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Perylene diimides (PDIs) have garnered considerable attention due to their immense potential in photocatalysis. However, manipulating the molecular packing within their aggregates and enhancing the efficiency of photogenerated carrier recombination remain significant challenges. In this study, we demonstrate the incorporation of a PDI unit into a covalent organic framework (COF), named PDI‐PDA, by linking an ortho‐substituted PDI with p‐phenylenediamine (PDA) to control its intermolecular aggregation. The incorporation enables precise modulation of electron‐transfer dynamics, leading to a ten‐fold increase in the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation of thioether to sulfoxide with PDI‐PDA compared to the PDI molecular counterpart, with yields exceeding 90 %. Electron property studies and density functional theory calculations show that the PDI‐PDA with its well‐defined crystal structure, enhances π–π stacking and lowers the electron transition barrier. Moreover, the strong electron‐withdrawing ability of the PDI unit promotes the spatial separation of the valency band maximum and conduction band minimum of PDI‐PDA, suppressing the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and improving the charge‐separation efficiency to give high photocatalytic efficiency. This study provides a brief but effective way for improving the photocatalytic efficiency of commonly used PDI‐based dyes by integrating them into a framework skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium niobium oxide (TiNbxO2 + 2.5x) is emerging as a promising electrode material for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its exceptional safety characteristics, high electrochemical properties (e.g., cycling stability and rate performance), and eco‐friendliness. However, several intrinsic critical drawbacks, such as relatively low electrical conductivity, significantly hinder its practical applications. Developing reliable strategies is crucial to accelerating the practical use of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based materials in LIBs, especially high‐power LIBs. Here, we provide a chronicle review of the research progress on TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes from the early 1950s to the present, which is classified into early stage (before 2008), emerging stage (2008–2012), explosive stage (2013–2017), commercialization (2018), steady development (2018–2022), and new breakthrough stage (since 2022). In each stage, the advancements in the fundamental science and application of the TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes are reviewed, and the corresponding developing trends of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes are summarized. Moreover, several future research directions to propel the practical use of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x anodes are suggested based on reviewing the history. This review is expected to pave the way for developing the fabrication and application of high‐performance TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new palladium‐based catalyst system modified with dibenzofuran (DBF) was developed for acetylene hydrochlorination. The optimal Pd‐DBF/SAC catalyst with the 0.5 wt% Pd loading and the 15 wt% DBF loading exhibits an elevated performance of 99.9% acetylene conversion and 99.9% vinyl chloride selectivity for more than 400 h. Characterization analysis and density functional theory (DFT) simulations revealed that the presence of oxygen‐containing DBF species of the Pd‐DBF/SAC catalyst prevents the reduction and loss of Pd species, inhibits the carbon deposition and enhances the HCl adsorbability, resulting in superior catalytic activity and stability for acetylene hydrochlorination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of CO or CO2 into C2+ products has mostly been focused on Cu‐based catalysts. Although Ag has also been predicted as a possible catalyst for the CO‐to‐C2+ conversion from the thermodynamic point of view, however, due to its weak CO binding strength, CO rapidly desorbs from the Ag surface rather than participates in deep reduction. In this work, we demonstrate that single‐atomic Pd sites doped in Ag lattice can tune the CO adsorption behavior and promote the deep reduction of CO toward C2 products. The monodispersed Pd−Agn sites enable the CO adsorption with both Pd‐atop (PdL) and Pd−Ag bridge (PdAgB) configurations, which can increase the CO coverage and reduce the C−C coupling energy barrier. Under room temperature and ambient pressure, the Pd1Ag10 alloy catalyst exhibited a total CO‐to‐C2 Faradaic efficiency of ~37 % at −0.83 V, with appreciable current densities and electrochemical stability, thus featuring unconventional non‐Cu electrocatalytic CO‐to‐C2 conversion capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of polyimide matrix composites with low curing temperature and high mechanical properties is of great importance. In this study, a low‐cost and multi‐functional nanofiller, 5‐aminobenzimidazole grafted graphene oxide (5‐ABZ@GO) has been designed. By nucleophilic attack on 5‐aminobenzimidazole basic groups and doping of GO, the above requirements of polyimide composites were skillfully realized. The results show that when the addition of 5‐ABZ@GO is 1%, the 5‐ABZ@GO/PI nanocomposites can achieve complete imidized at 200°C. Moreover, the nanocomposite prepared by imidization at 200°C has good mechanical and thermal properties (tensile strength is 141.64 MPa, modulus is 6.05 GPa, T5% is as high as 543.5°C), which is better than the PI composites prepared at 320°C. This study provides an innovative approach to preparing polyimide composites that meet mechanical performance requirements while utilizing comparatively lower curing temperatures, low curing temperature polyimide resins provide a new path for integrated composites with structure–function integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient exciton dissociation at low energy offsets is key to overcoming voltage losses in organic solar cells. In this work, we developed two dimeric acceptors, i‐YT and o‐YT, by precisely controlling the position of an asymmetric electron‐donating linker. It induced the foldamer conformation