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Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide used for managing the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, which serves as vector of phytopathogens causing citrus greening. However, development of resistance to neonicotinoids among populations of D. citri has coincided with occasional control failures in the field. The objectives of this research were to (1) survey current levels of imidacloprid resistance in Florida citrus; (2) compare feeding behavior between imidacloprid‐resistant and susceptible D. citri using electrical penetration graph recordings, and (3) investigate the possible amplification of insecticide hormoligosis associated with resistance. Field surveys confirmed that the susceptibility of D. citri populations to imidacloprid has decreased in commercial Florida citrus groves compared with a laboratory‐susceptible population. Following 12 generations of selection, resistance to imidacloprid increased by 438 fold compared with the susceptible strain. Imidacloprid‐susceptible D. citri feeding on citrus exhibited significantly more bouts associated with intercellular pathway (C), phloem penetration (D), phloem salivation (E1), and nonprobing (Np) activities than imidacloprid‐resistant counterparts. However, there were no differences observed in the frequency or duration of phloem ingestion or xylem feeding between susceptible and resistant D. citri. There was no statistical difference in fecundity between resistant and susceptible strains. However, the fecundity of imidacloprid‐susceptible female D. citri treated with a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid (LC25) increased significantly compared with controls, while such hormoligosis was less pronounced among imidacloprid‐resistant psyllids. Our results suggest that imidacloprid‐resistant psyllids may cease feeding sooner than susceptible counterparts following sublethal exposure to this insecticide, indicative of a behavioral resistance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to a combination of reportedly unique morphological characters and an unlocatable type specimen, Marchantiopsis stoloniscyphula has been regarded as an enigmatic species in Marchantiaceae since its description, and all subsequent taxonomic treatments of this species were made without examination of the type. We located the original material of M. stoloniscyphula which was included as an admixture within the holotype of Wiesnerella fasciaria deposited in IFP. Our morphological examination found that M. stoloniscyphula and W. fasciaria are conspecific with Marchantia papillata subsp. grossibarba and Sandea japonica, respectively. The nomenclature of Marchantiopsis and M. stoloniscyphula are discussed. Lectotypes for M. stoloniscyphula and W. fasciaria are also designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, ezetimibe (EZM) has been suggested to be a potent Nrf2 activator that is important for preventing oxidative stress. Interestingly, we found that its metabolite ezetimibe ketone (EZM‐K) also has antioxidant effects. Thus, we investigated the role of EZM‐K in preventing renal ischemia‒reperfusion injury (RIRI). Cultured NRK‐52E cells were subjected to simulated IR with or without EZM‐K. Rats were used to simulate in vivo experiments. EZM‐K alleviated H2O2‐induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated Nrf2 and HO‐1 levels in NRK‐52E cells. A HO‐1 and a Nrf2 inhibitor reversed the protective effects of EZM‐K. In the rat RIRI model, pretreatment with EZM‐K activated the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway, suppressed tubular injury and inflammation, and improved renal function. EZM‐K significantly prevented renal injury caused by ischemia‒reperfusion via the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling axis both in vivo and in vitro. The other metabolite of EZM, ezetimibe glucuronide (EZM‐G) had no protective effects against ROS in RIRI. EZM‐G also had no antioxidant effects and could not activate Nrf2/HO‐1 signal pathway. Our findings also indicated the therapeutic potential of EZM‐K in preventing RIRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This research delved into the role of gluten fractions on digestion, physical properties and structure of wheat starch (WS)–lauric acid (LA) system under non‐alkaline/alkaline conditions. Results showed that gluten fractions decreased the digestion of WS with LA and gliadin had greater effect on the digestion of WS with LA under non‐alkaline/alkaline conditions than glutenin. Specifically, gliadin increased RS content of WS with LA by 70.99% and 84.89%, respectively, under non‐alkaline and alkaline conditions. The diminished in WS digestion caused by gluten fractions and LA ascribed to the decrease in swelling power and leaching of starch. Rapid viscosity analyser (RVA) demonstrated that gluten fractions were conducive to WS–LA and/or WS–LA–protein complexes formation and gliadin was more helpful to these complexes' formation than glutenin under non‐alkaline conditions. Additionally, gliadin had greater effect on the stability and short‐range ordered structure of WS with LA than glutenin. Addition of gliadin resulted in 6.79% and 13.33% of increase in short‐range orderliness compared with WS–LA system under non‐alkaline and alkaline conditions, respectively. Furthermore, gluten fractions had greater influence on the digestion of WS with LA under alkaline conditions than non‐alkaline conditions ascribed to the formation of WS–LA and/or WS–LA–protein complexes with low swelling power and high ordered structure under alkaline conditions. This study provided crucial information on the design of starchy foods with low digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic single crystals with near‐infrared (NIR) emission demonstrate their excellent optical communications from well photonic confinement and low optical waveguide loss, which are considered as competitive candidates toward advanced optoelectronics. However, the increasingly diverse and sophisticated application demands result in the complicated design of NIR devices, which is hardly realized solely by the intrinsic properties of individual crystals. Herein, a programmable assembly strategy is presented to fabricate organic heterostructures. Triphenylene (TP), pyrene (Py) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) are primary selected to prepared organic cocrystals with narrow band gap