and VF PSD. Conclusion: NTG eyes with a relatively stable VF exhibited loss of VD and RNFL thickness. VF progression in NTG was correlated with decreasing parafovea VD, indicating a structure–function correlation. Greater AL may indicate faster VF loss and RNFL thinning in highly myopic NTG eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkyl borane compounds‐mediated polymerizations have expanded to Lewis pair polymerization, free radical polymerization, ionic ring‐opening polymerization, and polyhomologation. The bifunctional organoborane catalysts that contain the Lewis acid and ammonium or phosphonium salt in one molecule have demonstrated superior catalytic performance for ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides and ring‐opening copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 than their two‐component analogues, i.e. the blend of organoborane and ammonium or phosphonium salt. To explore the origin of the differences of the one‐component and two‐component organoborane catalysts, here we conducted a systematic investigation on the catalytic performances of these two kinds of organoborane catalysts via terpolymerization of epoxide, carbon dioxide and anhydride. The resultant terpolymers produced independently by bifunctional and binary organoborane catalyst exhibited distinct microstructures, where a series of gradient polyester‐polycarbonate terpolymers with varying polyester content were afforded using the bifunctional catalyst, while tapering diblock terpolymers were obtained using the binary system. The bifunctional catalyst enhances the competitiveness of CO2 insertion than anhydride, which leads to the premature incorporation of CO2 into the polymer chains and ultimately results in the formation of gradient terpolymers. DFT calculations revealed the role of electrostatic interaction and charge distribution caused by intramolecular synergistic effect for bifunctional organoborane catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embodied cognition posits that processing concepts requires sensorimotor activation. Previous research has shown that perceived power is spatially embodied along the vertical axis. However, it is unclear whether such mapping applies equally in the two languages of bilinguals. Using event‐related potentials, we compared spatial embodiment correlates in participants reporting the source of auditory words as being presented from above or below their sitting position. English bilinguals responded faster for congruent presentations of high‐power words (presented above) but not for congruent presentations of low‐power words (presented below) in both languages. Low‐power words together also failed to modulate N400 amplitude or interact with language. However, follow‐up analyses on high‐power words showed congruency effects on N400 amplitude in Chinese but not in English. Finally, English controls showed no effect. This suggests that spatial embodiment differs across languages in bilinguals, but the roles of culture and proficiency require further research. This study was preregistered on AsPredicted (https://aspredicted.org/SG4%5f5P9). A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in nontechnical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org. All materials, the data that support the findings of this study, and the analysis code are openly available in on Open Science Framework at http://osf.io/hm2c5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Steroidal saponins characterised by intricate chemical structures are the main active components of a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Rhizoma Paridis. The metabolic profiles of steroidal saponins in vivo remain largely unexplored, despite their renowned antitumor, immunostimulating, and haemostatic activity. Objective: To perform a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents of Rhizoma Paridis total saponins (RPTS) and their metabolites in rats after oral administration. Method: The chemical constituents of RPTS and their metabolites were analysed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS). Results: A reliable UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS method was established, and a total of 142 compounds were identified in RPTS. Specifically, diosgenin‐type saponins showed the diagnostic ions at m/z 415.32, 397.31, 283.25, 271.21, and 253.20, whereas pennogenin‐type saponins exhibited the diagnostic ions at m/z 413.31, 395.30, and 251.20. Based on the characteristic fragments and standard substances, 15 specific metabolites were further identified in the faeces, urine, plasma, and bile of rats. The metabolic pathways of RPTS, including phase I reactions (de‐glycosylation and oxidation) and phase II reactions (glucuronidation), were explored and summarised, and the enrichment of metabolites was characterised by multivariate statistical analysis. Conclusion: The intricate RPTS could be transformed into relatively simple metabolites in rats through de‐glycosylation, which provides a reference for further metabolic studies and screening of active ingredients for TCM. A reliable UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS method was developed for comprehensive analysis of Rhizoma Paridis total saponins and their metabolites in rats. A total of 142 compounds were identified in Rhizoma Paridis total saponins, and 15 steroidal metabolites comprising phase I and II metabolites were detected in rats. The steroidal saponins with complex glycosylation modification in Rhizoma Paridis underwent de‐glycosylation and oxidation reactions in rats, generating relatively simple metabolites. These findings provide a reference for future exploration of the active ingredients of Rhizoma Paridis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

