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There is high market demand for (−)‐menthol because of its unique aroma and cooling properties. The first bottleneck encountered in the biosynthesis of (−)‐menthol in Escherichia coli is the low hydroxylation efficiency of (−)‐limonene‐3‐hydroxylase. Few known enzymes can hydroxylate the third carbon atom of (−)‐limonene. In this work, initially, we searched for new enzymes and screened a library of cytochrome P450BM3 variants aiming to improve catalysis of this reaction, but did not identify any variants with improved activity or regioselectivity. Then, through protein engineering of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase variant from Pseudomonas putida (PpcamY96F/V247L), we obtained variant PpcamF87W/Y96F/L244I/V247L/V396A with regioselectivity of 93% (starting from 70%) toward (−)‐limonene without losing activity. Because of the improvement in regioselectivity, its turnover number was 1.5 times that of the starting enzyme. We analyzed the reasons for the improvement through molecular dynamics simulations. The new variant also exhibited 95% regioselectivity toward (+)‐limonene. This enzyme variant can be applied in biosynthesis of (−)‐menthol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study explored the impact of nitrogen (N) application on yield and breadmaking as well as arabinoxylan (AX) content of wheat varieties Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22 across varied environments, aiming to optimize N levels for improved outcomes. Findings: Significant N effects were observed on yield, flour properties, and breadmaking quality traits. Both varieties displayed high yield potential and stability, with Zhongmai 578 excelling in thousand kernel weight and Jimai 22 in spike number. Optimal N rates varied by location, with some achieving peak yields at reduced N levels. Processing traits like dough properties and bread‐making quality were influenced by E × N interactions. Arabinoxylans profiles was not affected by different N input. Conclusions: Customizing N applications to specific environment is critical for maximizing wheat yield potential and quality. Environmental considerations are integral for achieving desired processing traits and yield, highlighting the need for tailored N strategies in wheat cultivation. Significance and Novelty: This study emphasizes the importance of site‐specific optimization of N levels for enhanced yield and processing quality. It offers novel insights into site‐specific N management, showcasing its relevance in modern agricultural practices for sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential amino acids (EAA) and microRNAs (miRs) control biological activity of a cell. Whether EAA regulates the activity of miR has never been demonstrated. Here, as proof‐of‐concept, a tryptophan (Trp, an EAA) complex containing Argonaute 2 (Ago2) and miRs including miR‐193a (Trp/Ago2/miR‐193a) is identified. Trp binds miR‐193a‐3p and interacts with Ago2. Trp/Ago2/miR‐193a increases miR‐193a‐3p activity via enhancing Argonaute 2 (Ago2) RNase activity. Other miRs including miR‐103 and miR‐107 in the Trp complex enhance miR‐193a activity by targeting the same genes. Mechanistically, the Trp/Ago2/miR‐193a complex interacts with Trp‐binding pockets of the PIWI domain of Ago2 to enhance Ago2 mediated miR activity. This newly formed Ago2/Trp/miR‐193a‐3p complex is more efficient than miR‐193a‐3p alone in inhibiting the expression of targeted genes and inhibiting colon cancer liver metastasis. The findings show that Trp regulates miR activity through communication with the RNA‐induced silencing complexes (RISC), which provides the basis for tryptophan based miR therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of C‐8 substituted indeno[1,2‐g]coumarin‐based photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) were synthesized. para‐Substituted benzoic acids were employed as leaving groups to evaluate their photolytic efficiency. Substitution of phenyl groups was proved to have negative impacts on photochemical properties of the PPGs, including but not limited to: retarded photolysis course, decreased uncaging quantum yield, and unsatisfactory cargo release yield. Electron‐donating diethylamino substituted PPG 3 d, a structural analogue of the widely used 7‐diethylaminocoumarin PPG (DEACM), exhibited red‐shifted absorption maximum and improved optical properties. Photochemical characterization revealed that PPG 3 d not only showed comparable photolytic efficiency to DEACM at 365 nm and 405 nm, but also demonstrated superior sensitivity towards 465 nm wavelength, to which DEACM is unable to absorb and therefore, non‐responsive. The >450 nm photosensitivity makes 3 d a complement to DEACM for long wavelength excitation and a promising PPG for biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The aleurone layer in cereal grains acts as a major reservoir of essential mineral nutrients, significantly influencing seed germination. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the redistribution of nutrients from the aleurone layer in the germinating seed is still not well understood. Here, in rice, we identified a plasma membrane (PM) localized magnesium transporter, MAGNESIUM RELEASE TRANSPORTER 3 (MGR3), is critical for seed germination. OsMGR3 is predominantly expressed in the aleurone layer cells of endosperm, facilitating magnesium remobilization during germination. Non‐invasive Micro‐test Technology assay data demonstrated that the loss‐of‐function of OsMGR3 restrained magnesium efflux from the aleurone layer. In the embryo/endosperm grafting experiment, we observed that the mutation of OsMGR3 in the aleurone layer suppressed the growth and differentiation of the embryo during germination. Furthermore, magnesium fluorescence imaging revealed the osmgr3 mutant seeds showed impaired exportation of aleurone layer‐stored magnesium to the embryo, consequently delaying germination. Importantly, we discovered that disrupting OsMGR3 could inhibit pre‐harvest sprouting without affecting rice yield and quality. Therefore, the magnesium efflux transporter OsMGR3 in the aleurone layer represents a promising genetic target for future agronomic trait improvement. Significance Statement: The molecular mechanism responsible for redistributing nutrients from the aleurone layer in germinating seeds is not well understood. In this study, we have identified a plasma membrane‐localized magnesium transporter that facilitates the remobilization of magnesium stored in the aleurone layer for seed germination in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent before the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, it is important to search for severity biomarkers and devise appropriate therapies. A total of 139 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and 80 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for plasma soluble CD137 (sCD137) detection through ELISA. Moreover, pleural effusion sCD137 levels were measured in 85 TB patients and 36 untreated lung cancer patients. The plasma cytokine levels in 64 patients with PTB and blood immune cell subpopulations in 68 patients with PTB were analysed via flow cytometry. Blood sCD137 levels were higher in PTB patients (p = 0.012) and correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0056). The