and near‐infrared emission. Importantly, the charge‐transfer alloy with tunable emission from 700 nm to 850 nm and branched heterostructures with multichannel characteristics are prepared from these organic cocrystals by following the growth kinetics process at molecular level and lattice matching principle at structural level, respectively. Theses prepared heterostructures exhibit optical logic operation capabilities, which can serve as optical modulators. This work provides new insights into the manufacturing of organic NIR heterostructures applied in advanced optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrological regime is considered to be the major factor that affects the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi in wetlands. We aimed to investigate the responses of AM fungal community to different hydrological gradients. Illumina Miseq sequencing technology was used to study the AM fungal community structure in roots and rhizosphere soils of Phragmites australis in different moisture areas (dry area, alternating wet and dry area, and flooded area) in Mengjin Yellow River wetland. The rhizosphere soils and roots hosted different AM fungal communities. In roots, the AM fungal colonization and Chao1 richness in dry area were significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and flooded area, but the community composition did not vary clearly under different water conditions. In rhizosphere soils, the Chao1 richness of AM fungi in flooded area was significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and dry area, and the AM fungal community structure obviously differed across different areas. The redundancy analyses indicated that changes in the AM fungal community in soils were associated with altered soil properties, and the abundance of the dominant genus Glomus was mostly positively correlated with alkali‐hydrolyzable nitrogen in soils. This study helps us to understand the responses of AM fungal community to hydrological gradients in wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc cushions intraarticular stress during mandibular movements. While mechanical overloading is related to cartilage degeneration, the pathogenesis of TMJ disc degeneration is unclear. Here, we determined the regulatory role of mechanoinductive transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in mechanical overload‐induced TMJ disc degeneration. Methods: We explored the effect of mechanical overload on the TMJ discs in a rat occlusal interference model in vivo, and by applying sustained compressive force in vitro. TRPV4 inhibition was delivered by small interfering RNA or GSK2193874; TRPV4 activation was delivered by GSK1016790A. The protective effect of TRPV4 inhibition was validated in the rat occlusal interference model. Results: Occlusal interference induced TMJ disc degeneration with enhanced extracellular matrix degradation in vivo and mechanical overload promoted inflammatory responses in the TMJ disc cells via Ca2+ influx with significantly upregulated TRPV4. TRPV4 inhibition reversed mechanical overload‐induced inflammatory responses; TRPV4 activation simulated mechanical overload‐induced inflammatory responses. Moreover, TRPV4 inhibition alleviated TMJ disc degeneration in the rat occlusal interference model. Conclusion: Our findings suggest TRPV4 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of mechanical overload‐induced TMJ disc degeneration and may be a promising target for the treatment of degenerative changes of the TMJ disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheap, stable and easy‐to‐handle Werner ammine salts have been known for more than a century; but they have been rarely used in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that the Werner hexammine complex [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 can be used as both a nitrogen and a catalytic nickel source that allow for the efficient amination of aryl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of bipyridine ligand under the irradiation of 390–395 nm light without the need of any additional catalysts. More than 80 aryl chlorides, including more than 20 drug molecules, were aminated, demonstrating the practicality and generality of this method in synthetic chemistry. A slow NH3 release mechanism is in operation, obviating the problem of catalyst poisoning. Still interestingly, we show that the Werner salt can be easily recovered and reused, solving the problem of difficult recovery of transition metal nickel catalysts. The protocol thus provides an efficient new strategy for the synthesis of primary aryl amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the anti‐aging potential of the flavonoid derivative of isoquercitrin known as enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ). Initial HPLC analyses showed that EMIQ used in the study contained 1–12 glucosides and 10.7% pentahydroxyflavonoids, promising potent antioxidant properties. In subsequent in‐vitro studies with UVA‐exposed human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa), EMIQ demonstrated protective properties by reducing collagen damage. It modulated both the TGFβ/Smad pathway and the MMP1 pathway, contributing to collagen preservation. This protective effect was further confirmed using the T‐Skin™ model, a reconstructed full‐thickness human skin model, which illustrated that EMIQ could defend the physiological structures of both the epidermis and dermis against UV radiation. A 28‐day clinical trial with 30 volunteers aged 31–55 years highlighted EMIQ's effectiveness. Participants using EMIQ‐containing Essence displayed reduced facial trans‐epidermal water loss and skin roughness, alongside improved skin elasticity. This study emphasizes EMIQ's potential as an anti‐photoaging ingredient in cosmetics, warranting further research. The findings pave the way for developing innovative skincare products addressing photoaging effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In past decades, organic crystals have presented considerable potential in the field of optoelectronics due to their rich tunable physical and chemical properties and excellent optoelectronic characteristics. White‐light emission, as a special application, has received widespread attention and has been applied in various fields, generating significant interest in the scientific community. By preparing white light‐emitting organic crystals, a series of applications for future white‐light