of i‐YT with a para linkage (relative to the dicyano groups), while retaining the unfold conformation for o‐YT. This subtle structural modification influenced the molecular assembly properties, enabled near‐zero energy offset exciton dissociation and power conversion efficiencies exceeding 18 % for i‐YT based organic solar cells. Detailed excitonic dynamics further revealed that the linker position critically influences three processes: the formation of delocalized singlet excited states, ultrafast charge transfer (~5 ps) in solid blends, and the suppression of exciton recombination. Additionally, devices based on i‐YT demonstrated outstanding long‐term stability, retaining 85 % of their initial efficiency after 1,400 hours of continuous illumination. These findings introduce a new class of dimeric acceptors that combine high efficiency with exceptional stability, offering a promising pathway toward low‐energy‐loss organic photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of conventional lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) is hindered by the shuttle effect and corresponding safety issues. All‐solid‐state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) substitute the liquid electrolytes with solid‐state electrolytes (SEs) to completely isolate the cathode and anode, thereby effectively suppressing polysulfide migration and growth while significantly enhancing energy density and safety. However, the development of ASSLSBs is accompanied by several challenges such as the formation of Li dendrites, electrode degradation, poor interfacial wettability, and sluggish reaction kinetics, etc. This review systematically summarizes the recent advancements made in ASSLSBs. First, a comprehensive overview of the research conducted on advanced cathodes utilizing sulfur (S) and lithium sulfide (Li2S) is displayed. Subsequently, the SEs are classified and discussed that have been implemented in ASSLSBs. Furthermore, the issues of interfaces and anodes in ASSLSBs are analyzed. Finally, based on current laboratory advancements, rational design guidelines are proposed for each component of ASSLSBs while also presenting four practical recommendations for facilitating early commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of disordered lithium dendrites and fragile solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) significantly hinder the serviceability of lithium metal batteries. Herein, guided by theoretical predictions, a multi‐component covalent triazine framework with partially electronegative channels (4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF) is incorporated as a protective layer to modulate the interface stability of the lithium metal batteries. Notably, the 4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF with optimized electronic structure at the molecular level by fine‐tuning the local acceptor‐donor functionalities not only enhances the intermolecular interaction thereby providing larger dipole moment and improved crystallinity and mechanical stress, but also facilitates the beneficial effect of lithiophilic sites (C−F bonds, triazine cores, C=N linkages and aromatic rings) to further regulate the migration of Li+ and achieve a uniform lithium deposition behavior as determined by various in‐depth in/ex situ characterizations. Due to the synergistic effect of multi‐component organic functionalities, the 4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF modified full cells perform significantly better than the common two/three‐component 2C‐TA‐CTF and 3C‐TF‐CTF electrodes, delivering an excellent capacity of 116.3 mAh g−1 (capacity retention ratio: 86.8 %) after 1000 cycles at 5 C and improved rate capability. This work lays a platform for the prospective molecular design of improved organic framework relative artificial SEI for highly stable lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct current optimal power flow (DC‐OPF) problems need to be solved more frequently to maintain safety and economic power system operation. Traditional solvers take too much time to get optimal results. To overcome it, a new self‐supervised augmented Lagrangian neural network (ALNN) is proposed to solve DC‐OPF problem. The proposed ALNN consists of two neural networks: the control net and the penalty net. The control net predicts active power of generators; the penalty net updates the Lagrangian multipliers. The equality constraints are embedded into the control net to guarantee no equality violations. The generalized reduced gradient method is used to reduce theviolations of inequality constraint. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated on IEEE 118‐bus. The results show that with the help of equality embedding, the equality constraints are always satisfied, which in turn improves the feasibility of ALNN. Compared to the state‐of‐art models, the proposed model has higher feasibility and less constraint violations without comprising optimality. What is more, most of the inactive constraints can be found during the training process and then they are used to speed up the post‐processing part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing electrochemical activity and structural reversibility of fibrous electrodes with accelerated Faradaic charge transfer kinetics and pseudocapacitive storage are highly crucial for fiber‐shaped supercapacitors (FSCs). Herein, we report novel core–shell hierarchical fibers for high‐performance FSCs, in which the ordered NiCoMoS nanosheets arrays are chemically anchored on Ti3C2Tx fibers. Beneficial from architecting stable polymetallic sulfide arrays and conductive networks, the NiCoMoS−Ti3C2Tx fiber maintains fast charge transfer, low diffusion and OH− adsorption barrier, and stabilized multi‐electronic reaction kinetics of polymetallic sulfide. Consequently, the NiCoMoS−Ti3C2Tx fiber exhibits a large volumetric capacitance (2472.3 F cm−3) and reversible cycling performance (20,000 cycles). In addition, the solid‐state symmetric FSCs deliver a high energy density of 50.6 mWh cm−3 and bending stability, which can significantly power electronic devices and offer sensitive detection for dopamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating arc‐curved configuration into auxetic honeycomb can evenly distribute