gem‐Difluoroalkenes are unique structural motifs with important applications ranging from drugs to materials. Herein, we report a novel radical‐mediated defluorinative allylation of sulfamate esters with through distal C(sp3)−H functionalization under photoredox conditions. The reaction could readily incorporate various gem‐difluoroalkene motifs into previously unfunctionalized sp3 carbon centers. The transformation allows directly dual activation of N−H and C(sp3)−H bonds via a photocatalytic and redox‐neutral process, as well as using water as environmentally friendly co‐solvent. The reaction could provide a general and operationally simple method to access gem‐difluoroalkene compounds with high diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triple‐microstructure hydro‐mechanical constitutive damage model was proposed to describe the hydro‐mechanical behaviour of MX80 bentonite pellet/powder mixture, based on the results from a series of suction‐controlled oedometer tests and microstructure observations. Emphasis was put on the pellet damage behaviour. The model parameters were determined essentially based on these results. The model response was firstly verified with the obtained oedometer tests. Then, the results of Molinero‐Guerra et al. and Darde who carried out suction‐controlled oedometer tests and swelling pressure tests on similar bentonite pellet/powder mixture were employed to validate the proposed model. It appeared that the global volume behaviour and the development of swelling pressure with suction of the bentonite mixture could be well reproduced. The model allowed gaining insights into the microstructural evolutions under oedometer loading. The global compression behaviour was governed by the filling of inter‐grain pores at unsaturated state, but by the compression of grains themselves at saturated state. Conversely, when wetted under constant‐volume condition, inter‐grain pores and intra‐grain macro‐pores were closed, by the swelling of intra‐grain micro‐pores. Examination of the water‐retention property showed that water saturated the intra‐grain micro‐pores at suction 19 MPa, and then started filling intra‐grain macro‐pores. When inter‐grain pores and intra‐grain macro‐pores were all closed at suction 0.1 MPa, water finally came back to intra‐grain micro‐pores. On the whole, the hydro‐mechanical behaviour of the bentonite pellet/powder mixture can be well described by the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Olfactory disturbance is one of the main symptoms of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). Various olfactory disorders caused by viral infections are treated with nasal corticosteroids. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nasal corticosteroids in the treatment of olfactory disorders caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Data Sources: We searched the Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials of nasal corticosteroids for treating COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Review Methods: We assessed the effect of nasal corticosteroids on olfactory function in COVID‐19‐affected individuals using a Meta‐analysis of published studies, considering the number of patients who fully recovered from olfactory dysfunction, olfactory scores following treatment, and olfactory recovery time. Results: Seven studies involving 930 patients were analyzed. The Meta‐analysis results revealed that the olfactory score of the experimental group was 1.40 points higher than that of the control group (standardized mean difference [MD]: 1.40, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.34‐2.47, P <.00001). However, the differences in the outcomes of cure rate (risk ratio: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.89‐1.69, P =.21) and recovery time (MD: −1.78, 95% CI: −7.36 to 3.81, P =.53) were not statistically significant. Only 1 study reported adverse effects of nasal steroid treatment, namely tension, anger, and stomach irritation. Conclusion: Although nasal steroid therapy does not result in significant adverse effects, it proves ineffective in the treatment of COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) to multi‐electron reductive products remains a great challenge. Herein, molecular engineering of copper phthalocyanines (CuPc) was explored by modifying electron‐withdrawing groups (EWGs) (cyano, sulfonate anion) and electron‐donating groups (EDGs) (methoxy, amino) to CuPc, then supporting onto carbon paper or carbon cloth by means of droplet coating, loading with carbon nanotubes and coating in polypyrrole (PPy). The results showed that the PPy‐coated CuPc effectively catalysed ECO2RR to CH4. Interestingly, experimental results and DFT calculations indicated EWGs markedly improved the selectivity of methane for the reason that the introduction of EWGs reduces electron density of catalytic active center, resulting in a positive move to initial reduction potential. Otherwise, the modification of EDGs significantly reduces the selectivity towards methane. This electronic effect and heterogenization of CuPc are facile and effective molecular engineering, benefitting the preparation of electrocatalysts for further reduction of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new sesquiterpene‐hydroquinone hybrids, saromacrophorins A–C (1–3) were isolated from the deep‐sea‐derived fungus Sarocladium terricola 494a, along with nine known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. Noteworthily, compound 1 is a rare 5′,6′‐dihydroxymacrophorin and compound 3 is the first example of macrophorin possessing 4′S‐configuration. Compound 4 showed potent anti‐food allergic activity with an IC50 value of 18.9 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric resonators (DRs) are widely investigated and applied due to the high Q‐factor feature. Their frequency agility is desperately needed in modern communication systems. In this letter, we propose a novel tuning method for DRs using top‐loaded rotatable anisotropic metasurface, instead of the traditional mechanical tuning structures or electrical switches. The effective permittivity of the anisotropic metasurface varies with the E‐field direction of the incident wave. We can tune the resonate frequency by rotating the metasurface placed on the top of the DR. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, a tunable DR with the anisotropic metasurface printed on a thin substrate is designed, fabricated, and measured. With a compact profile, the prototype provides a wide tuning range of 8.4% from 4.80 to 5.22 GHz and a Q‐factor higher than 1098. The good tuning performance makes the proposed method highly potential for tunable filters and frequency‐reconfigurable antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Synthesis of diverse polythioimidocarbonates via ring‐opening copolymerization of epoxides and isothiocyanates catalyzed by organoboron catalyst was reported herein. Both aromatic and aliphatic isothiocyanates underwent successful copolymerization with terminal and internal epoxides, allowing for the precise tuning of the performance of the resultant copolymers over a broad range. The wide scope of available isothiocyanates and epoxides enables the direct construction of sulfur‐containing functional polymers featuring both high glass transition temperature and refractive index. Additionally, it was observed that aromatic isothiocyanates polymerize much faster than aliphatic ones, and the reactivity difference facilitated the one‐step synthesis of block polymers from mixed aromatic isothiocyanates, aliphatic isothiocyanates and epoxides due to the preferential incorporation of aromatic isothiocyanates over the aliphatic analogues during their alternating copolymerization with epoxides. The produced polythioimidocarbonates can be used as positive resists for electron beam lithography (sensitivity of 130 μC/cm2 and contrast of 1.53 for poly(CHO‐alt‐EITC)). Coupling with their high refractive index (1.58—1.68), polythioimidocarbonates might find functional applications in optics. These results render ring‐opening copolymerization of epoxides and isothiocyanates a facile route to enrich functional polymer library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reported that a silicon‐centered alkyl borane/ammonium salt binary (two‐component) catalyst exhibits much higher activity than its bifunctional analogue (one‐component) for the ring‐opening polymerization of propylene oxide, showing 7.3 times the activity of its bifunctional analogue at a low catalyst loading of 0.01 mol %, and even 15.3 times the activity at an extremely low loading of 0.002 mol %. By using 19F NMR spectroscopy, control experiments, and theoretical calculation we discovered that the central silicon atom displays appropriate electron density and a larger intramolecular cavity, which is useful to co‐activate the monomer and to deliver propagating chains, thus leading to a better intramolecular synergic effect than its bifunctional analogue. A unique two‐pathway initiation mode was proposed to explain the unusual high activity of the binary catalytic system. This study breaks the traditional impression of the binary Lewis acid/nucleophilic catalyst with poor activity because of the increase in entropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PbO glass has an adverse effect on the environment; the bismuth glass has a high refractive index, low melting temperature, softening temperature, and glass transition temperature (Tg), so that it can be used as a lead-free glass, used in optoelectronics, electronics, optics, and other components, which bismuth glass has been proved to be an important replacement material. Due to the higher melting temperature, Bi3+ ions tend to partially reduce to the low valence state of Bi0, which in turn causes coloration of the glass. In this experiment, the absorption peaks of glass oxidized brown color were observed at about 470 nm at 1,100°C (Bi2O3 = 40, 45 mol%) and 1,000°C (Bi2O3 = 40 mol%) for these three curves. The bismuth glass produced by high-temperature melting is not suitable for optical applications; by adding an oxidant (Sb2O3), which inhibits the reduction reaction of bismuth ions and maintains the ions in the state of Bi3+, the glass becomes more transparent in appearance and the transmittance is also improved and raised to approximately 75%–80%, which proves that appropriate additives are sufficient to greatly improve the application of bismuth glass for optical components. In the research process, the density and molar volume were measured by Archimedes method, Raman analysis was used to explore the influence of its structural changes, UV/Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the transmittance and absorption spectra for analysis and discussion, and TMA was used to observe the thermal properties, in the hope of developing a good optical properties of the glass, and the present experiments have confirmed that the addition of a small amount of Sb2O3 changes the color of the glass from black to a light yellow, which can be better used in the optical glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Despite the availability of effective biologic therapies for psoriasis, there is no gold-standard treatment for nonpustular palmoplantar psoriasis (ppPsO). Methods. G-PLUS, a phase IIIb, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial, randomised adults with moderate-to-severe nonpustular ppPsO and limited plaque psoriasis (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) ≥3 but <10) to guselkumab (an interleukin-23p19 blocker) or placebo. Placebo participants were crossed over to receive guselkumab at week (Wk) 16. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving palmoplantar PASI (ppPASI) 75 response at Wk16; clinical, biomarker, and quality-of-life endpoints were assessed through Wk48 and safety through Wk56. Results. At Wk16, ppPASI75 response was achieved by 35.9% of the guselkumab participants compared with 28.2% in the placebo group, resulting in a 7.7% difference in response rates (95% confidence interval: −11.5 and 24.7), which was not statistically significant (p = 0.533). More pronounced numerical improvements favouring guselkumab were observed for more stringent efficacy endpoints, such as Wk16 palmoplantar Investigator's Global Assessment (ppIGA) 0/1 response (guselkumab 34.6% vs. placebo 15.4%). Through Wk48, further improvements were observed in ppPASI75 response (55.1% and 64.1%) and ppIGA 0/1 response (42.3% and 48.7%) for the guselkumab and placebo-crossover groups, respectively. Dermatology Life Quality Index responses showed comparable trends at both timepoints. Safety and pharmacodynamic findings were consistent with the established profile for guselkumab. Serum biomarker levels were significantly reduced with guselkumab and correlated with the baseline PASI score but not the ppPASI score. Conclusion. Although the primary endpoint was not met, analysis of stringent secondary endpoints and post hoc analyses showed numerical improvements favouring guselkumab at Wk16. There were no new safety signals. Further studies are warranted to better understand the impact of guselkumab treatment in patients with ppPsO. This trial is registered with NCT03998683. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the cell atlas of the human ocular anterior segment of the human eye was revealed by single‐nucleus RNA sequencing, whether subtypes of lens stem/progenitor cells exist among epithelial cells and the molecular characteristics of cell differentiation of the human lens remain unclear. Single‐cell RNA sequencing is a powerful tool to analyse the heterogeneity of tissues at the single cell level, leading to a better understanding of the processes of cell differentiation. By profiling 18,596 cells in human lens superficial tissue through single‐cell sequencing, we identified two subtypes of lens epithelial cells that specifically expressed C8orf4 and ADAMTSL4 with distinct spatial localization, a new type of fibre cells located directly adjacent to the epithelium, and a subpopulation of ADAMTSL4+ cells that might be lens epithelial stem/progenitor cells. We also found two trajectories of lens epithelial cell differentiation and changes of some important genes during differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method has been developed for the solvent‐directed diastereodivergent cyclization reactions with quaternary center formation. Various spiro‐oxindole diastereoisomers were synthesized with good yields (up to >99 %) and moderate to high diastereoselectivities (up to >20 : 1). Further study on NMR studies indicates that the key to this approach lies in different interactions between the substrate and organocatalyst across diverse solvents. This methodology may have significant implications for switchable, solvent‐directed diastereodivergent synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes substantial physical, emotional and psychological burdens. Guselkumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the p19 subunit of interleukin‐23, has demonstrated high levels of efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of guselkumab on the treatment of HS, a phase 2, multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, proof‐of‐concept study was conducted. Methods: Patients ≥18 years of age with moderate‐to‐severe HS for ≥1 year were randomized to (1) guselkumab 200 mg by subcutaneous (SC) injection every 4 weeks (q4w) through Week 36 (guselkumab SC); (2) guselkumab 1200 mg intravenously (IV) q4w for 12 weeks, then switched to guselkumab 200 mg SC q4w from Weeks 12 through 36 (guselkumab IV); or (3) placebo for 12 weeks, with re‐randomization to guselkumab 200 mg SC q4w at Weeks 16 through 36 (placebo → guselkumab 200 mg) or guselkumab 100 mg SC at Weeks 16, 20, 28 and 36 and placebo at Weeks 24 and 32 (placebo → guselkumab 100 mg). End points included HS clinical response (HiSCR) and patient‐reported outcomes. Results: Although guselkumab SC or guselkumab IV resulted in numerically higher HiSCR versus placebo at Week 16 (50.8%, 45.0%, 38.7%, respectively), statistical significance was not achieved. Numerically greater improvements in patient‐reported outcomes were also observed for guselkumab SC and guselkumab IV versus placebo at Week 16. Through Week 40, no clear differences to suggest a dose response were observed for HiSCR and patient‐reported outcomes. Conclusions: Despite modest improvements, the primary end point was not met and the overall findings do not support the efficacy of guselkumab in the treatment of HS. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT 03628924. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with psoriasis were randomized to guselkumab, placebo or adalimumab in the VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 studies. In this post hoc analysis, difficult‐to‐treat psoriasis regions in the Asian subpopulation for both the guselkumab and adalimumab groups were compared with placebo at week 16 and the active treatment groups were compared at week 24. Endpoints included patients achieving scores of 0 or 1 (clear or near clear) or 0 (clear) on the scalp‐specific Investigator's Global Assessment (ss‐IGA), Physician's Global Assessment of the hands and/or feet (hf‐PGA), and fingernail PGA (f‐PGA), and percentage improvement in target Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) score through week 24. Efficacy was also assessed by prior biologic experience at baseline. A total of 199 eligible Asian patients were included. The proportion of patients achieving "clear" or "near clear" with guselkumab was superior to adalimumab at week 24 for scalp psoriasis ss‐IGA (Asian patients, 72 [85.7%] vs 35 [67.3%], P = 0.004), hands and/or feet psoriasis hf‐PGA (29 [82.9%] vs 16 [61.5%], P = 0.054), and similar for fingernail psoriasis f‐PGA (28 [63.6%] vs 17 [54.8%], P = 0.412). Guselkumab mean improvements in NAPSI were comparable to adalimumab (39.9% vs 35.9%, P = 0.618). Overall, the complete clearance response of scalp, and hands and/or feet at week 24 occurred in a greater proportion of patients in the guselkumab group, irrespective of baseline biologic status (treatment‐naïve or treatment‐experienced). Guselkumab was superior to adalimumab for the treatment of scalp, and hands and/or feet psoriasis, and proportionally higher for fingernail psoriasis. Findings were comparable to the global study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite commonly found in various foods and feedstuffs. Accurate and sensitive detection of OTA is needed for food safety and human health. Based on a common OTA‐binding aptamer (OTABA), two structure‐switching OTABAs, namely OTABA4 and OTABA3, were designed by configuring a split G‐quadruplex and a split G‐triplex, respectively, at the two ends of OTABA to construct aptasensors for the detection of OTA. The OTABA, G‐quadruplex, and G‐triplex all can capture the thioflavin T (ThT) probe, thereby enhancing the fluorescence intensity of ThT. Bonding with OTA could change the conformations of OTABA and G‐quadruplex or G‐triplex regions, resulting in the release of the captured ThT and diminution of its fluorescence intensity. Dual conformation changes in structure‐switching OTABA synergistically amplified the fluorescence signal and improved the sensitivity of the aptasensor, especially for that with OTABA3. The detection limits of the OTABA4‐ThT and OTABA3‐ThT systems for OTA were 0.28 and 0.059 ng ml−1, with a 1.4‐fold and 6.7‐fold higher sensitivity than that of the original OTABA‐ThT system, respectively. They performed well in corn and peanut samples and met the requirements of the food safety inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a cornerstone therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The variations in nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with and without recurrences remain unclear. We aimed to characterize the nonlinear HRV before and after PVI in patients with and without recurrence. Methods: Twenty‐five drug‐refractory PAF patients (56.0 ± 9.1 years old, 20 males) who received PVI were enrolled. Holter electrocardiography were performed before, 1–3, and 6–12 months after PVI. After 8.2 ± 2.5 months of follow‐ups after PVI, patients were divided into two groups: the recurrence (n = 8) and non‐recurrence (n = 17) groups. Linear and nonlinear HRV variables were analyzed, including the Poincaré Plot analysis and the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). Results: The non‐recurrence group, but not the recurrence group, had decreased high‐frequency component (HF), the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD), and the Poincaré Plot index SD1 1–3 months after PVI and increased DFAslope2 6–12 months after PVI. The non‐recurrence group's LF/HF ratio and DFAslope1 decreased significantly 1–3 and 6–12 months after PVI, respectively, whereas there was no significant change in the recurrence group after PVI. Conclusions: Significantly reduced vagal tone 1–3 months after PVI, increased long‐term fractal complexity 6–12 months after PVI, and decreased sympathetic tone as well as short‐term fractal complexity 1–3 and 6–12 months after PVI led to a better AF‐free survival after PVI. These findings suggest that neuromodulation and heart rate dynamics play crucial roles in AF recurrence following PVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six lactone derivatives, including four α‐pyrones derivatives (1–4), two α‐furanone derivatives (5 and 6), were isolated from the Dendrobium pendulum. Structural elucidation of these undescribed lactone derivatives were accomplished on the basis of detailed nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and the absolute configurations of compounds 1–4 were confirmed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) techniques. The cytotoxic effects of isolated compounds on human breast cancer cell MDA‐MB‐231 were evaluated by the MTT assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taiwan has one of the highest incidences of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) worldwide, especially in women; however, no nationwide, long‐term follow‐up study has evaluated this. Methods: We investigated the incidence of UTUC in Taiwan using data from the national population‐based Taiwan Cancer Registry database (1985–2019). We divided the birth cohort into nine 5‐year age groups and calculated the age‐specific incidence for these groups according to the corresponding birth years. Results: The average annual percent change in the incidence of renal pelvis cancer from 1985 to 2019 showed sex‐specific differences, with 3.5% and 5.3% increases in the incidences in men and women, respectively. The age‐specific incidence rate for renal pelvis cancer among women showed a gradual increase in the group with older women as well as an increase over time in each age group. The results of a birth cohort analysis revealed that younger cohorts had higher incidence rates of renal pelvis cancer than older cohorts did. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the incidence of UTUC is unusually high among older Taiwanese women and that younger cohorts have a high risk of UTUC than older cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new sesquiterpenoids, dendroaduoid A (1) and dendroaduol (2), together with four known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the stems of Dendrobium aduncum. Their structures were identified by HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR experiments, and the complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for two new sesquiterpenoids were obtained by the aid of HSQC, HMBC, 1H‐1H COSY, NOESY, and ECD techniques. The cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds on four tumor cell lines (HCT‐116, HepG2, A549, and SW1990) were evaluated using MTT assay. Otherwise, the inhibitory activity of these six sesquiterpenoids on glycosidase was also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient bifunctional organocatalysts for the catalytic conversion of CO2 under mild conditions remains particularly challenging. Inspired by the synergistic mechanism of intramolecular Lewis acid‐base active sites, we report a series of bifunctional cross‐linked epoxy resin organocatalysts containing multiple active sites for the cycloaddition reaction of dilute CO2 with epoxides. These catalysts exhibit high reactivity and product selectivity (10 examples, >99 %) for the cycloaddition reactions of a variety of epoxides and CO2, and surprisingly, epichlorohydrin (ECH), can be converted under ambient temperature and pressure (25 °C, 1.0 bar) without co‐catalysts. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and in situ IR studies suggest that the simultaneous and efficient activation of CO2 and epoxides is responsible for the improved catalytic activity. Upon an insightful investigation of the catalytic mechanism, this protocol will contribute to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly metal‐free catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In turbulent mixed convection conditions, flow and heat transfer can deteriorate under specific conditions, thus affecting the performance of the safety of the system, which could imperil the safety of the nuclear reactor. In this paper, by analyzing the velocity, temperature distributions, and other thermal‐hydraulic parameters, the steady‐state computational fluid dynamics approach with the SST k–ω turbulence model used in this study was verified. Then, flow and heat transfer characteristics in turbulent mixed convection inside 2 × 2 subchannels with and without spacer grids were investigated. The results showed that the velocity profiles were distorted and the heat transfer capacity was impaired due to the influence of buoyancy. The Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nuf) between turbulent mixed convection and forced convection increased with the increase of Reynolds number (Re) until unity but decreased with the increases of Grashof number (Gr) and Buoyancy parameter (Bo*). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to study the regulatory roles and mechanism of circular nuclear factor IX (circNFIX) in cancer growth and stemness properties of ovarian cancer (OC). CircNFIX and SH3RF3 levels in OC tissues and cells were tested by quantitative real‐time PCR. RNase R treatment quantified circNFIX RNA stability. Molecular interaction among circNFIX, LIN28B, and SH3RF3 was predicted by bioinformatics software and validated through RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. The gain‐ or loss‐experiments of circNFIX on capabilities of metastasis and stemness in vitro were assessed using Cell Counting Kit‐8, Transwell, western blot, and sphere‐formation assays. CircNFIX and SH3RF3 were markedly elevated in OC tissues and OC cells. Knocking down circNFIX repressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness properties of A2780 and SKOV3 cells. The RIP assay verified the direct binding relationship between LIN28B, circNFIX, and SH3RF3. Additionally, overexpression of circNFIX elevated the SH3RF3 expression, while this effect was reversed by LIN28B silence. Rescue experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of SH3RF3 reversed the knockdown of circNFIX on OC cells' proliferation, metastasis, and stemness properties. CircNFIX improved the mRNA stability and translation of SH3RF3 via recruiting LIN28B, thus promoting the proliferation, invasion, and stemness properties of OC cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient pressure XPS is a powerful technique capable of performing measurements with samples kept at mbar pressure. The filled gas, also X‐ray ionized, provides electrons to neutralize positive charges built up on insulating samples. However, this convenient neutralization scheme does not solve the charging problem completely. In this study, the effectiveness of how the electrons generated from conducting mechanical parts mounted in the immediate front of insulating samples neutralize positive charges on the samples during XPS measurements is tested. The mechanical parts range from fine gold mesh, holey carbon film to graphene monolayer, and measured insulating samples are polished sapphire and rough pellets of CaCO3 powder. All these mechanical add‐ons reduce the charging to different degrees at the expense of sample signal. Amazingly, the graphene monolayer is found to effect perfect charge neutralization for both smooth sapphire and rough CaCO3 pellet, evidenced by realistic spectral profile and binding energy values. The finding that an untreated CaCO3 pellet is often terminated with Ca(OH)(HCO3) is consistent with earlier reports. It is speculated that a likely conformal covering with graphene on the sample with rough morphology holds the key to its superb performance in charge compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paired electrolysis coupling the reduction of CO2 to value‐added molecules like HCOOH with the oxidation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is one promising strategy of great economic and environmental benefits. Herein, a Ni(OH)2 anode for the selective oxidation of HMF to FDCA was fabricated, revealing the significant part of the membrane in electrocatalytic procedure. With the FDCA product as a di‐carboxylic acid ligand, one new bismuth‐based metal‐organic framework material was synthesized, which is capable of catalyzing the reduction of CO2 to HCOOH with over 95 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) and an average current density of 19.6 mA cm−2 at −1.2 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). With this inner relationship, paired electrolysis was conducted with cathodic potential fixed at −1.2 V vs. RHE, producing the HCOOH with 95.6 % FE and FDCA with 75 % FE in one single electrolyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Daytime napping is frequently seen in older adults. The longitudinal relationship between daytime napping and cognitive aging is unknown. Methods: Using data from 1401 participants of the Rush Memory and Aging Project, we examined the longitudinal change of daytime napping inferred objectively by actigraphy, and the association with incident Alzheimer's dementia during up to 14‐year follow‐up. Results: Older adults tended to nap longer and more frequently with aging, while the progression of Alzheimer's dementia accelerates this change by more than doubling the annual increases in nap duration/frequency. Longer and more frequent daytime naps were associated with higher risk of Alzheimer's dementia. Interestingly, more excessive (longer or more frequent) daytime napping was correlated with worse cognition a year later, and conversely, worse cognition was correlated with more excessive naps a year later. Discussion: Excessive daytime napping and Alzheimer's dementia may possess a bidirectional relationship or share common pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a gynecological cancer with high mortality. OC‐derived exosomal circRNAs can regulate angiogenesis. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of exosomal circRNA nuclear factor I X (CircNFIX) derived from OC cells in angiogenesis. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the levels of circNFIX, miR‐518a‐3p, and tripartite motif protein 44 (TRIM44) in OC and adjacent tissues. Exosomes from the ovarian surface epithelial cell (HOSEpiC) and OC cells (SKOV3 or OVCAR3) were isolated by differential centrifugation. Exosomes were cocultured with the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The angiogenesis capacity was analyzed by Tube formation assay. 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Transwell assays were used to determine the cell viability and migration ability. The dual‐luciferase report, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and RNA pull‐down assays were applied to validate the gene's interaction. CircNFIX and TRIM44 expression were higher and miR‐518a‐3p was lower in OC tissues than in the adjacent tissues. Upregulated circNFIX and TRIM44 were significantly correlated with the tumor size and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage of OC patients. HUVECs treated OC‐derived exosomes had higher proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis capacities than the control group. While OC‐derived exosomal circNFIX silencing restrained HUVECs' proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, compared with the OC‐derived exosomes group. OC‐derived exosomal circNFIX positively regulated TRIM44 expression by targeting miR‐518a‐3p in HUVECs. OC‐derived exosomal circNFIX promoted angiogenesis by regulating the Janus‐activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (JAK/STAT1) pathway via miR‐518a‐3p/TRIM44 axis in HUVECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locus coeruleus (LC) consists of noradrenergic (NA) neurons and plays an important role in controlling behaviours. Although much of the knowledge regarding LC functions comes from studying behavioural outcomes upon administration of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists into the nucleus, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that the application of carbachol (CCh), an mAChR agonist, increased the spontaneous action potentials (sAPs) of both LC‐NA neurons and local inhibitory interneurons (LC I‐INs) in acute brain slices by activating M1/M3 mAChRs (m1/3AChRs). Optogenetic activation of LC I‐INs evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in LC‐NA neurons that were mediated by γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and glycine receptors, and CCh application decreased the IPSC amplitude through a presynaptic mechanism by activating M4 mAChRs (m4AChRs). LC‐NA neurons also exhibited spontaneous phasic‐like activity (sPLA); CCh application increased the incidence of this activity. This effect of CCh application was not observed with blockade of GABAA and glycine receptors, suggesting that the sPLA enhancement occurred likely because of the decreased synaptic transmission of LC I‐INs onto LC‐NA neurons by the m4AChR activation and/or increased spiking rate of LC I‐INs by the m1/3AChR activation, which could lead to fatigue of the synaptic transmission. In conclusion, we report that CCh application, while inhibiting their synaptic transmission, increases sAP rates of LC‐NA neurons and LC I‐INs. Collectively, these effects provide insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying the behaviour modulations following the administration of muscarinic receptor agonists into the LC reported by the previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilizing cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) onto the electrode surface is a significant approach to performing efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR). Herein, sulfylphenoxy decorated CoPc cross‐linked polypyrrole is prepared by in situ polymerization on the surface of carbon cloth. The synthesized N‐rich catalyst exhibits above 95 % Faradaic efficiency toward CO (FECO) at −0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at least for 10 h in aqueous solution and even enables direct electrolysis at low CO2 concentrations, being potential for coupling ECO2RR with CO2 capture. This facile in situ polymerization strategy would pave the way for developing efficient and practical electrocatalysis for ECO2RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Expectancy is an important source of the placebo effect. However, it is unclear whether this has an effect on the efficacy of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in the treatment of postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). Aim: To evaluate the effects of high expectancy (HE) and low expectancy (LE) on the efficacy of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in the treatment of PDS. Methods: This post hoc secondary analysis used data from our previous randomized controlled trial. Patients were, respectively, enrolled in the HE group and LE group according to expectancy assessments. The composite primary outcomes were the response rate and the elimination rate after 4 weeks of treatment. Expectancy was considered a factor affecting the efficacy of acupuncture treatment only if both primary outcomes achieved significance. Results: For the acupuncture group, the response rate was 84.5% in the HE group and 78.8% in the LE group (p = 0.458), and the elimination rate was 32.1% in the HE group and 21.2% in the LE group (p = 0.241). For the sham acupuncture group, the response rate at week 4 was 52.3% in the HE group and 53.1% in the LE group (p = 0.936), and the elimination rate at week 4 was 23.1% in the HE group and 10.6% in the LE group (p = 0.090). Conclusion: In this study, the response rate and elimination rate were higher in the high‐expectancy group, but no conclusive evidence was found for an association