sources can be realized. This article reviews the research progress on the molecular design and synthesis, preparation, and application of white light‐emitting organic crystals in recent years. We hope that this review will help to understand and facilitate the development of white light‐emitting organic crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of alcohols into value‐added products is of great importance, as simple alcohols are widespread and can be easily derived from both fossil fuels and biomass. The selective functionalization of a sp3 C−H bond on the alkyl side chain of an alcohol over its hydroxyl group would offer an expedient route to expand the chemical space of alcohols but it remains a challenging task. Harnessing the borrowing hydrogen strategy, the β‐arylation of secondary alcohols with aryl bromides has been achieved in this study, which allows for the selective functionalization of a β‐Csp3−H bond in an alcohol substrate. Under the catalysis of a Pd complex, secondary alcohols reacted with aryl bromides to afford 1,2‐diaryl alcohols with broad substrate scope in the presence of a ketone additive. Furthermore, the enantioconvergent version of the reaction has also been realized, transforming racemic secondary alcohols into enantioenriched chiral 1,2‐diaryl alcohols under the cooperative Pd and Ru catalysis. Mechanism studies indicate that the reactions are enabled by borrowing hydrogen catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a photochemical C−N coupling of abundant, but less reactive aryl chlorides, with structurally diverse primary and secondary amides by Ni‐mediated without an external photocatalyst. Under the irradiation of light (390–395 nm) with a soluble organic amine as the base, the reaction allows for the successful transformation of (hetero)aryl chlorides to a wide range of N‐aryl amides. More than 60 examples are shown, demonstrating the feasibility and applicability of this protocol in organic synthesis. Mechanic studies indicate that this amidation proceeds via a Ni(I)‐Ni(III) catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three new donor–acceptor complex forms (zBC) containing a helical‐shape dibenzocarbazole analog (DBCz) as the electron donor and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) as the electron acceptor via a simple solution‐processing strategy are reported. The beginning components self‐assembled into supramolecular frameworks with glamorous alignment modes and different molar ratios: ≈1:1 P or M‐enantiomer for α‐cocrystal, alternated P/M‐column stacking in mesmeric 2:3 β‐cocrystal, and segregated stacking of γ‐cocrystal. As a result, α‐cocrystal exhibits bright solid‐state red fluorescent, β‐cocrystal shows significant optical waveguide behavior with a low optical loss coefficient of ≈0.018 dB µm−1, and no visual light emission is observed for γ‐cocrystal under ultraviolet radiation. Interestingly, the α‐zBC crystal is not only emissive but also chiroptically active with dissymmetry factor (glum) of 0.004. This study on chiral stacking tailoring paves a way for functional design of organic charge‐transfer complex toward application in high‐performance organic optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern organic photonics is heavily reliant on micro‐/nanostructured organic crystalline materials, not least because they exhibit advantageous physicochemical properties and can be easily fabricated by bottom‐up approaches such as self‐assembly driven by weak noncovalent intermolecular interactions (van der Waals forces, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, charge transfer interactions, etc.). Herein, the effects of these interactions on organic crystal nucleation are summarized, the resulting low‐dimensional organic crystal structures and their optoelectronic applications are discussed, and future development prospects are presented to inspire the further investigation of such optofunctional structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near‐infrared (NIR) micro/nanolasers hold great potential for integration of optoelectronic circuitry, medical diagnosis, sensing, and so forth. For the laser medium, organic gain molecules are highly attractive in NIR micro/nanolasers due to the inherent merits of abundant excited‐state processes, chemical tunability, and solution processing. Herein, the recent advances of NIR organic micro/nanolasers on nondoped molecule aggregates are reviewed from the aspects of gain materials, fabrication of self‐assembled microcavities, and NIR lasing actions, as well as some typical examples in applications, supporting the effective construction of internal quantitative relationship of gain molecular structures, excited‐state gain processes, self‐assembled micro/nanostructures, and NIR lasing performance. Finally, conclusion and outlook are given, aiming at offering valuable revelation for further development of high‐performance NIR organic micro/nanolasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise fabrication of organic micro/nanostructures with regular morphology has gained a considerable concern in developing high‐performance optoelectronic devices, which is still a huge challenge to realize tunable morphology without the dependence on molecule packing arrangement. Herein, a thermodynamic/kinetic controlled self‐assembly for triphenylene‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TP‐TCNQ) cocrystal, with well‐defined microwires and microplates based on the same crystal structure, is proposed. With the low solution concentration of C = 5 mm, the comparable growth rates along [011] driven by π–π interaction and along [100] driven by charge‐transfer (CT) interaction facilitate the formation of thermodynamically favored shape of microplates. In contrast, the prominent CT interaction along [100] leads to the construction of microwires at kinetic state under high‐concentration solution of C = 10 mm. Furthermore, the prepared TP‐TCNQ microwires and microplates demonstrate isotropic photonic transmissions with the low optical loss coefficient of 0.033 and 0.042 dB µm−1, respectively. This strategy provides a novel avenue to finely construct the organic microcrystals with desired morphology for potential optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The potential teratogenic risk of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is of widespread concern; however, related evidence is largely absent in humans. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of congenital malformations between pregnant women with and without TCM exposure. Material and methods: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study of 17 713 women who participated in a survey on periconceptional TCM exposure. Primary outcome was congenital malformations diagnosed from a survey conducted on the day 42 after delivery. Results: A total of 16 751 pregnant women with 273 congenital malformations were included in the analysis. Fetuses exposed to TCM had an increased risk of congenital malformations compared to those without exposure (odds ratio [OR] 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-4.02) after controlling for potential confounders. There were significant associations with congenital malformations in women with early pregnant exposure (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.00-4.20) and for those who received =2 TCM formulas (OR 5.84, 95% CI 1.44-23.65). Pre-pregnancy TCM exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects (OR 12.69; 95% CI 3.01-53.51). Conclusions: Periconceptional TCM exposure is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformation. This effect was cumulative and sensitive to periconceptional age. Therefore, TCM deserves more attention and should be used cautiously for pregnant women and those trying to become pregnant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic semiconductor molecules possess chemical tunability and large stimulated emission cross section, representing a promising candidate for laser gain medium. However, for the pursuit of telecom‐wavelength organic lasers, one of the major obstacles is the lack of effective energy‐level systems with high optical gain to compensate the exciton deactivation losses. Herein, the effects of molecular conformation‐dependent distinct cascaded proton‐transfer six‐level energy gain systems on lasing emission properties are systematically investigated based on organic polymorphs, proving that an energy‐level gain system without reversible transition channels is more conducive to the formation of efficient population inversion and high optical gain. Notably, the one‐way irreversible six‐level energy system of β‐phase polymorph supports more favorable population inversions than the two‐way reversible six‐level system of α‐phase polymorph due to the irreversible excited‐state second proton transfer and the irreversible ground‐state recovery, achieving the amplified spontaneous emission at telecom‐wavelength of ≈850 nm. This study provides useful guidelines for constructing efficient energy‐level gain systems, promoting the exploration of high‐gain organic semiconductor laser materials from visible to near‐infrared region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of integrated circuits for displays and other applications requires semiconductor device models and appropriate parameter extraction techniques to predict and understand the circuit behavior. These techniques are paramount in reducing design errors and shortening the product development cycle. This paper presents an algorithm that employed swarm intelligence in exploring an automated and accurate parameter extraction technology. First, an automatic parameter extraction of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Model for polysilicon thin-film transistor (Poly-Si TFT) is achieved by genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Compared with the best solution of the GA algorithm for automatic parameter extraction, the PSO outperformed the GA. However, it still prematurely converges to the suboptimal solution henceforth cannot obtain the expected solution accuracy. Second, the mutual learning particle swarm optimization (MLPSO) algorithm is proposed that introduces the concept of "mutual learning." The new algorithm aims to find the global optimum in getting suitable trade-off between exploration and exploitation. In addition, the MLPSO algorithm implemented the novel random initialization and fitness function in simplifying the complex manual processes and the empirical calibration, and it led to achieving automatic and accurate parameters extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by acute pancreatitis (AP) exacerbates pancreatic injury and systemic inflammatory responses. The alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis through faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is considered a potential strategy to reduce tissue damage and inflammation in many clinical disorders. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of gut microbiota and microbiota‐derived metabolites on AP and further clarify the mechanisms associated with pancreatic damage and inflammation. Experimental Approach: AP rat and mouse models were established by administration of caerulein or sodium taurocholate in vivo. Pancreatic acinar cells were exposed to caerulein and lipopolysaccharide in vitro to simulate AP. Key Results: Normobiotic FMT alleviated AP‐induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and ameliorated the severity of AP, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammation. Normobiotic FMT induced higher levels of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)‐associated metabolites, particularly nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN administration mitigated AP‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammation by increasing pancreatic NAD+ levels. Similarly, overexpression of the NAD+‐dependent mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) alleviated the severity of AP. Furthermore, SIRT3 deacetylated peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) and enhanced PRDX5 protein expression, thereby promoting its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities in AP. Importantly, normobiotic FMT‐mediated NMN metabolism induced SIRT3–PRDX5 pathway activation during AP. Conclusion and Implications: Gut microbiota‐derived NMN alleviates the severity of AP by activating the SIRT3–PRDX5 pathway. Normobiotic FMT could be served as a potential strategy for AP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Many patients with osteosarcoma readily develop resistance to chemotherapy and have an extremely dismal prognosis. Dioscin, a saponin, is known to exhibit potent anticancer activities and induce cellular death of a variety of cancer types. However, the inhibitory effect of dioscin on osteosarcoma cells