pressure, reduce stress concentration, and avoid fracture. In this work, a novel arc‐curved chiral star‐shaped honeycomb (ACSH) has been proposed by combining the chiral honeycomb (CH), the star‐shaped honeycomb (SSH), and arc‐curved configurations. The crushing response of the ACSH is studied experimentally and numerically. In order to verify the accuracy of simulation, quasi‐static compression experiment is carried out on the ACSH sample fabricated by 3D printing. Subsequently, the crashworthiness of the ACSH is compared with other honeycombs. Particularly, under the crushing velocity of 2 m s−1, the ACSH exhibits exceptional specific energy absorption, which is 179% higher than that of the conventional SSH. Additionally, it is also found that introducing arc‐curved configuration can effectively reduce initial peak stress. Moreover, the effect of functionally graded design on crashworthiness is systematically analyzed. The findings indicate that the initial peak stress decreases with the decrease of gradient rate. When crushing velocity increases to 80 m s−1, the SEA of the ACSH increases with the increase of gradient rate. This work investigates the crushing response of a novel honeycomb, which can provide a reference for designing and optimizing novel lightweight honeycombs with better crashworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate detection and analysis of bubble size and shape in bubbly flow are critical to understanding mass and heat transfer processes. Convolutional neural networks have limitations in different bubble images due to their dependence on large amounts of labeled data. A new foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM) recently attracts lots of attention for its zero‐shot segmentation performance. Herein, we developed a novel image processing method named bubSAM, which achieves efficient and accurate bubble segmentation and shape reconstruction based on SAM. The segmentation performance of bubSAM is 30% higher than that of SAM, and its accuracy reaches 90% under different bubbly flow conditions. The accuracy of bubble shape reconstruction (BSR) algorithm in bubSAM is about 30% higher than that of typical ellipse fitting method, thus better restoring the geometric shape of bubbles. BubSAM can provide great support for understanding gas–liquid multiphase flow and design of industrial multiphase reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered bacteria‐based cancer therapy has increasingly been considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy due to the development of synthetic biology. Wherein, engineering bacteria‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT)‐immunotherapy shows greater advantages and potential in treatment efficiency than monotherapy. However, the unsustainable regeneration of photosensitizers (PSs) and weak immune responses limit the therapeutic efficiency. Herein, we developed an engineered bacteria‐based delivery system for sequential delivery of PSs and checkpoint inhibitors in cancer PDT‐immunotherapy. The biosynthetic pathway of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) was introduced into Escherichia coli, yielding a supernatant concentration of 172.19 mg/L after 10 h of growth. And another strain was endowed with the light‐controllable releasement of anti‐programmed cell death‐ligand 1 nanobodies (anti‐PD‐L1). This system exhibited a collaborative effect, where PDT initiated tumor cell death and the released tumor cell fragments stimulated immunity, followed by the elimination of residual tumor cells. The tumor inhibition rate reached 74.97%, and the portion of activated T cells and inflammatory cytokines were reinforced. The results demonstrated that the engineered bacteria‐based collaborative system could sequentially deliver therapeutic substance and checkpoint inhibitors, and achieve good therapeutic therapy. This paper will provide a new perspective for the cancer PDT‐immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a method for solving an infinite‐dimensional tensor eigenvalue problem Hx=λx$$ Hx=\lambda x $$, where the infinite‐dimensional symmetric matrix H$$ H $$ exhibits a translational invariant structure. We provide a formulation of this type of problem from a numerical linear algebra point of view and describe how a power method applied to e−Ht$$ {e}^{- Ht} $$ is used to obtain an approximation to the desired eigenvector. This infinite‐dimensional eigenvector is represented in a compact way by a translational invariant infinite Tensor Ring (iTR). Low rank approximation is used to keep the cost of subsequent power iterations bounded while preserving the iTR structure of the approximate eigenvector. We show how the averaged Rayleigh quotient of an iTR eigenvector approximation can be efficiently computed and introduce a projected residual to monitor its convergence. In the numerical examples, we illustrate that the norm of this projected iTR residual can also be used to automatically modify the time step t$$ t $$ to ensure accurate and rapid convergence of the power method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescent cancer cells are endowed with high immunogenic potential that has been leveraged to elicit antitumor immunity and potentially complement anticancer therapies. However, the efficacy of live senescent cancer cell‐based vaccination is limited by interference from immunosuppressive senescence‐associated secretory phenotype and pro‐tumorigenic capacity of senescent cells. Here, a senescent cancer cell‐based nanovaccine with strong immunogenicity and favorable potential for immunotherapy is reported. The biomimetic nanovaccine integrating a senescent cancer cell membrane‐coated nanoadjuvant outperforms living senescent cancer cells in enhancing dendritic cells (DCs) internalization, improving lymph node targeting, and enhancing immune responses. In contrast to nanovaccines generated from immunogenic cell death‐induced tumor cells, senescent nanovaccines facilitate DC maturation, eliciting superior antitumor protection and improving therapeutic outcomes in melanoma‐challenged mice with fewer side effects when combined with αPD‐1. The study suggests a versatile biomanufacturing approach to maximize immunogenic potential and minimize adverse effects of senescent cancer cell‐based vaccination and advances the design of biomimetic nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu‐catalyzed electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) produces multi‐carbon (C2+) chemicals with considerable selectivities and activities, yet required high overpotentials impede its practical application. Here, we design interfaces with abrupt coordination number (CN) changes that greatly reduce the applied potential for achieving high C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE). Encouraged by the mechanistic finding that the coupling between *CO and *CO(H) is the most probable C−C bond formation path, we use Cu2O‐ and Cu‐phthalocyanine‐derived Cu (OD−Cu and PD−Cu) to build the interface. Using operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we find that the Cu CN of OD−Cu is ~11, favoring CO* adsorption, while the PD−Cu has a COH*‐favorable CN of ~4. Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that the interfaces with abrupt CN changes promote *OCCOH formation. As a result, the designed catalyst achieves a C2+ FE of 85±2 % at 220 mA cm−2 in a zero‐gap CO2 electrolyzer. An improvement of C2+ FE by 3 times is confirmed at the low potential regime where the current density is 60–140 mA cm−2, compared to bare OD−Cu. We report a 45‐h stable CO2RR operation at 220 mA cm−2, producing a C2+ product FE of ~80 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used in insect gene editing, the need for the microinjection of preblastoderm embryos can preclude the technique being used in insect species with eggs that are small, have hard shells, and/or are difficult to collect and maintain outside of their normal environment. Such is the case with Sogatella furcifera, the white‐backed planthopper (WBPH), a significant pest of Oryza sativa (rice) that oviposits inside rice stems. Egg extraction from the stem runs the risk of mechanical damage and hatching is heavily influenced by the micro‐environment of the rice stem. To bypass these issues, we targeted embryos prior to oviposition via direct parental (DIPA)‐CRISPR, in which Cas9 and single‐guide RNAs (sgRNAs) for the WBPH eye pigment gene tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase were injected into the hemocoel of adult females. Females at varying numbers of days posteclosion were evaluated to determine at what stage their oocyte might be most capable of taking up the gene‐editing components. An evaluation of the offspring indicated that the highest G0 gene‐edited efficacy (56.7%) occurred in females injected 2 d posteclosion, and that those mutations were heritably transmitted to the G1 generation. This study demonstrates the potential utility of DIPA‐CRISPR for future gene‐editing studies in non‐model insect species and can facilitate the development of novel pest management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐entropy oxides (HEOs) have garnered significant attention within the realm of rechargeable batteries owing to their distinctive advantages, which encompass diverse structural attributes, customizable compositions, entropy‐driven stabilization effects, and remarkable superionic conductivity. Despite the brilliance of HEOs in energy conversion and storage applications, there is still lacking a comprehensive review for both entry‐level and experienced researchers, which succinctly encapsulates the present status and the challenges inherent to HEOs, spanning structural features, intrinsic properties, prevalent synthetic methodologies, and diversified applications in rechargeable batteries. Within this review, the endeavor is to distill the structural characteristics, ionic conductivity, and entropy stabilization effects, explore the practical applications of HEOs in the realm of rechargeable batteries (lithium‐ion, sodium‐ion, and lithium‐sulfur batteries), including anode and cathode materials, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts. The review seeks to furnish an overview of the evolving landscape of HEOs‐based cell component materials, shedding light on the progress made and the hurdles encountered, as well as serving as the guidance for HEOs compositions design and optimization strategy to enhance the reversible structural stability, electrical properties, and electrochemical performance of rechargeable batteries in the realm of energy storage and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vonoprazan, a potassium‐competitive acid blocker, has demonstrated greater potency and a longer duration of acid suppression when compared to the proton pump inhibitors. However, data regarding the comparison between vonoprazan‐based triple therapy with standard treatment for first‐line Helicobacter pylori treatment are limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy between 7‐day vonoprazan‐based triple therapy with high‐dose amoxicillin (VAC‐7) and 14‐day extended sequential therapy (S‐14). Materials and Methods: This was a single‐center prospective randomized controlled trial following a noninferiority design. Subjects over 20 years old with confirmed H. pylori infection were enrolled prospectively from Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital. They were randomly assigned to the VAC‐7 or S‐14 group. The primary endpoint was the eradication rate in first‐line treatment, evaluated by urea breath test, with noninferiority determined using the Farrington–Manning method. The secondary outcome included adverse effect rates and compliance, assessed through self‐administered questionnaires. Results: Between December 2021 and June 2023, a total of 628 patients were recruited. The eradication rates by per‐protocol analysis and intention‐to‐treat analysis were 88.6%/81.8% for VAC‐7 and 90.3%/81.4% for S‐14, respectively. The VAC‐7 was non‐inferior to S‐14 in terms of ITT analysis. Subjects experienced fewer incidences of nausea, anorexia, dizziness, fatigue, and any severe adverse events in the VAC‐7 group. Compliance was higher in the VAC‐7 group, with 94% taking all the pills correctly. Conclusions: Our findings supported the use of 7‐day vonoprazan triple therapy with high‐dose amoxicillin as the standard first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05371249 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is greatly restricted by high production