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Mn2+/Mn3+ redox pair has been considered as a promising cathode for high energy density batteries, due to its attractive features of high redox potential, solubility and outstanding kinetics. However, the disproportionation side reaction of Mn3+, which results in accumulation of "dead" MnO2 limits its reversibility and further energy density. Herein, a novel catholyte based on mixture of Mn2+ and Br− was proposed for flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life. In the design, the "dead" MnO2 can be fully discharged via Br− by a chemical‐electrochemical reaction. Coupled with Cd/Cd2+ as anode, the assembled Bromine‐Manganese flow battery (BMFB) demonstrates a high energy efficiency of 76 % at 80 mA cm−2 with energy density of 360 Wh L−1. The battery assembled with silicotungstic acid as anode could continuously run for over 2000 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. With high power density, energy density and durability, the BMFB shows great potential for large‐scale energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn2+/Mn3+ redox pair has been considered as a promising cathode for high energy density batteries, due to its attractive features of high redox potential, solubility and outstanding kinetics. However, the disproportionation side reaction of Mn3+, which results in accumulation of "dead" MnO2 limits its reversibility and further energy density. Herein, a novel catholyte based on mixture of Mn2+ and Br− was proposed for flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life. In the design, the "dead" MnO2 can be fully discharged via Br− by a chemical‐electrochemical reaction. Coupled with Cd/Cd2+ as anode, the assembled Bromine‐Manganese flow battery (BMFB) demonstrates a high energy efficiency of 76 % at 80 mA cm−2 with energy density of 360 Wh L−1. The battery assembled with silicotungstic acid as anode could continuously run for over 2000 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. With high power density, energy density and durability, the BMFB shows great potential for large‐scale energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn2+/Mn3+ redox pair has been considered as a promising cathode for high energy density batteries, due to its attractive features of high redox potential, solubility and outstanding kinetics. However, the disproportionation side reaction of Mn3+, which results in accumulation of "dead" MnO2 limits its reversibility and further energy density. Herein, a novel catholyte based on mixture of Mn2+ and Br− was proposed for flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life. In the design, the "dead" MnO2 can be fully discharged via Br− by a chemical‐electrochemical reaction. Coupled with Cd/Cd2+ as anode, the assembled Bromine‐Manganese flow battery (BMFB) demonstrates a high energy efficiency of 76 % at 80 mA cm−2 with energy density of 360 Wh L−1. The battery assembled with silicotungstic acid as anode could continuously run for over 2000 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. With high power density, energy density and durability, the BMFB shows great potential for large‐scale energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn2+/Mn3+ redox pair has been considered as a promising cathode for high energy density batteries, due to its attractive features of high redox potential, solubility and outstanding kinetics. However, the disproportionation side reaction of Mn3+, which results in accumulation of "dead" MnO2 limits its reversibility and further energy density. Herein, a novel catholyte based on mixture of Mn2+ and Br− was proposed for flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life. In the design, the "dead" MnO2 can be fully discharged via Br− by a chemical‐electrochemical reaction. Coupled with Cd/Cd2+ as anode, the assembled Bromine‐Manganese flow battery (BMFB) demonstrates a high energy efficiency of 76 % at 80 mA cm−2 with energy density of 360 Wh L−1. The battery assembled with silicotungstic acid as anode could continuously run for over 2000 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. With high power density, energy density and durability, the BMFB shows great potential for large‐scale energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromine‐based flow batteries (Br‐FBs) are considered one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their features of high energy density and low cost. However, they generally suffer from uncontrolled diffusion of corrosive bromine particularly at high temperatures. That is because the interaction between polybromide anions and the commonly used complexing agent (N–methyl–N–ethyl–pyrrolidinium bromide [MEP]) decreases with increasing temperatures, which causes serious self‐discharge and capacity fade. Herein, a novel bromine complexing agent, 1–ethyl–2–methyl–pyridinium bromide (BCA), is introduced in Br‐FBs to solve the above problems. It is proven that BCA can combine with polybromide anions very well even at a high temperature of 60 °C. Moreover, the BCA contributes to decreasing the electrochemical polarization of Br−/Br2 couple, which in turn improves their power density. As a result, a zinc–bromine flow battery with BCA as the complexing agent can achieve a high energy efficiency of 84% at 40 mA cm−2, even at high temperature of 60 °C and it can stably run for more than 400 cycles without obvious performance decay. This paper provides an effective complexing agent to enable a wide temperature range Br‐FB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was introduced to the southern United States in the 1960s to control aquatic macrophytes in aquaculture ponds. The accidental release of Grass Carp from some research facilities and aquaculture farms at the start of the introduction, followed by the broad promotion of stocking triploid and diploid fish, helped to facilitate the expansion of the invasive range of the species in North America. Grass Carp have recently been observed to reproduce in Lake Erie. The species has been an important food fish in China for centuries, and Chinese scientists and government agencies have accumulated a great deal of experience, knowledge, and data on Grass Carp. We review Chinese literature and provide a synthesis of the biology and ecology of Grass Carp in China, including the native geographic distribution as well as the factors that determine its reproductive success, growth, and foraging behavior. We also review the impacts of the introduction (or invasion) of Grass Carp on receiving systems and the effects of dams and pollution on Grass Carp. This review fills knowledge gaps in the Western scientific literature about Grass Carp. It provides scientific information that could be used to guide future research and management on ways to control the invasion and