and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the responses of human U2‐OS and MG63 osteosarcoma cells to dioscin with regard to proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, and studied the effect of dioscin on MAPK‐related proteins by western blot analysis assays. Dioscin inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, it induced osteosarcoma cell apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent apoptotic signaling. N‐acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species inhibitor, suppressed dioscin‐induced apoptosis, indicating that ROS play an essential role in dioscin‐induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis assays showed that p38 MAPK was upregulated after dioscin treatment, and that dioscin induced apoptosis by upregulating ROS‐mediated p38 MAPK signaling. Our study suggests that dioscin possesses antitumor activities against human osteosarcoma cells, inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induces osteosarcoma cell apoptosis through upregulating ROS‐mediated p38 MAPK signaling. This study may provide a new therapeutic strategy and potential clinical applications for the treatment of osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical image segmentation plays a vital role in computer‐aided diagnosis and intelligent medical treatment. It can preprocess medical images to help doctors better diagnose diseases. Class activation map (CAM) is an important technology in weakly supervised segmentation, which can achieve image segmentation without pixel‐level label training. This technology can well meet the needs of medical image segmentation. However, CAM obtaining is still unperfect due to global average pooling (GAP). GAP will cause important and non‐important regions to be given equal attention during the training process. So, CAM cannot demarcate the boundary of the target regions well. In order to solve this problem, a global weighted average pooling network fusing the grayscale information of medical images is proposed. The proposed network can solve the problem that GAP has the same concern for important regions and non‐important regions of the feature map, because the different weights can be learned for different positions of the feature map before the GAP in the proposed model. At the same time, because of the grayscale difference between the tumor area and the non‐tumor area in the brain tumor image, the low‐level grayscale information of the medical image is fused with the high‐level semantic information extracted by the network to learn the weights. This operation gives full play to the advantages of feature maps of different levels. The experiment results on the popular medical image dataset BraTS2019 show that the proposed method can well improve the performance of CAM and help CAM fit the boundaries of objects. Meanwhile, in the DSC evaluation, the proposed method achieves a score of 64.1%, which is a 4.6% improvement over a recent research method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regioselective synthesis of double difluoromethylated allylic products from easily accessible β,γ‐unsaturated carboxylic acids and difluoromethylation reagents under visible‐light photocatalysis is reported. This transformation tolerates various bromodifluoroacetates and fluorinated phosphonates, providing access to various difluoromethylated allylic products in 54–93% yield with 80:20 to 99:1 Z/E, which can not be readily synthesized using the currently known methods. Choosing fac‐[Ir(ppy)3] as the photocatalyst and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as the additive is crucial for the success of this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of multiple components or structures into integrated micro/nanostructures for practical application has been pursued for many years. Herein, a series of hierarchical organic microwires with branch, core/shell (C/S), and branch C/S structures are successfully constructed based on organic charge transfer (CT) cocrystals with structural similarity and physicochemical tunability. By regulating the intermolecular CT interaction, single microwires and branch microstructures can be integrated into the C/S and branch C/S structures, respectively. Significantly, the integrated branch C/S microwires, with multicolor waveguide behavior and branch structure multichannel waveguide output characteristics, can function as an optical logic gate with multiple encoding features. This work provides useful insights for creating completely new types of organic microstructures for integrated optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic gain materials, with the merit of abundant excited‐state processes with large stimulated emission cross‐section, show considerable potential in lasers. The abundant excited‐state processes provide excellent platform for the construction of various forms of energy‐level systems, based on which the efficient population inversion and the tailorable gain region are supported. Herein, the development of organic lasers with distinctive energy‐level systems is summarized according to the classification of excited‐state gain processes including singlet quasi‐four‐level transition, energy transfer, excimer, charge transfer (CT), excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and some other novel photophysical processes, giving deep insight into the inherent relationship between energy‐level systems and laser action. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the future development are presented, hopefully to offer valuable enlightenment for the further optimization of energy‐level systems toward high‐gain organic lasers including electrically pumped organic lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor‐phase growth methods, taking the advantages of producing high‐quality crystals with low defects, thin thickness, and homogeneous composition, are of great significance in the field of organic crystal growth and their high‐performance applications. At present, the requirements for organic crystals as building blocks for the construction of optoelectronic devices are increasing with the constant advances in organic optoelectronics. Therefore, the vapor‐phase growth method would become one of the practical techniques that cannot be ignored to fabricate organic crystals. In this paper, an overview of different vapor‐phase growth methods for the preparation of organic single crystals is provided. An introduction to the