cost arising from high‐temperature sterilization and expensive carbon sources. In this study, a low‐cost PHA production platform was established from Halomonas cupida J9. First, a marker‐less genome‐editing system was developed in H. cupida J9. Subsequently, H. cupida J9 was engineered to efficiently utilize xylose for PHA biosynthesis by introducing a new xylose metabolism module and blocking xylonate production. The engineered strain J9UΔxylD‐P8xylA has the highest PHA yield (2.81 g/L) obtained by Halomonas with xylose as the sole carbon source so far. This is the first report on the production of short‐ and medium‐chain‐length (SCL‐co‐MCL) PHA from xylose by Halomonas. Interestingly, J9UΔxylD‐P8xylA was capable of efficiently utilizing glucose and xylose as co‐carbon sources for PHA production. Furthermore, fed‐batch fermentation of J9UΔxylD‐P8xylA coupled to a glucose/xylose co‐feeding strategy reached up to 12.57 g/L PHA in a 5‐L bioreactor under open and unsterile condition. Utilization of corn straw hydrolysate as the carbon source by J9UΔxylD‐P8xylA reached 7.0 g/L cell dry weight (CDW) and 2.45 g/L PHA in an open fermentation. In summary, unsterile production in combination with inexpensive feedstock highlights the potential of the engineered strain for the low‐cost production of PHA from lignocellulose‐rich agriculture waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of exposure protocol, voxel sizes, and artifact removal algorithms on the trueness of segmentation in various mandible regions using an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based system. Materials and methods: Eleven dry human mandibles were scanned using a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner under differing exposure protocols (standard and ultra‐low), voxel sizes (0.15 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.45 mm), and with or without artifact removal algorithm. The resulting datasets were segmented using an AI‐based system, exported as 3D models, and compared to reference files derived from a white‐light laboratory scanner. Deviation measurement was performed using a computer‐aided design (CAD) program and recorded as root mean square (RMS). The RMS values were used as a representation of the trueness of the AI‐segmented 3D models. A 4‐way ANOVA was used to assess the impact of voxel size, exposure protocol, artifact removal algorithm, and location on RMS values (α = 0.05). Results: Significant effects were found with voxel size (p < 0.001) and location (p < 0.001), but not with exposure protocol (p = 0.259) or artifact removal algorithm (p = 0.752). Standard exposure groups had significantly lower RMS values than the ultra‐low exposure groups in the mandible body with 0.3 mm (p = 0.014) or 0.45 mm (p < 0.001) voxel sizes, the symphysis with a 0.45 mm voxel size (p = 0.011), and the whole mandible with a 0.45 mm voxel size (p = 0.001). Exposure protocol did not affect RMS values at teeth and alveolar bone (p = 0.544), mandible angles (p = 0.380), condyles (p = 0.114), and coronoids (p = 0.806) locations. Conclusion: This study informs optimal exposure protocol and voxel size choices in CBCT imaging for true AI‐based automatic segmentation with minimal radiation. The artifact removal algorithm did not influence the trueness of AI segmentation. When using an ultra‐low exposure protocol to minimize patient radiation exposure in AI segmentations, a voxel size of 0.15 mm is recommended, while a voxel size of 0.45 mm should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive death of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to generalized muscle atrophy, paralysis, and even death. Mitochondrial damage and neuroinflammation play key roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. In the present study, the efficacy of A‐1, a derivative of arctigenin with AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activation for ALS, was investigated. Methods: A‐1 at 33.3 mg/kg was administrated in SOD1G93A transgenic mice orally from the 13th week for a 6‐week treatment period. Motor ability was assessed before terminal anesthesia. Muscle atrophy and fibrosis, motor neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the spinal cord were evaluated by H&E, Masson, Sirius Red, Nissl, and immunohistochemistry staining. Protein expression was detected with proteomics analysis, Western blotting, and ELISA. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using an assay kit. Results: A‐1 administration in SOD1G93A mice enhanced mobility, decreased skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis, mitigated loss of spinal motor neurons, and reduced glial activation. Additionally, A‐1 treatment improved mitochondrial function, evidenced by elevated ATP levels and increased expression of key mitochondrial‐related proteins. The A‐1 treatment group showed decreased levels of IL‐1β, pIκBα/IκBα, and pNF‐κB/NF‐κB. Conclusions: A‐1 treatment reduced motor neuron loss, improved gastrocnemius atrophy, and delayed ALS progression through the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC‐1α pathway, which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, the AMPK/SIRT1/IL‐1β/NF‐κB pathway exerted neuroprotective effects by reducing neuroinflammation. These findings suggest A‐1 as a promising therapeutic approach for ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the competitive performance at room temperature, the development of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is still hindered by sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interphase under subzero environments. Herein, a low‐concentration electrolyte, consisting of 0.5M NaPF6 dissolving in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvent, is proposed for SIBs working at low temperature. Such an electrolyte generates a thin, amorphous, and homogeneous cathode/electrolyte interphase at low temperature. The interphase is monolithic and rich in organic components, reducing the limitation of Na+ migration through inorganic crystals, thereby facilitating the interfacial Na+ dynamics at low temperature. Furthermore, it effectively blocks the unfavorable side reactions between active materials and electrolytes, improving the structural stability. Consequently, Na0.7Li0.03Mg0.03Ni0.27Mn0.6Ti0.07O2//Na