propagation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc deposition and dissolution is a significant process in zinc‐based batteries. During this process, the formation of zinc dendrites is pervasive, which leads to the loss of efficiency and capacity of batteries. The continually growing dendrites will finally pierce the separator and cause the batteries to short circuit. Thus, employing effective methods to inhibit the formation and growth of zinc dendrites is vital for the practical application of zinc‐based batteries. This Minireview first clarifies the formation and growth principles of zinc dendrites. Then, the research and development of methods to solve the problem of zinc dendrites are reviewed, including ways to suppress the further formation and growth of dendrites as far as possible, to minimize the adverse effects of dendrites, along with ways to produce dendrite‐free deposition processes. The mechanisms, advantages, drawbacks, and perspectives of these methods are illustrated. Thus, this overview of these methods will aid understanding of the formation process of zinc dendrites and provide an extensive, comprehensive, and professional reference to resolve the problem of zinc dendrites completely. Growth misconduct: Zinc deposition and dissolution is a significant process in zinc‐based batteries, whereby the formation of zinc dendrites can lead to the loss of efficiency and capacity of the batteries. This Minireview concerns the formation and growth principles of zinc dendrites, along with the effective methods to solve the zinc dendrite problem in zinc‐based batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A zinc–iodine flow battery (ZIFB) with long cycle life, high energy, high power density, and self‐healing behavior is prepared. The long cycle life was achieved by employing a low‐cost porous polyolefin membrane and stable electrolytes. The pores in the membrane can be filled with a solution containing I3− that can react with zinc dendrite. Therefore, by consuming zinc dendrite, the battery can self‐recover from micro‐short‐circuiting resulting from overcharging. By using KI, ZnBr2, and KCl as electrolytes and a high ion‐conductivity porous membrane, a very high power density can be achieved. As a result, a ZIFB exhibits an energy efficiency (EE) of 82 % at 80 mA cm−2, which is 8 times higher than the currently reported ZIFBs. Furthermore, a stack with an output of 700 W was assembled and continuously run for more than 300 cycles. We believe this ZIFB can lead the way to development of new‐generation, high‐performance flow batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow batteries (FBs) are one of the most promising stationary energy-storage devices for storing renewable energy. However, commercial progress of FBs is limited by their high cost and low energy density. A neutral zinc-iron FB with very low cost and high energy density is presented. By using highly soluble FeCl2/ZnBr2 species, a charge energy density of 56.30 Wh L−1 can be achieved. DFT calculations demonstrated that glycine can combine with iron to suppress hydrolysis and crossover of Fe3+/Fe2+. The results indicated that an energy efficiency of 86.66 % can be obtained at 40 mA cm−2 and the battery can run stably for more than 100 cycles. Furthermore, a low-cost porous membrane was employed to lower the capital cost to less than $ 50 per kWh, which was the lowest value that has ever been reported. Combining the features of low cost, high energy density and high energy efficiency, the neutral zinc-iron FB is a promising candidate for stationary energy-storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of stocking density on growth performance, physiological indicators, and body composition of juvenile blunt snout bream in recirculating aquaculture system was investigated in this study. Juvenile blunt snout bream were raised at stocking densities of 75, 150, 225, 300, and 450 fish/m3 for 12 wk with three replicate tanks at each density. All treatment tanks were supplied with water from the same recirculating system to ensure uniformity of water quality across groups. This study has shown that higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. Final body mass, specific growth rate ( SGR), and weight gain decreased significantly as stocking density increased. Individual body mass as well as body length were more uniform in fish stocked at densities of 75 and 150 fish/m3 than in other groups. Stocking densities of 225 and 300 fish/m3 resulted in significant increases in serum total protein, triglyceride, lactate, and cholesterol levels, whereas blood glucose concentrations decreased significantly. In addition, decreased body lipid content and increased body moisture content were observed at stocking densities of 300 and 450 fish/m3. Overall, a density of 150 fish/m3 resulted in higher SGR and more uniform size among juvenile blunt snout bream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiong, D., Zhang, L., Yu, H., Xie, C., Kong, Y., Zeng, Y., Huo, B. and Liu, Z. 2011. A study of morphology and histology of the alimentary tract of Glyptosternum maculatum (Sisoridae, Siluriformes). - Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) : 161-169. The structure of alimentary tract has been studied in a cold water fish Glyptosternum maculatum, an endemic teleost species of notable economic importance and with high potential for controlled rearing of the species in Tibet, by light and electron microscope. Glyptosternum maculatum has short oesophagus, large caecal-type stomach and short intestine, and the digestive tract with four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Taste buds were found in the epithelium of lips, buccopharynx and oesophagus. The stratified epithelium of buccopharynx and oesophagus was located with numerous goblet cells. The U-shaped stomach has three parts, corresponding to mammalian cardiac, fundus and pyloric portion, lined with a single-layered columnar epithelium, and tubular gastric glands are present in cardiac and fundic portion, but absent in pyloric portion. No pyloric caeca was detected. The intestine is separated from the stomach by a loop valve. The intestine epithelium is composed of simple columnar cells with a distinct microvillus brush border and many goblet cells. Meanwhile, the intestinal coefficient was 0.898. At the ultrastuctural level, three type cells (mucous, glandular and endocrine cell) were found in the stomach, and glandular cell with a great amount of pepsinogen granules. The enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa display abundant endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and well-developed microvilli. Congxin Xie, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. E-mail: xiecongxin@mail.hzau.edu.cn or dreamsail_2005@yahoo.com.cn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]