current status of the vapor phase method is presented and the view on the challenges it faces with some promising solution ideas. It is believed that this review will serve as a reference for further development and an inspiration for the new way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic molecules which can undergo excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process have been considered as ideal gain materials for near‐infrared organic lasers owing to their effective four‐level systems. However, extending lasing wavelength beyond 800 nm with present ESIPT‐active gain materials is still in challenge. Herein, we established a molecular design strategy that operates via extending the π‐conjugated system of the ESIPT parent core to enhance the cascaded double ESIPT process and thus to achieve the red‐shifted six‐level system lasing. Concretely, a model molecule with 1,9‐dihydroxyanthracene as the ESIPT parent core was designed and synthesized, which was proved to undergo twice cascaded ESIPT processes while the 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene‐based analogue can only undergo once ESIPT process based on DFT calculations and ultrafast dynamics analyses. Finally, a six‐level system lasing toward 900 nm was achieved with a low threshold of 27.4 μJ cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allylic amines are useful building blocks in organic synthesis, so the development of green and efficient methods for the preparation of allylic amines are of great importance. An Fe‐catalyzed amidation of allylic alcohols with chiral tert‐butylsulfinamide has been developed. With water as the only by‐product, a range of synthetically useful chiral sulfinamide olefin derivatives (30 examples) were obtained under mild reaction conditions. The reaction can be performed on a gram‐scale, and the products could serve as chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by an Fe‐catalyzed borrowing hydrogen process, which is different from most of the reported allylic amination reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Organic near‐infrared (NIR) luminescent materials have captured intense research interest owing to their potential applications in optical communication, data storage, bioimaging, sensing and night vision. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process with absorption in normal form while emission in tautomer form can lead to a distinct redshift emission, based on which, a lot of organic NIR luminescent materials were designed. Because of attractive features such as ultrahigh sensitivity to the surroundings, large Stokes shift, and inherent four level system, ESIPT based NIR luminescent materials are supposed to be ideal fluorescent probes and gain materials. In this review, first, organic near‐infrared luminescent materials based on ESIPT process are summarized according to the core structures. Second, recent advances of ESIPT‐based organic near‐infrared fluorescent probes and organic NIR lasers are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of ESIPT‐based organic NIR luminescent materials are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the mortality of patients with fragile hip fractures and assess the death‐associated risk factors. Methods: A total of 690 patients with osteoporotic hip fractures (age, 50–103 years) that were treated from January 2010 to December 2015 were enrolled and followed‐up in this study and the clinical data were retrospectively collected. Three months, 1 year, and the total mortality were measured. Mortality‐related risk factors were assessed including age, gender, surgery, the duration from injury to operation, pulmonary infection, and the number and type of complications. The mortality of each group was compared by chi‐square test or corrected chi‐square test for univariate analysis, and the factors with statistically significant mortality difference confirmed by univariate analysis were analyzed by binary logistic multivariate analysis. Results: The 3‐month mortality was 7.69%, the 1‐year mortality was 15.60%, and the total mortality of the follow‐up time was 24.06%. The 1‐year and total mortality during the follow‐up of the patients were higher in the >75‐year‐old group than those in the ≤75‐year‐old group (p = 0.000, respectively); were higher in the male patients than that in the female patients (p = 0.042; p = 0.017, respectively); were significantly lower in the operation group than that in the non‐operation group (p = 0.000, respectively); were significantly lower in the patients that underwent the operation in ≤5 days than the patients that underwent the operation within >5 days (p = 0.008; p = 0.000, respectively); were significantly lower in patients with >2 kinds of combined medical diseases than those with ≥2 kinds of chronic diseases (p = 0.000, respectively); were significantly lower in patients receiving anti‐osteoporosis treatment than in patients not receiving anti‐osteoporosis treatment (p = 0.000, p = 0.002, respectively). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors affecting mortality included advanced age >75‐years‐old (OR = 5.653, p = 0.000), male (OR = 1.998, p = 0.001), non‐surgical treatment (OR = 9.909, p = 0.000), the number of combined medical diseases ≥2 (OR = 1.522, p = 0.042), and non‐anti‐osteoporosis treatment (OR = 1.796, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Age, whether or not surgical treatment was performed, the number of medical diseases, and whether or not anti‐osteoporosis treatment was performed were independent risk factors for 3‐month and 1‐year mortality in patients with fragile hip fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of information technology has resulted in a growing demand for low‐dimensional photonic materials. Organic semiconductor materials play an important role in various photonic devices due to their adjustable physicochemical properties, while individual organic crystals do not exhibit the desired performance due to the limitations of their simple structure. Branched organic crystals with inherent multichannel characteristics based on π‐conjugated molecules are favorable components in optoelectronics. However, the preparation of branched organic crystals still faces great challenges before they can be applied in integrated optoelectronic devices. In this Review, the development and representative examples of branched organic crystals in terms of molecular design, synthesis, and advanced