and hard carbon//Na cells deliver a high capacity retention of 90.8 % after 900 cycles at 1C, a capacity over 310 mAh g−1 under −30 °C, respectively, showing long‐term cycling stability and great rate capability at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bubbles of different sizes exhibit distinct hydrodynamic behaviors and their dense coexistence complicates seriously the multiphase flow. The commonly‐used arithmetic average method (e.g., PIV) treats every bubble equally and consequently erases many physical details. In this study, a polydisperse particle inline image method is developed to simultaneously measure comprehensive feature set of every bubble in bubble swarms and carrier phase velocity. By harnessing the optimal frame rate capture alongside assigning IDs for tracking, complete identification of polydisperse swarm in single frame is integrated with the accurate acquisition of transient dynamics across multiple frames. In gas–liquid stirred tanks, the bubble deformation is notably intensified owing to the presence of collisions driven by velocity differences. A novel analysis of bubble hydrodynamics decomposed by bubble size reveals they are jointly commanded by the inertial effect and size effect. Actual flow regime of the system is essentially the superposition of multiple dissimilar flow patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic CO2 or CO reduction reaction is a complex proton‐coupled electron transfer reaction, in which protons in the electrolyte have a critical effect on the surface adsorbed *H species and the multi‐carbon oxygenate products such as ethanol. However, the coupling of *H and carbon‐containing intermediates into C2+ oxygenates can be severely hampered by the inappropriate distributions of those species in the catalytic interfaces. In this work, the controlled distribution of highly dispersed CeOx nanoclusters is demonstrated on Cu nanosheets as an efficient CO electroreduction catalyst, with Faradaic efficiencies of ethanol and total oxygenates of 35% and 58%, respectively. The CeOx nanoclusters (2−5 nm) enabled efficient water dissociation and appropriate distribution of adsorbed *H species on the Cu surface with carbon‐containing species, thus facilitating the generation of C2+ oxygenate products. In contrast, pristine Cu without CeOx tended to form ethylene, while the aggregated CeOx nanoparticles promoted the surface density of *H and subsequent H2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A base‐and‐additive‐free photo‐induced radical‐mediated cascade cyclization reaction of 1,6‐enyne compounds was presented. In this study, C(sp3)−H hydrocarbons, including various alkanes and ethers, were activated via Fe‐catalyzed photo‐induced conditions, providing a bunch of γ‐lactam products via hydrogen atom transfer and radical addition processes. Control experiments indicated that the reaction proceeded through photo‐induced ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. Gram scale experiment was also completed by using continuous‐flow‐photocatalytic‐device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the design process for a visual learning analytics (VLA) approach in addition to its effect on developing students' epistemic understanding of discourse and relationships to promote knowledge‐building inquiry. Over a 3‐month period, an experimental class of secondary school students took a visual arts course using a knowledge‐building design augmented by VLA, while a comparison class took the same course within a regular knowledge‐building environment. The VLA approach implemented in the experimental class emphasized collective reflections using assessment tools to visualize the students' online and classroom discussions. The analysis of the students' questionnaire responses and Knowledge Forum discourse showed that the VLA approach helped the students develop a deeper epistemic understanding of discourse for productive inquiry and greater domain knowledge. In addition, the students' epistemic understanding was associated with their performance in productive Knowledge Forum inquiry. Qualitative analysis of the classroom and group discussions, interview responses and learning artefacts showed that the VLA design helped them understand the nature of discourse deeply by encouraging them to notice community orientations, increase their awareness of productive discourse moves and advance idea development. The implications of the VLA design in improving epistemic understanding of discourse are discussed. We contribute to the literature by examining the epistemic dimensions of discourse and implementing VLA as an epistemic tool for knowledge building. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Supporting students to develop a meta‐level understanding, ie, their epistemic understanding of the nature of discourse, is important for promoting productive inquiry but continues to be challenging in education, and limited research has focused on the epistemic aspects of discourse.Little research has examined the role of a computer‐supported knowledge‐building environment augmented by a visual learning analytics approach on students' epistemic understanding of discourse, productive inquiry and domain knowledge.What this paper adds A knowledge‐building design augmented by a visual learning analytics approach linking online and face‐to‐face discourse supported students' epistemic understanding of discourse, productive inquiry and domain knowledge.VLA‐supported collective reflection in knowledge‐building facilitated students' noticing of community orientations, awareness of productive discourse moves and their idea development. These metacognitive processes helped students develop deeper epistemic understanding of discourse, productive inquiry and greater domain knowledge.Implications for practice and/or policy Epistemic understanding of the nature of discourse acts as a medium for promoting productive knowledge‐building inquiry and learning outcomes, and it is critical to help students develop meta‐level understanding by combining discourse content and epistemic components.It is important to create a VLA‐supported community that provides VLA‐related data‐supported collective reflection opportunities to help students engage in productive inquiry and