level of sCD137 in tuberculous pleurisy effusion (TPE) was markedly higher than that in malignant pleurisy effusion (p = 0.018). Several blood cytokines, such as IL‐6 (p = 0.0147), IL‐8 (p = 0.0477), IP‐10 (p ≤ 0.0001) and MCP‐1 (p = 0.0057), and some laboratory indices were significantly elevated in severe PTB (SE) patients, but the percentages of total lymphocytes (p = 0.002) and cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.036) were significantly lower in SE patients than in non‐SE patients. In addition, the sCD137 level was negatively correlated with the percentage of total lymphocytes (p = 0.0008) and cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.0021), and PTB patients with higher plasma sCD137 levels had significantly shorter survival times (p = 0.0041). An increase in sCD137 is a potential biomarker for severe TB and indicates a poor prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mecapegfilgrastim, a long‐acting granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor has been approved for reducing the incidence of infection, particularly febrile neutropenia (FN), in China. Objective: We conducted a multicenter prospective observational study to examine the safety and effectiveness of mecapegfilgrastim in preventing neutropenia in gastrointestinal patients receiving the chemotherapy, including S‐1/capecitabine‐based regimens or the fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI)/fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)/fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRINOX) regimens. Method: Five hundred and sixty‐one gastrointestinal patients from 40 sites across China, between May 2019 and November 2021, were included. The administration of mecapegfilgrastim was prescribed at the discretion of local physicians. Results: The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of any grade for all patients was increased white blood cells (2.9%). Grade 3/4 ADRs were observed for anemia (0.2%), decreased white blood cells (0.2%), and decreased neutrophil count (0.2%). Among the 116 patients who received S‐1/capecitabine‐based chemotherapy throughout all cycles, ADRs of any grade included anemia (1.7%), myalgia (0.9%), and increased alanine aminotransferase (0.9%). No grade 3/4 ADRs were observed. In 414 cycles of patients who underwent S‐1/capecitabine‐based regimens, only one (0.2%) cycle experienced grade 4 neutropenia. In the FOLFIRINOX, FOLFOXIRI, and FOLFOX chemotherapy regimens, grade 4 neutropenia occurred in one (2.7%) of 37 cycles, four (4.7%) of 85 cycles, and two (1.2%) of 167 cycles, respectively. Conclusion: In a real‐world setting, mecapegfilgrastim has proven effective in preventing severe neutropenia in gastrointestinal patients following chemotherapy. This includes commonly used moderate or high‐risk FN regimens or regimens containing S1/capecitabine, all of which have demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer (LC) is a major inducer of cancer‐related death. We aim to reveal the effect of Calsequestrin2 (CASQ2) on macrophage polarization and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in LC. Hub genes were determined from protein–protein interaction networks based on GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets using bioinformatic analysis. Expression of hub genes was verified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Cell Counting Kit‐8, 5‐ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine, wound‐healing, colony formation, and transwell assays were performed to assess the impact of CASQ2 on LC cells. A xenograft mouse model was evaluated using hematoxylin–eosin, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining to investigate the effect of CASQ2 on LC. The role of CASQ2 in regulating macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway was evaluated by western blot andRT‐qPCR. We screened out 155 common differentially expressed genes in GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets. Myomesin‐2, tyrosine kinase, sex determining region Y‐box 2, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, matrix metallopeptidase 9, claudin‐5, caveolin‐1, CASQ2, recombinant ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 (ATP2A2), and ankyrin repeat domain 1 were identified as the hub genes with high prediction value. CASQ2 was selected as a pivotal regulator of LC. In vitro experiments and xenograft models revealed that CASQ2 overexpression suppressed proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion of LC cells, and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, overexpression of CASQ2 promoted the expression of M1 macrophage markers (cluster of differentiation 80 [CD80], interleukin [IL]‐12, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), while decreasing the expression of M2 macrophage markers (CD163, IL‐10, Arg1) in tumor‐associated macrophages and xenograft tissues. Finally, we found that overexpression of CASQ2 inhibited JAK/STAT pathway. CASQ2 is a novel biomarker, which can alleviate LC via inhibiting M2 tumor‐associated macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency among the clinical model, the radiomics model and the nomogram that combined radiomics features, frozen section (FS) analysis and clinical characteristics for the prediction of lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods: A total of 208 patients were randomly divided into two groups randomly with a proportion of 7:3 for the training groups (n = 146) and the validation groups (n = 62). The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used for the selection of radiomics features extracted from ultrasound (US) images. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to select predictors associated with the status of LN. The clinical model, radiomics model and nomogram were subsequently established by logistic regression machine learning. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the different models. The Delong test was used to compare the AUC of the three models. Results: Multivariate analysis indicated that age, size group, Adler grade, ACR score and the psammoma body group were independent predictors of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The results showed that in both the training and validation groups, the nomogram showed better performance than the clinical model, albeit not statistically significant (p >.05), and significantly outperformed the radiomics model (p <.05). However, the nomogram exhibits a slight improvement in sensitivity that could reduce the incidence of false negatives. Conclusion: We propose that the nomogram holds substantial promise as an effective tool for predicting LNM in patients with PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroporation techniques have emerged as attractive tools for intracellular delivery, rendering promising prospects towards clinical therapies. Transient disruption of membrane permeability is the critical process for efficient electroporation‐based cargo delivery. However, smart nanotools for precise characterization of transient membrane changes induced by strong electric pulses are extremely limited. Herein, multivalent membrane‐anchored fluorescent nanoprobes (MMFNPs) that take advantages of flexible functionalization and spatial arrangement of DNA frameworks are developed for in situ evaluation of electric field‐induced membrane permeability during reversible electroporation. Single‐molecule fluorescence imaging techniques are adopted to precisely verify the excellent analytical performance of the engineered MMFNPs. Benefited from tight membrane anchoring and sensitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) profiling, varying degrees of membrane disturbances are visually exhibited under different intensities of the microsecond pulse electric field (µsPEF). Significantly, the dynamic process of membrane repair during reversible electroporation is well demonstrated via ATP fluctuations monitored by the designed MMFNPs. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed for accurate verification of electroporation‐driven dynamic cargo entry via membrane nanopores. This work provides an avenue for effectively capturing transient fluctuations of membrane permeability under external stimuli, offering valuable guidance for developing efficient and safe electroporation‐driven delivery strategies for clinical diagnosis and therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to examine the correlation among college students' physical activity, social–emotional abilities, gender and their perception of social support. The survey was conducted among 408 college students from Jiangsu, Shandong and Hubei provinces utilising the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Social–Emotional Competence Scale for Chinese College Students and the Physical Activity Scale (PARS‐3). SPSS 27.0 and the Process 4.1 plug‐in developed by Hayes were used to perform common method bias tests, independent samples t‐tests, descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and moderated mediation model tests on the data. (1) After controlling for variables such as educational attainment and professional background, physical activity was found to exert a significant and favourable influence on college students' perception of social support (β =.11, p<.001). (2) The relationship between physical activity and college students' perception of social support was moderated by their social–emotional skills. The mediation effect size was calculated to be 54.33%. (3) Gender moderates the relationship between physical activity and college students' perceptions of social support (β =.09, t = 2.01, p<.05). Physical activity not only directly affects college students' perceived social support, but also indirectly through social–emotional competence; gender has a significant moderating effect on the direct effect of physical activity on college students' perceived social support. Specifically, female students had a more significant positive predictive effect on perceptual social support than male students. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite‐based tandem solar cells have demonstrated high potential for overcoming the Shockley–Queisser limit. Routine bandgap (RBG, ≈1.55 eV) perovskites have achieved a perfect balance between efficiency and stability. The narrow bandgap (NBG) candidates for RBG perovskite‐based tandem devices are very limited. Lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are a promising partner due to their broad absorption spectra. However, the efficiency of RBG perovskite/QD tandem devices still lags behind. Herein, efficient RBG perovskite/QDs four‐terminal tandem photovoltaics are successfully implemented through synergistic enhancement from transparent electrode and band alignment Engineering. For tin doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes, their conductivity and near‐infrared transparency are leveraged using magnetron sputtering and reactive plasma deposition (RPD) methods. Furthermore, instead of traditional zinc oxide, aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) is developed to enhance the carrier extraction capability of PbS QD bottom cells. Based on the above enhancements, ≈0.95 eV PbS solar cells achieve a record efficiency of 14.14%. Integrated with the front semi‐transparent perovskite solar cells, the four‐terminal perovskite/QD tandem device reaches a record efficiency of 26.12%. The synergistic combination of the RBG perovskite and NBG QD devices provides promising prospects for tandem photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experience improvement in motor symptoms after deep brain stimulation (DBS) and before initiating stimulation. This is called the microlesion effect. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The study aims to comprehensively explore the changes in functional connectivity (FC) patterns in movement‐related brain regions in PD patients during the microlesion phase through seed‐based FC analysis. Methods: The study collected the resting functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 49 PD patients before and after DBS surgery (off stimulation). The cortical and subcortical areas related to motor function were selected for seed‐based FC analysis. Meanwhile, their relationship with the motor scale was investigated. Results: The motor‐related brain regions were selected as the seed point, and we observed various FC declines within the motor network brain regions. These declines were primarily in the left middle temporal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right supplementary motor area, left precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right superior frontal gyrus after DBS. Conclusion: The movement‐related network was extensively reorganized during the microlesion period. The study provided new information on enhancing motor function from the network level post‐DBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic fibrosis (PF) is primarily characterized by aberrant production and degradation modes of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, resulting from the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and the pathological cross‐linking of ECM mediated by lysyl oxidase (LOX) family members. The excessively deposited ECM increases matrix stiffness, and the over‐accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces oxidative stress, which further stimulates the continuous activation of PSCs and advancing PF; challenging the strategy toward normalizing ECM homeostasis for the regression of PF. Herein, ROS‐responsive and Vitamin A (VA) decorated micelles (named LR‐SSVA) to reverse the imbalanced ECM homeostasis for ameliorating PF are designed and synthesized. Specifically, LR‐SSVA selectively targets PSCs via VA, thereby effectively delivering siLOXL1 and resveratrol (RES) into the pancreas. The ROS‐responsive released RES inhibits the overproduction of ECM by eliminating ROS and inactivating PSCs, meanwhile, the decreased expression of LOXL1 ameliorates the cross‐linked collagen for easier degradation by collagenase which jointly normalizes ECM homeostasis and alleviates PF. This research shows that LR‐SSVA is a safe and efficient ROS‐response and PSC‐targeted drug‐delivery system for ECM normalization, which will propose an innovative and ideal platform for the reversal of PF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer‐based lithium batteries exhibit a unique combination of advantageous properties, including the favorable interfacial contact characteristic of liquid‐state batteries and the inherent stability of solid‐state batteries. For Li–air batteries operated in the semi‐open