applications are discussed. We also provide a summary and outlook for the direction of future research on branched organic crystals as excellent candidates in photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi), an important fish for the aquaculture industry of China, is often affected by viral diseases. A stable and sensitive cell line can play an important role in virus identification and isolation, functional gene identification, virus pathogenic mechanism and antiviral immunity study. In the present study, a new cell line (S. chuatsi skin cell, SCSC) derived from the skin of S. chuatsi was established. The SCSC mainly consisted of fibroblastic‐like cells, which grew well in M199 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at 25°C. Chromosome analysis revealed that the SCSC (44%) has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48. The SCSC can be transfected and expressed exogenous gene efficiently. It also showed high sensitivity to several aquatic animal viruses from different families including Rhabdoviridae, Iridoviridae and Reoviridae. In addition, RT‐PCR showed that S. chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) started genome replication as early as 3 h post infection in the cells, which also induced the up‐regulation of a variety of immune‐related genes including these related to interleukin family, pattern recognition receptors, JAK–STAT pathway and interferon regulatory factors. In summary, current study provided a new tool in research of fish viruses and its interaction with host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)‐active organic semiconductor materials, characterized by a or several resonance‐assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHBs), are supposed to be ideal candidates for achieving high‐performance near‐infrared (NIR) lasers. However, according to the energy gap law, the development of ESIPT‐active gain materials is still limited by the serious nonradiative decays. Herein, it is demonstrated that RAHBs can activate ESIPT lasing by inhibiting nonradiative decays. A new ESIPT‐active material 1,5‐dihydroxy‐2,6‐diphenylanthraquinone (DP‐DHAQ) containing two centrosymmetric RAHBs is developed, which exhibits a ≈100‐fold higher radiative decay rate (kr = 1.1 × 1010 s–1) in doped polystyrene (PS) film than that of 1‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐2,6‐diphenylanthraquinone (DP‐HMAQ) and 1,5‐dimethoxy‐2,6‐diphenylanthraquinone (DP‐DMAQ), in which one and two RAHBs are broken, respectively, by introducing methyl groups. Both DP‐DHAQ and DP‐HMAQ can form four‐level systems based on the ESIPT processes, but only DP‐DHAQ doped PS microspheres exhibit laser emission at 710 nm under the test conditions. It is worth mentioning that single‐crystal microplates of DP‐DHAQ can realize NIR laser emission at 725 nm. The results suggest that RAHBs can effectively activate the gain property of ESIPT‐active materials, which deepens insights into NIR ESIPT lasing and provides a new proposal for the design of organic laser‐active molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic near‐infrared (NIR) emissive materials integrating the intrinsic NIR light advantages and organic semiconductor characters have generated immense scientific interest in fundamental science and practical application, including optical communications, night vision, surveillance, and biomedical applications. Nevertheless, the intrinsic energy gap law engenders a huge challenge to simultaneously meet longer emission wavelength and higher luminescence efficiency for organic NIR emitters. Herein, it is suggested that the purposefully molecular design and crystal engineering for novel organic NIR materials are urgently studied and explored. Herein, recent advances in novel organic NIR materials, mainly focusing on the hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) compounds, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, CT cocrystals, neutral π‐radicals, and excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)‐active materials, are summarized. It is hoped that this perspective can afford a new insight into the fine design and synthesis of the desired organic NIR emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic multiblock heterostructure nanowires (OMHNs), integrating distinct components in the same axial structure, have attracted much attention due to their excellent properties such as intrinsic good light confinement and rectification characteristics. However, rationally incorporating such features into OMHNs with rigorous 1D morphology control remains a key synthetic objective. It is because that the single components possess fundamentally distinctive properties such as size‐dependent electronic, optical, and magnetic features as well as lattice parameters. In the last decade, researchers made their own efforts to this exciting field, especially from the controlled fabrication to the advanced applications of the multiblock nanowires. As a result, various OMHNs have been developed as very promising candidates for high‐performance optoelectronic applications such as light harvesting, logic gate devices, photonic transistors, and photonic anticounterfeiting. Herein, the recent advances of OMHNs from the aspects of molecular design, synthesis, and advanced applications are reviewed, and an outlook is given providing inspiration for the future development of OMHNs toward integrated optoelectronic at nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cottids (Cottidae) are a taxonomically diverse and ecologically important component of many marine and freshwater ecosystems. Despite recent breakthroughs in long‐read sequencing, high quality genomic resources are still limited for studies of ecological and evolutionary processes in cottids. Here, we generated a high‐quality, chromosome‐scale genome assembly (521.26 Mb) of the catadromous roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel) with a contig N50 of 2.93 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 24.06 Mb. Approximately 21.97% of the genome was composed of repetitive elements. A total of 21,872 protein‐coding genes were predicted, of which 19,900 genes (90.98%) were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analysis supported the validity of Scorpaenoidei and Cottioidei as two suborders of the Perciformes. Chromosome‐scale collinearity analyses identified four chromosome fusions leading to the reduction of chromosome number