between expectancy and the efficacy of acupuncture and sham acupuncture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple heterohelicenes are a unique class of helical nonplanar scaffolds that have attracted great attention due to their appealing shapes, optical and electronic properties, and potential applications in chiral materials. This review describes the recent advances and challenges in the design and synthesis of representative multiple heterohelicenes with intriguing chiral properties. And the corresponding applications are also covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. More and more evidence-based medicine has proved that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients of tremor-dominant (TD) and postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype express great individual differences and heterogeneity. Early identification of different subtypes may be an important way to delay disease progression and improve patients' prognosis. Objective. The study aimed to compare the spectrum of motor symptoms (MS) and nonmotor symptoms (NMS) between TD and PIGD dominant in the early and middle stages of PD, and determine predictive factors that are associated with different motor subtypes. Methods. 292 PD patients in this study were divided into TD-PD and PIGD-PD, and the clinical characteristics between different motor subtypes were compared based on scales related to sleep, mood, and autonomic function. Univariate and multivariate ordered logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the independent influencing factors of disease severity between different motor subtypes. Through the establishment of binary logistic regression model, the potential independent risk factors for distinguishing TD-PD and PIGD-PD were studied. Results. Compared with TD subtype, patients with PIGD subtype have longer course of disease, higher disease severity, and higher daily dosage of levodopa. The severity of nontremor motor symptoms in PIGD-PD is greater than that of TD subtype. Only PIGD score was independently associated with disease severity for the two motor subtypes. Meanwhile, high scores (LED, total UPDRS, PIGD score, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, RBDSQ) and low tremor scores were the potential independent risk factors for distinguishing PIGD-PD from TD-PD. Conclusion. Specific nonmotor symptoms (RBD, gastrointestinal function and thermoregulation function) were associated with the PIGD subtype. Prompt detection and early treatment of NMSs related to the PIGD subtype based on the treatment of motor symptoms may improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sublobectomy for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a matter of debate. This study aimed to discuss the feasibility of sublobectomy in patients with pathological‐stage IA1‐2 confirmed as pathologically invasive but radiologically noninvasive adenocarcinoma. Methods: From 2011 to 2019, we screened clinical stage IA1–IA2 lung cancer patients who underwent surgery at the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH). Inclusion criteria were maximum tumor diameter of 2.0 cm or less, consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) ≤ 0.25, and pathologically confirmed invasive adenocarcinoma. Sublobectomy (segmentectomy and wedge resection) and lobectomy groups were created, and propensity scores were computed. The primary endpoints were lung cancer‐specific overall survival (LCSS) and LCS‐ relapse‐free survival (LCS‐RFS) after adjusting propensity scores. Results: A total of 1731 patients were screened, and 100 patients were enrolled. The lobectomy group had 51 patients and the limited resection group had 49. No cases relapsed, and two patients died from nontumor causes. For the entire cohort, the 5‐year LCSS and 5‐year LCS‐RFS were 100% in the lobectomy and limited resection groups. When propensity scores matched, there were no differences in LCSS and LCS‐RFS between the two groups (LCSS:100%, LCS‐RFS 100% in lobectomy and limited resection, respectively). Discussion: Sublobectomy may be curative for pathologically invasive but radiologically noninvasive adenocarcinoma at pathological stage IA1‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCPC) produced by copolymerization of CO2 and cyclopentene oxide (CPO) is a promising but challenging chemical recyclable polymer that has high potential in minimizing plastic pollution and maximizing CO2 utilization. Currently, problems remain to be solved, include low reactivity of toxic metal catalysts, inevitable byproducts, and especially the ambiguous mechanism understanding. Herein, we present the first metal‐free access to PCPC by using a series of modular dinuclear organoboron catalysts. PCPC was afforded in an unprecedented catalytic efficiency of 1.0 kg of PCPC/g of catalyst; while the depolymerization of PCPC abides by a combination pathway of random chain scission and chain unzipping, returning CPO in near‐quantitative yield (>99 %). The preparation and depolymerization of PCPC along with in depth understanding of related mechanisms would be helpful for further development of advanced catalysts and recyclable plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) is one promising method for storing intermittent clean energy in chemical bonds and producing fuels. Among various kinds of catalysts for ECO2RR, molecular metal complexes with well‐defined structures are convenient for studies of their rational design, structure–reactivity relationships, and mechanisms. In this Review, we summarize the molecular engineering of several N‐based metal complexes including Re/Mn bipyridine compounds and metal macrocycles, concluding with general modification strategies to devise novel molecular catalysts with high intrinsic activity. Through physical adsorption, covalent linking, and formation of a periodic backbone, these active molecules can be heterogenized into immobilized catalysts with more practical prospects. Finally, significant challenges and opportunities based on molecular catalysts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]