atmosphere, implementing in situ synthesized gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) is effective in mitigating the environment‐induced challenges. In this study, a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐based GPE in situ initiated by the toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) is designed to enable the stable operation of lithium–air batteries. The integration of in situ polymerization and polyvinyl alcohol's functional group engineering not only brings benefits to the interfacial contact and electrochemical stability of the battery but also mitigates the moisture sensitivity and volatility of the DMSO electrolyte in the ambient environment. In addition, the GPE can promote the formation of a robust protection film on the lithium surface. As a result, the designed GPE makes the batteries fully leverage their outstanding cycling stability in the ambient environment (241 cycles at 500 mA g−1 and 1000 mAh g−1). Moreover, an optimized Li–air pouch cell structure incorporating the GPE achieves a boasted energy density of 757.5 Wh kg−1, providing a significant technical pathway to bring Li–O2 batteries to practical Li–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adaptive neural network fault‐tolerant control method is proposed for the non‐affine multi‐agent systems with actuator failure and input saturation. Through the transformation of the original multi‐agent systems, an equivalent model is proposed. Considering that the signal input of multi‐agent systems is limited, this article will solve the input saturation problem. But in a real system, the actuator would probably fail. Therefore, a fault tolerant control algorithm is proposed to solve the fault problem in the systems. In this article, an adaptive distributed controller is designed to eliminate the uncertainty of the systems. At the same time, the integral barrier Lyapunov function is selected to verify the stability. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide ions doped in perovskite (LIDP) nanocrystals (NCs) provide an effective way to utilize the emission of lanthanide metals in a solution‐processable way, combining the theoretical photoluminance quantum yield (PLQY) of ≈200%. To utilize advantages, LIDP‐NCs have inspired studies exploring the fundamental physics of energy transfer, including the up‐conversion or down‐conversion process, and the optoelectronic applications of solar cells and white light‐emitting didoes. This review broadens the scope of LIDP nanocrystal matrix semiconductors in electroluminescence devices in the near‐infrared (NIR) range (>900 nm). A research is summarized on the synergistic effect of lanthanide ions and perovskite matrix in the near‐infrared region, and discuss from the perspective of fabrication of lanthanide‐based electroluminescent devices using perovskite materials as the matrix. The multiple optical transitions, bandgap tunability, and quantum‐cutting effect to provide a tutorial on understanding LIDP‐NCs are started. The details of synthesizing LIDP materials and aim to lay the foundation for preparing NIR electroluminescent devices with high efficiency and application value are then illustrated. The scientific issues that limit the performance of LIDP NCs‐based electroluminescent devices and discuss the potential strategies for the future development of LIDP material are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: This study assessed Australian adults' attitudes towards government actions to protect children from digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products. Methods: An online survey was undertaken by Australian adults aged 18–64 recruited via two national panels in December 2019 (N = 2044). Results: Most respondents (69%) agreed the Government should protect children from unhealthy food and drink marketing and advertising broadly. Those who agreed most commonly indicated children should be protected up to age 16 (34%) or 18 (24%). There was widespread support for government actions to stop unhealthy food and drink marketing on digital platforms (e.g., internet sites) (68%–69%) and various digital marketing techniques (e.g., advertising by brands on social media) (56%–71%). A total ban on targeting unhealthy food and drink marketing to children online received the highest level of support (76%). Most respondents (81%) disagreed unhealthy food and drink companies should be able to collect children's personal information for marketing purposes. Support for examined actions was generally higher among older adults, more educated adults and more frequent internet users, lower among males, and similar between parents and non‐parents. Conclusions: There is public perception that the government is responsible for protecting children, well into adolescence, from unhealthy food and drink marketing broadly. Widespread public support extends to specific actions to reduce children's exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products. So What?: Implementation of policies to protect children from digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products would be well received by the Australian public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isocryptomerin (ISO) is a flavonoid isolated from the natural medicine Selaginellae Herba, which has various pharmacological activities. This study investigated the antitumor effect and underlying molecular mechanism of ISO on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. The cell viability assay revealed that ISO has a considerable killing effect on HCC cell lines. The apoptosis assay showed that ISO induced mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis through the Bad/cyto‐c/cleaved (cle)‐caspase‐3/cleaved (cle)‐PARP pathway. The network pharmacological analysis found 13 key target genes, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), AKT, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways were strongly associated with ISO against HCC. Further verification of the results showed that ISO induced apoptosis by increasing p‐p38 and p‐JNK expression and decreasing p‐EGFR, p‐SRC, p‐ERK, and p‐STAT3 expression. Furthermore, ISO induced G0/G1 phase arrest by downregulating p‐AKT, Cyclin D, and CDK 4 expression and upregulating p21 and p27 expression in HepG2 cells. Moreover, ISO inhibited HepG2 cell migration by decreasing p‐GSK‐3β, β‐catenin, and N‐cadherin expression and increasing E‐cadherin expression. Additionally, ISO promoted ROS accumulation in HepG2 cells, and ISO‐induced apoptosis, arrest cell cycle, and inhibition of migration were reversed by an ROS scavenger, N‐acetyl‐ l‐cysteine. Overall, ISO induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell migration by ROS‐mediated EGFR, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of perioperative application of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concepts on wound infections and post‐operative complications in patients receiving orthopaedic surgery, to provide a theoretical basis for post‐operative care. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the application of ERAS to patients receiving orthopaedic surgery, published up to October 2023, were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Literature was screened and evaluated by two reviewers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the final included articles. Data were analysed using RevMan 5.4 software. A total of 20 RCTs were included in the analysis, which included 1875 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery, of whom 938 and 937 were in the ERAS and control groups, respectively. The analysis revealed that in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery, implementation of ERAS in the perioperative period was associated with a significantly reduced the rate of wound infections (1.6% vs. 6.19%, risk ratio [RR]: 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18–0.50, p < 0.001) and complication (5.12% vs. 21.88%, RR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17–0.32, p < 0.001) and can effectively shorten the hospital length of stay (standardised mean difference [SMD]: −2.50 days, 95% CI: −3.17 to −1.83 days, p < 0.001) compared with that of conventional care. The available evidence suggests that the implementation of ERAS in the perioperative period of patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery could effectively reduce the rate of wound infections and complications, shorten the hospital length of stay and promote the early recovery of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SBFI26, an inhibitor of FABP5, has been shown to suppress the proliferation and metastasis of tumour cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which SBFI26 induces ferroptosis in breast cancer cells remains largely unknown. Three breast cancer cell lines were treated with SBFI26 and CCK‐8 assessed cytotoxicity. Transcriptome was performed on the Illumina platform and verified by qPCR. Western blot evaluated protein levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), Fe, glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured. SBFI26 induced cell death time‐ and dose‐dependent, with a more significant inhibitory effect on MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Fer‐1, GSH and Vitamin C attenuated the effects but not erastin. RNA‐Seq analysis revealed that SBFI26 treatment significantly enriched differentially expressed genes related to ferroptosis. Furthermore, SBFI26 increased intracellular MDA, iron ion, and GSSG levels while decreasing T‐SOD, total glutathione (T‐GSH), and GSH levels.SBFI26 dose‐dependently up‐regulates the expression of HMOX1 and ALOX12 at both gene and protein levels, promoting ferroptosis. Similarly, it significantly increases the expression of SAT1, ALOX5, ALOX15, ALOXE3 and CHAC1 that, promoting ferroptosis while downregulating the NFE2L2 gene and protein that inhibit ferroptosis. SBFI26 leads to cellular accumulation of fatty acids, which triggers excess ferrous ions and subsequent lipid peroxidation for inducing ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully differential lumped linear driver for Mach–Zehnder modulator has been presented and assessed in 130‐nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Multitopology peaking techniques, especially T‐coil peaking method, have been employed to flatten the frequency response and increase the bandwidth. Degeneration resistors have been used to enhance circuit linearity. Simultaneously, improvements have been made to the output stage of the conventional single emitter follower push–pull) circuit to enhance the output eye diagram quality at higher transmission rates. The fabricated driver achieved a differential gain of 16.2 dB with a bandwidth of over 50 GHz, corresponding to a fixed output swing of over 3.2 Vppd within the automatic gain control loop. Time domain measurements, limited in speed by the measurement setup, reported a data rate up to 56 Gb/s none return to zero and 40‐GBaud 4‐levels pulse amplitude modulation with a bit error rate less than 10−12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, to obtain environmentally friendly printed cotton fabrics with a clear contour edge, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as a crosslinking agent and guar gum as a thickener were used with natural madder dye. The solid content of the thickener was assessed to determine the optimal viscosity of the printing paste. Scanning electron microscopy images and colour depth (K/S) values were used to analyse the surface morphology and printing properties. The pattern outline of the printed cotton fabric was assessed with an optical microscope. Also, the overall fastness properties of the printed fabrics were evaluated. The results showed that when the solid content of guar gum was 2.5%, the viscosity of the printing paste was close to 10 000 mPa.s, which was suitable for printing cotton fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that most of the printing paste was removed during the washing process, and did not affect the microstructure of the cotton fabric. Compared with direct printed cotton fabrics, the K/S values of mordant and crosslinked printed cotton fabrics increased by 3.12 and 4.01, respectively. In the optical microscopy photographs, the mordant and crosslinked printed cotton fabrics displayed a clear outline sharpness of the printed pattern, and excellent printed products were obtained. The colour fastness to washing, rubbing and light of the crosslinked printed cotton fabric were significantly improved, reaching levels of 4‐5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of 1‐amino‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐anthraquinone (CI Disperse Red 4) and 1‐amino‐2‐hydroxy‐anthraquinone (CI Disperse Red 15) in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured using a dynamic method over a temperature range from 343.15 to 373.15 K and a pressure range from 14 to 22 MPa. The experimental data are analysed by using the back propagation neural network constructed by MATLAB. In the back propagation neural network, the input layer consisted of two inputs, which are temperature and pressure, the output layer consisted of the solubility of dyes, and the hidden layer function was composed of a non‐linear function. The results of the analysis showed that a good fitting level of 0.99 was obtained, which means that the back propagation neural network can accurately estimate the solubility data in supercritical carbon dioxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium (V) pollution potentially threatens human health. Here, it is found that nsp1 and nsp2, Rhizobium symbiosis defective mutants of Medicago truncatula, are sensitive to V. Concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S) with V are negatively correlated in the shoots of wild‐type R108, but not in mutant nsp1 and nsp2 shoots. Mutations in the P transporter PHT1, PHO1, and VPT families, Fe transporter IRT1, and S transporter SULTR1/3/4 family confer varying degrees of V tolerance on plants. Among these gene families, MtPT1, MtZIP6, MtZIP9, and MtSULTR1; 1 in R108 roots are significantly inhibited by V stress, while MtPHO1; 2, MtVPT2, and MtVPT3 are significantly induced. Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana VPT1 or M. truncatula MtVPT3 increases plant V tolerance. However, the response of these genes to V is weakened in nsp1 or nsp2 and influenced by soil microorganisms. Mutations in NSPs reduce rhizobacterial diversity under V stress and simplify the V‐responsive operational taxonomic unit modules in co‐occurrence networks. Furthermore, R108 recruits more beneficial rhizobacteria related to V, P, Fe, and S than does nsp1 or nsp2. Thus, NSPs can modulate the accumulation and tolerance of legumes to V through P, Fe, and S transporters, ion homeostasis, and rhizobacterial community responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The advent of full‐length transcriptome sequencing technologies has accelerated the discovery of novel splicing isoforms. However, existing alternative splicing (AS) tools are either tailored for short‐read RNA‐Seq data or designed for human and animal studies. The disparities in AS patterns between plants and animals still pose a challenge to the reliable identification and functional exploration of novel isoforms in plants.Here, we developed integrated full‐length alternative splicing analysis (iFLAS), a plant‐optimized AS toolkit that introduced a semi‐supervised machine learning method known as positive‐unlabeled (PU) learning to accurately identify novel isoforms. iFLAS also enables the investigation of AS functions from various perspectives, such as differential AS, poly(A) tail length, and allele‐specific AS (ASAS) analyses.By applying iFLAS to three full‐length transcriptome sequencing datasets, we systematically identified and functionally characterized maize (Zea mays) AS patterns. We found intron retention not only introduces premature termination codons, resulting in lower expression levels of isoforms, but may also regulate the length of 3′UTR and poly(A) tail, thereby affecting the functional differentiation of isoforms. Moreover, we observed distinct ASAS patterns in two genes within heterosis offspring, highlighting their potential value in breeding.These results underscore the broad applicability of iFLAS in plant full‐length transcriptome‐based AS research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Polyoxometalates modified with complex cations have attracted increasing attention because of the fascinating properties and the controllable structures. By adjusting the synthesis conditions, four new terpyridine complexes based hybrid POMs, [(TPY‐H)CuCl]4 [W10O32]·2DMF·2H2O (1), [(TPY‐H)Cu(DMSO)(H2O)]2[W10O32]·2H2O (2), [(TPY‐H)2Cu]2[W10O32]·6DMSO·8H2O (3) and [(TPY‐Br)CuCl (DMSO)(H2O)]2[(TPY‐Br)CuCl]2[W10O32]·2DMSO·4H2O (4), were prepared by using 'one‐pot' method. Sing‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, infrared radiation, etc., revealed the structural composition of compounds 1—4, which indicates that synthesis conditions have a directional regulatory effect on the compounds synthesis. Thioether oxidation catalytic reactions show 1—4 have good catalytic activities, and powder X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetry analysis show 1—4 have superduper catalytic stability. Moreover, 4 has better catalytic activity because of the different structure of terpyridine complexes. Therefore, a possible mechanism of dual‐site catalysis by both cations and anions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the accuracy of immediate intraoral, immediate extraoral, and delayed dental implant placement with surgical guides (static computer‐aided implant surgery) in patients treated with mandibular reconstruction. Methods: This was a retrospective study. The patients were divided into three groups: immediate intraoral placement (IIO), immediate extraoral placement (IEO), and delayed placement (DEL). Four variables were used to compare the planned and actual implant positions: angular deviation, three‐dimensional (3D) deviation at the entry point of the implant, 3D deviation at the apical point of the implant, and depth deviation. Results: The angular deviation was significantly higher in the IIO group than in the IEO (p <.05) and DEL (p <.05) groups. The 3D deviation at the entry point was significantly higher in the IIO group than in the IEO (p <.05) and DEL (p <.01) groups. The 3D deviation at the apical point was significantly higher in the IIO group than in the IEO (p <.01) and DEL (p <.01) groups. The depth deviation was significantly higher in the IIO group than in the IEO (p <.05) and DEL (p <.05) groups. There was no statistical difference between the IEO and DEL group in angular and 3D deviation. Conclusion: With surgical guides, among the different approaches for implant placement, delayed implant placement remains the most accurate approach for patients treated with mandibular reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of air and water into valuable chemicals of ammonia (NH3) by plasma activation and electrochemical reduction is a promising approach to achieve zero carbon‐emission synthesis of NH3. However, designing highly efficient electrochemical catalysts is one of the key challenges in accomplishing this strategy. Herein, a self‐supported cobalt–tungsten alloy supported on cobalt foam (CoW/CF) is developed via a simple and efficient method at room temperature. Surprisingly, the catalyst exhibits ultra‐high NH3 partial current density (1559 mA cm−2), superior NH3 yield rate (164.3 mg h−1 cm−2), and high Faradaic efficiency (98.1%) under the condition of 0.2 M nitrate/nitrite, outperforming most of the reported values of electrosynthesis of NH3 to the knowledge. The introduction of W makes the Co atom surface electron deficient, which can enhance the adsorption of NOx− and mitigate the excessive bonding of hydroxyl radicals (OH*) generated during nitrite (NO2*) hydrogenation, thereby reducing the energy barrier of the potential‐determining step. More interestingly, a scale‐up reaction system is established, achieving an NH3 yield rate of 4.771 g h−1 and successfully converting the NH3 in solution into solid NH4Cl. The aforementioned progress significantly enhances the facilitation of NH3 electrosynthesis industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advanced liver fibrosis (LF), macrophages maintain the inflammatory environment in the liver and accelerate LF deterioration by secreting proinflammatory cytokines. However, there is still no effective strategy to regulate macrophages because of the difficulty and complexity of macrophage inflammatory phenotypic modulation and the insufficient therapeutic efficacy caused by the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier. Here, AC73 and siUSP1 dual drug‐loaded lipid nanoparticle is designed to carry milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG‐E8) (named MUA/Y) to effectively inhibit macrophage proinflammatory signals and degrade the ECM barrier. MFG‐E8 is released in response to the high reactive oxygen species (ROS) environment in LF, transforming macrophages from a proinflammatory (M1) to an anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotype and inducing macrophages to phagocytose collagen. Collagen ablation increases AC73 and siUSP1 accumulation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and inhibits HSCs overactivation. Interestingly, complete resolution of liver inflammation, significant collagen degradation, and HSCs deactivation are observed in methionine choline deficiency (MCD) and CCl4 models after tail vein injection of MUA/Y. Overall, this work reveals a macrophage‐focused regulatory treatment strategy to eliminate LF progression at the source, providing a new perspective for the clinical treatment of advanced LF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk gallium nitride (GaN) has shown great success in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), but