in T. fasciatus. Gene families related to cell apoptosis and cell death were expanded and those related to immune system were contracted, suggesting that these gene families might be relevant to a host of phenotypic differences between T. fasciatus and other teleosts. Gene families associated with osmoregulation were also expanded, which might be associated with its catadromous life history. A total of 50 aging‐associated genes were found to be under positive selection, which might be associated with the short lifespan of T. fasciatus. The high‐quality genome assembly and annotation will promote researches into the evolution of catadromous life history and short lifespan for T. fasciatus and facilitate comparative genomic studies of cottids in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is an important pest that transmits the causal pathogens of huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus. In Florida, HLB threatens citrus production and insecticide overuse for the vector has resulted in evolution of resistance among populations of D. citri to commonly used insecticides. Cyantraniliprole is effective against nymphal and adult D. citri. However, since the introduction of cyantraniliprole use in Florida, observations have suggested that duration of population suppression following foliar sprays against D. citri has decreased from 60 to 28 days during the period between 2012 and 2020. Here, we sampled populations of D. citri from four locations in FL and measured their susceptibility to four insecticides compared with a susceptible laboratory culture. A vial bioassay method was used to measure direct toxicity of insecticides to D. citri. For bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, dimethoate and thiamethoxam, the resistance ratios of field populations were 6.67–11.33, 3.20–36.37, 12.50–82.50 and 4.60–10.08, respectively. Data suggested that susceptibility levels of D. citri populations to cyantraniliprole have decreased over 10‐fold at three separate citrus growing locations in Florida. Although some shifts in the resistance ratio of cyantraniliprole appear to have occurred since its use began in FL citrus, the resistance ratios are congruent with field observations indicating that D. citri should remain susceptible to label rate applications of this mode of action without control failure. However, our results indicate that sufficient field variation in susceptibility to cyantraniliprole exists among populations of D. citri to justify careful management of this insecticide for prevention of insecticide resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric hydroalkylation of racemic allylic alcohols has been developed for the synthesis of chiral amino acid derivatives with two remote chiral centers by borrowing hydrogen catalysis. The stereoselectivities are controlled by a single chiral Ru catalyst via a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation process and an interesting diastereoselectivity amplification process of the product. The method could be used for the synthesis of several types of biologically important molecules, including stereodivergent synthesis of chiral pyrrolidine derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials have attracted increasing attention because of their ability to harvest triplet excitons via a reverse intersystem crossing process. TADF gain materials that can recycle triplet excitons for stimulated emission are considered for solving the triplet accumulation problem in electrically pumped organic solid‐state lasers (OSSLs). In this mini review, recent progress in TADF gain materials is summarized, and design principles are extracted from existing reports. The construction methods of resonators based on TADF gain materials are also introduced, and the challenges and perspectives for the future development of TADF gain materials are presented. It is hoped that this review will aid the advances in TADF gain materials and thus promote the development of electrically pumped OSSLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical interconnects exhibit superior potential in the precise regulation of photon transmission for organic photonic circuits. However, the rational design of well‐defined organic heterostructures toward active optoelectronics remains challenging. Herein, we designed organic branched heterostructures (OBHs) with accurate spatial organization for optical interconnection. Notably, the precise regulation of OBHs has been controllably achieved including the trunk morphologies and the branched microwire number. Significantly, these as‐prepared OBHs inherently exhibit the multichannel coupling outputs and the excitation position‐dependent waveguide characteristics, leading to various outcoupling signals with tunable intensity and emission colors. The optical interconnects are realized due to the occurrence of exciton conversion and photon propagation between branch and trunk at the heterojunction, benefiting the application possibilities of two‐dimensional (2D) optical barcodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐crystalline micro‐/nanostructures based on organic stimulus‐responsive materials have attracted wide interests for their unique functional roles in various photonic applications including optical wave guiding, optical vapor sensing, and miniaturized lasing. Yet one imminent challenge is to pattern micro‐/nanostructured organic 1D arrays with controlled geometry, precise alignment, and pure crystallographic orientation owing to the uncontrollable dewetting dynamics in the solution processes. Herein, a smart assembly method is employed to regulate a confined crystallization of organic molecules. Sensitive, stable, and reproducible optical 1D‐array vapor sensors can detect the alkaline and acidic vapors based on the proton transfer process. As‐fabricated vapor sensors based on organic 1D arrays also selectively identify four similar amine vapors. Meanwhile, based on these 1D microstructure arrays, high‐performing Fabry–Pérot resonators with deep‐red laser emission, a low lasing threshold of 0.31 µJ, and high quality factor Q (≈2243) are realized. Owing to these multiple functions, organic microwire arrays not only provide intrinsic insight into optical vapor sensing but also offer guidance for the development of miniaturized lasers with specific functionalities, which show considerable potential in multifunctional photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]