knowledge building.Teachers can scaffold students to link online and face‐to‐face discourse and help them inquire into and reflect on discourse processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Little is known regarding the shared genetic influences underlying the observed phenotypic association between chronotype and breast cancer in women. Leveraging summary statistics from the hitherto largest genome‐wide association study conducted in each trait, we investigated the genetic correlation, pleiotropic loci, and causal relationship of chronotype with overall breast cancer, and with its subtypes defined by the status of oestrogen receptor. We identified a negative genomic correlation between chronotype and overall breast cancer (rg = −0.06, p = 3.00 × 10−4), consistent across oestrogen receptor‐positive (rg = −0.05, p = 3.30 × 10−3) and oestrogen receptor‐negative subtypes (rg = −0.05, p = 1.11 × 10−2). Five specific genomic regions were further identified as contributing a significant local genetic correlation. Cross‐trait meta‐analysis identified 78 loci shared between chronotype and breast cancer, of which 23 were novel. Transcriptome‐wide association study revealed 13 shared genes, targeting tissues of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, and exocrine/endocrine systems. Mendelian randomisation demonstrated a significantly reduced risk of overall breast cancer (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.83–0.94; p = 1.30 × 10−4) for genetically predicted morning chronotype. No reverse causality was found. Our work demonstrates an intrinsic link underlying chronotype and breast cancer, which may provide clues to inform management of sleep habits to improve female health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a comprehensive soccer match video analysis pipeline tailored for broadcast footage, which encompasses three pivotal stages: soccer field localization, player tracking, and soccer ball detection. Firstly, we introduce sports camera calibration to seamlessly map soccer field images from match videos onto a standardized two‐dimensional soccer field template. This addresses the challenge of consistent analysis across video frames amid continuous camera angle changes. Secondly, given challenges such as occlusions, high‐speed movements, and dynamic camera perspectives, obtaining accurate position data for players and the soccer ball is non‐trivial. To mitigate this, we curate a large‐scale, high‐precision soccer ball detection dataset and devise a robust detection model, which achieved the mAP50−95$$ mA{P}_{50-95} $$ of 80.9%. Additionally, we develop a high‐speed, efficient, and lightweight tracking model to ensure precise player tracking. Through the integration of these modules, our pipeline focuses on real‐time analysis of the current camera lens content during matches, facilitating rapid and accurate computation and analysis while offering intuitive visualizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved eukaryotic enzyme discovered as a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, with anti‐inflammation, antioxidative stress, anticancer, and antifibrosis beneficial effects. AMPK is dysregulated in human pulmonary diseases such as acute lung injury, nonsmall cell lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. This review provides an overview of the beneficial role of natural, synthetic, and Chinese traditional medicines AMPK modulators in pulmonary diseases, and highlights the role of the AMPK signaling pathway in the lung, emphasizing the importance of finding lead compounds and drugs that can target and modulate AMPK to treat the lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is associated with malignant disorders. DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is a DNA methylesterase reported to be upregulated in multiple organs and shown to inhibit fibrosis. However, the detailed effect of DNMT3A on OSF remains unclear. Methods: To mimic OSF in vitro, oral fibroblasts were exposed to arecoline and molecular biological experiments were performed to detect the function of DNMT3A in OSF. Results: We found that von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) was downregulated and highly methylated in OSF. Arecoline remarkably increased the viability, invasiveness, and migration of oral fibroblasts, but upregulation of VHL partially reversed these effects. DNMT3A induces DNA hypermethylation in the VHL promoter, and VHL markedly inhibits the level of tenascin‐C (TNC) by inducing the ubiquitination of TNC. TNC reversed the inhibitory effect of VHL upregulation on the differentiation of oral fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Conclusion: DNMT3A induces OSF by promoting methylation of the VHL promoter. Hence, our study provides novel insights into the discovery of novel strategies that can be employed against OSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive inverter‐based power sources (IPS) impose significant challenges on the restoration of high renewable penetrated power systems (HRPPS). To enhance HRPPS resilience, the proper utilization of IPSs must be implemented. Combining frequency dynamics of IPSs and synchronous generators, this paper proposes a coordinated restoration method for multi‐type power sources after a major blackout. First, interactions between synchronous generators and IPSs are systematically analyzed. Based on this, output characteristics and constraints of IPSs in the power sources restoration process are quantified. Second, the dynamic frequency regulation capability (DFRC) of restored systems is quantified based on a unified transfer function structure model. Then the maximum power disturbance that restored systems can bear is derived based on DFRC indices including the maximum frequency deviation and the rate of change of frequency. Third, considering interactions between power sources and the DFRC of restored systems, a coordinated restoration optimization model of multi‐type power sources is proposed. Finally, case studies based on a modified IEEE 39‐bus system are simulated to verify the applicability and superiority of the proposed method. Meanwhile, results show that the proposed method for quantifying DFRC is more suitable for HRPPSs than traditional