the use of its counterpart GaN quantum dots (QDs) to obtain electroluminescence has not yet been reported. In this work, the first GaN‐based QLED is demonstrated using Zn‐doped GaN (GaN: Zn) QDs, which is achieved through the combination of trap passivation, energy level adjustment, and morphology engineering. Pure GaN QDs and GaN: Zn QDs are synthesized, and it is found that Zn doping shifts the GaN QD emission from 321 to 377 nm and tunes the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level from 8.6 eV (of original GaN QDs) to 6.9 eV. Multiple washing posttreatment is further developed to improve QD film morphology and size distribution. The optimized GaN: Zn QDs are employed to fabricate solution‐processed LEDs, and the first GaN‐based QLEDs are reported with a maximum quantum efficiency of 0.004%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, for the nonholonomic tractor‐trailer system with slipping and skidding, a full state‐triggering implementation of a tracking controller is proposed. Trailers are an important part, and their knowledge is crucial for the safety and control of the vehicle. Without considering system performance constraints, trailers may deviate from their expected position, leading to collisions. Therefore, there is still great interest in addressing the constraint control issues that arise in modern technologies related to network communication. Based on the backstepping method, bounded measurement errors are introduced into the continuous sampling controller considering intra‐vehicle communications. Then two neural networks are used to model unknown dynamics of the system with event sampling inputs, thereby decoupling the design of the control inputs. Finally, we prove the input‐to‐state‐like stability of a continuously sampled controller, and the given event execution control law can ensure the boundedness of measurement errors. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Osteomyelitis (OM), characterized by heterogeneity and complexity in treatment, has a high risk of infection recurrence which may cause limb disability. Management of chronic inactive osteomyelitis (CIOM) without typical inflammatory symptoms is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. On the basis of data analysis of 1091 OM cases, we reported that latent osteogenic decline in CIOM patients was the main cause of secondary surgery. Our research shows that impairment of osteoblasts capacity in CIOM patients is associated with ferroptosis of osteoblasts caused by internalization of Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies show that melatonin could alleviate ferroptosis of osteoblasts in infected states through Nox4/ROS/P38 axis and protect the osteogenic ability of CIOM patients. Knockout of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in vivo could effectively relieve ferroptosis of osteoblasts in the state of infection and promote osteogenesis. Through a large number of clinical data analyses combined with molecular experiments, this study clarified that occult osteogenic disorders in CIOM patients were related to ferroptosis of osteoblasts. We revealed that melatonin might be a potential therapeutic drug for CIOM patients and provided a new insight for the treatment of OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient electrochemical ammonia (NH3) synthesis is one promising alternative to the energy‐intensive Haber–Bosch route. However, the industrial requirement for the electrochemical NH3 production with amperes current densities or gram‐level NH3 yield remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the high‐rate NH3 production via NO2− reduction using the Cu activated Co electrode in a bipolar membrane (BPM) assemble electrolyser, wherein BPM maintains the ion balance and the liquid level of electrolyte. Benefited from the abundant Co sites and optimal structure, the target modified Co foam electrode delivers a current density of 2.64 A cm−2 with the Faradaic efficiency of 96.45 % and the high NH3 yield rate of 279.44 mg h−1 cm−2 in H‐type cell using alkaline electrolyte. Combined with in situ experiments and theoretical calculations, we found that Cu optimizes the adsorption behavior of NO2− and facilitates the hydrogenation steps on Co sites toward a rapid NO2− reduction process. Importantly, this activated Co electrode affords a large NH3 production up to 4.11 g h−1 in a homemade reactor, highlighting its large‐scale practical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of fine particulate matter PM2.5 on carotid artery stiffness and the potential alleviating effects of exercise. PM2.5 is known to have detrimental effects on human health, including respiratory damage and potential entry into the bloodstream. The study found that PM2.5 exposure led to increased carotid artery stiffness, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Additionally, the study demonstrated that exercise could counteract the toxic effects of PM2.5 by promoting the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in endothelial cells, thereby alleviating carotid artery stiffness. These findings suggest that exercise may have a protective effect against PM2.5-induced stroke. [Extracted from the article]

Precipitation is a meteorological variable that plays a vital role in determining water resources and managing water risks. The intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes have increased in recent years; however, the changes in precipitation regimes across Pakistan remain unclear. This study analysed spatial and temporal changes in the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and concentration index (CI) from 100 meteorological stations across Pakistan from 1981 to 2017. Using innovative trend analysis (ITA) and Pettitt's test, we detected trends and change points in the annual and wet season PCI and CI. Additionally, we examined the relationship between PCI/CI values and latitude and altitude. The results revealed that the CI and PCI ranged between 0.48–0.78 and 10–55, respectively, with higher values being more prevalent in the dry and hot zones of the country. The study established a linear relationship between PCI/CI values, latitude and altitude, with higher values at lower altitudes and a decrease in values from south to north. Most stations presented a significant positive ITA trend for PCI and CI from 1981 to 2017, with a change between 1985 and 1995, indicating an overall increase in heavy precipitation events in the area. These findings are crucial for disaster preparedness, water resource planning, the mitigation of drought and flood risks, and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains a fundamental challenge to administer guided regeneration and functional recovery of peripheral nerves after the complete transection. Herein, a new concept to specifically depolarize the membranes of the target acetylcholinergic motor neurons by near infrared (NIR) laser‐triggered optogenetics for promoted functional reconnection of transected peripheral nerves is reported. The approach features the anchoring of acetylcholine‐modified upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) onto the acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and selective infection of the motor neural cells with adeno‐associated virus loading channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). The upconversion fluorescence mediated by UCNP can activate ChR2 protein for membrane depolarization of the acetylcholinergic motor neurons. It induces a cascade of events, including axonal regeneration, Schwann cells remyelination, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression enhancement, and the remodeling of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) from muscle denervation, which leads to promoted functional reconnection of the injured peripheral nerves. The results of behavioral and electrophysiological experiments further verify the functional recovery of transected peripheral nerves by the approach. The UCNP‐mediated optogenetic strategy of minimally invasive, precisely guided, and functional reconnection of injured nerves shall bring great benefits to both fundamental research and translational development in neural regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontitis is the main indication for dental extraction and often leads to peri‐implantitis (PI). Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is an effective means of preserving ridge dimensions after extraction. However, whether PI prevalence is lower after ARP for extraction after periodontitis remains unclear. This study investigated PI after ARP in patients with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This study explored the 138 dental implants of 113 patients. The reasons for extraction were categorized as periodontitis or nonperiodontitis. All implants were placed at sites treated using ARP. PI was diagnosed on the basis of radiographic bone loss of ≥3 mm, as determined through comparison of standardized bitewing radiographs obtained immediately after insertion with those obtained after at least 6 months. Chi‐square and two‐sample t testing and generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression model were employed to identify risk factors for PI. Statistical significance was indicated by p < 0.05. Results: The overall PI prevalence was 24.6% (n = 34). The GEE univariate logistic regression demonstrated that implant sites and implant types were significantly associated with PI (premolar vs. molar: crude odds ratios [OR] = 5.27, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 2.15–12.87, p = 0.0003; bone level vs. tissue level: crude OR = 5.08, 95% CI = 2.10–12.24; p = 0.003, respectively). After adjustment for confounding factors, the risks of PI were significantly associated with implant sites (premolar vs. molar: adjusted OR [AOR] = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.74–12.24; p = 0.002) and implant types (bone level vs. tissue level: AOR = 6.46, 95% CI = 1.67–25.02; p = 0.007). The reason for dental extraction—that is, periodontitis or nonperiodontitis—was not significantly associated with PI. Conclusion: ARP reduces the incidence of periodontitis‐related PI at extraction sites. To address the limitations of our study, consistent and prospective randomized controlled trials are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti‐ultraviolet, and anti‐wrinkle performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide ions (Yb3+ or Er3+) alloying of CsPb(Cl1‐xBrx)3 quantum dots (QDs) to emit approaching 1000 nm show promise in near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes (NIR‐LEDs). High Yb3+ alloying ratio increases the electroluminance efficiency of emission at 990 nm and enables high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of NIR‐LEDs, however, the high alloying ratio also results in inferior material stability and PLQY drop because of Yb3+‐induced nanocrystal precipitation. This study finds that the heavy alloying of Yb3+ ions causes lattice distortion and coherent energy reduction of Yb3+: CsPb(Cl1‐xBrx)3 QDs, induced by two Yb3+ ions replacing three Pb2+, which leads to the collapse of the octahedral structure in ambient conditions. It posits that spontaneous monovalent ion (Na+) alloying can address the trade‐off between material stability and emission intensity. The Na+ occupies the vacancy of Pb2+ ions, relaxing the distortion in the lattice and improving the phase stability of octahedral structure, and this optimized structure in turn allows a higher Yb3+ alloying ratio. Stability measurements show that the Na+/Yb3+ co‐alloyed films show ten‐fold higher material stability and 2.0‐fold emission efficiency related to controls. It reports that as a result Na+/Yb3+ co‐alloyed NIR‐LEDs have an EQE of 6.4% at 990 nm, which is among the highest perovskite NIR‐LEDs beyond 950 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large‐sized lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) offer strong absorption in the infrared, making them suitable for bottom cells in tandem devices. However, current QD‐based tandem devices underperform compared to single junction devices. This review focuses on defect information and passivation strategies in large‐sized QD solar cells. Defects from oxidation, polydispersity, and nonbonding sites on the (001) facet during QD synthesis are examined. Ligand‐exchange‐related defects such as tangled atoms, incomplete passivation, and excess ligands are analyzed. Surface and interface defects resulting from solar cell fabrication are also discussed. Strategies including cation exchange, thermodynamic growth, kinetic growth, and mixed halide ligands are summarized. Post‐treatment approaches could also help to address surface and interface defects. Large‐sized PbS‐QDs show promise as infrared radiation absorbers. Overcoming defects and implementing effective passivation strategies are crucial for single junction and tandem solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for poor responders to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) remains debatable among patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), necessitating biomarkers to accurately predict the benefits of AC. This study aimed to develop a patient‐derived tumor organoid (PDTO) platform to predict the benefit of AC in LARC patients showing poor nCRT response. PDTOs were established using irradiated rectal cancer specimens with poor nCRT responses, and their sensitivity to chemotherapy regimens was tested. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for the PDTO drug test was defined based on the clinical outcomes, and the accuracy of the PDTO prognostic predictions was calculated. Predictive models were developed and validated using the PDTO drug test results. Between October 2018 and December 2021, 86 PDTOs were successfully constructed from 138 specimens (success rate 62.3%). The optimal IC50 cut‐off value for the organoid drug test was 39.31 μmol/L, with a sensitivity of 84.75%, a specificity of 85.19%, and an accuracy of 84.88%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the PDTO drug test was an independent predictor of prognosis. A nomogram based on the PDTO drug test was developed, showing good prognostic ability in predicting the 2‐year and 3‐year disease‐free survivals (AUC of 0.826 [95% CI, 0.721–0.931] and 0.902 [95% CI, 0.823–0.982], respectively) and overall survivals (AUC of 0.859 [95% CI, 0.745–0.973] and 0.885 [95% CI, 0.792–0.978], respectively). The PDTO drug test can predict the benefit of postoperative AC in poor responders with LARC to nCRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]