inertia‐based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing accurate wind speed forecasting methods is indispensable to integrating wind energy into smart grids. However, current state‐of‐the‐art wind speed forecasting methods are almost data‐driven deep learning models, which may incur potential adversarial cyberattacks. To this end, this paper proposes an adversarial false data injection attack tactic to investigate such a cyber threat. First, targeting the deep learning‐based short‐term wind speed forecasting model, an optimization model is constructed to obtain the optimally false data that should be injected into the forecasting model input so as to expand the prediction deviation as much as possible. Then, as the optimization model is non‐differentiable, a particle swarm optimization‐based method is developed to solve the optimization problem, in which the near‐optimal solution is able to be explored, directing the false data that should be injected. At last, numerical studies of the proposed attack tactic are conducted on different‐hour ahead wind speed forecasting models, revealing the feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic Th17 cells play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases like uveitis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) possesses potent anti‐inflammatory effects. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the role of DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells and EAU. Here, we reported that intraperitoneal administration of DMI significantly inhibited the severity of EAU via selectively suppressing Th17 cell responses. In vitro antigen stimulation studies revealed that DMI dramatically decreased the frequencies and function of antigen‐specific Th17, but not Th1, cells. Moreover, DMI hampered the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells toward pathogenic Th17 cells. DMI‐treated DCs produced less IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐23, and displayed an impaired ability to stimulate antigen‐specific Th17 activation. Mechanistically, DMI activated the NRF2/HO‐1 pathway and suppressed STAT3 signaling, which subsequently restrains p‐STAT3 nuclear translocation, leading to decreased pathogenic Th17 cell responses. Thus, we have identified an important role for DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells, supporting DMI as a promising therapy in Th17 cell‐driven autoimmune diseases including uveitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatal issues in lithium metal anodes (LMA), such as detrimental lithium dendrites growth and fragile solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) during the Li plating/stripping process, often hinder the practical application of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, cobalt‐coordinated sp‐carbon‐conjugated organic polymer (Co‐spc‐COP) is constructed as the protective layer for regulating the interface stability of LMA. The unique synergistic beneficial effect of organic functional groups (C≡C linkage, C=N units and aromatic rings) and Co sites not only regulate the Li+ coordination environment and rearrange Li+ concentration to facilitate its transport by optimizing the electronic density, enhancing the compatibility with electrolyte interface and supplying "external magnetic driving strategy", but also strengthens the interfacial stiffness with high Young's modulus to better withstand the mechanical stress. These beneficial effects and relative underlying working mode and mechanism of uniform Li plating and rapid Li+ migration on the Co‐spc‐COP are also revealed by various in situ/ex situ experimental technologies and theory calculation. The Co‐spc‐COP‐based cell delivers an extraordinary lifespan of 6600 h and ultrahigh capacity retention of 78.3 % (111.9 mAh g−1) after 1000 cycles at 1 C. This demonstrated synergistic strategy in Co‐coordinated organic polymer may gain new insights to regulate the uniform and non‐dendritic deposition/dissolution behaviors for highly stable LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) poses a significant threat to women's health worldwide. Eupatilin is a key bioactive component of the Chinese herbal medicine Artemisia asiatica Nakai. Recent research reports have proved the inhibitory function of Eupatilin in many diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21–23 nucleotide‐long, single‐stranded, noncoding RNA molecules generated endogenously, and many studies have indicated that miRNAs are involved in the development of osteoporosis. This study explored the role and potential mechanism of Eupatilin underlying PMOP. First, rats were given intragastric administration of Eupatilin every day and subcutaneous injections of oligonucleotides or plasmids that interfered with miR‐211‐5p or janus kinase 2 (JAK2) once a week. After 4 weeks, the PMOP rat model was established. Then, serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus levels, as well as femur bone mineral density and biomechanical parameters, were detected. Hematoxylin–eosin staining and Masson staining were applied for detecting the pathological condition of femur, and immunohistochemical staining was for detecting osteocalcin. MC3T3‐E1 cells were transfected with plasmid vectors interfering with miR‐211‐5p or JAK2; and cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity, and cell mineralization were subsequently examined. The relationship between miR‐211‐5p and JAK2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was analyzed. The targeting relation between miR‐211‐5p and JAK2 was also verified. The experimental results revealed that Eupatilin improved the pathological conditions of PMOP rats by promoting the proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts. MiR‐211‐5p was down‐regulated and JAK2/STAT3 was upregulated in PMOP rats. Upregulation of miR‐211‐5p further improved the pathological conditions of PMOP rats based on Eupatilin treatment. MiR‐211‐5p inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. JAK2 offset the effects of elevated miR‐211‐5p on PMOP rats. Overall, Eupatilin attenuates PMOP through elevating miR‐211‐5p and repressing JAK2/STAT3 pathway, which suggests the utility of Eupatilin as a potential drug for POMP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]