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Optical phase change materials (OPCMs) hold significant promise in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) due to their non‐volatile modulation capabilities through phase transition. Recently, integrating OPCMs with silicon devices has been leveraged to achieve multi‐level modulation in neural network computing. However, the conventional OPCM Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), faces challenges in large‐scale PICs due to its large absorption. In this work, an optimized low‐loss GST superlattice is demonstrated, which significantly lowers crystalline attenuation coefficients from 2.69 to 0.539 dB µm−1, with negligible loss in amorphous state, while retaining excellent phase modulation capability. Additionally, 15 distinguishable extinction ratio states are achieved by manipulating irradiation energy for a hybrid Si microring resonator (MRR) embedded with GST superlattice. To further explore the potential application of GST superlattice in optical computing, an all‐optical tunable temporal differentiator is empirically demonstrated with a single hybrid MRR, achieving a broad dynamic differentiation order ranging from 0.7 to 1.3. The non‐volatile nature of OPCM facilitates low energy consumption and effectively optimizes chip density. The proposed structural design strategy to reduce the absorption loss is universal for any promising OPCMs feasible for large‐scale artificial intelligence‐driven PICs, including optical analog computing, optical switching and optical neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects about 17% population in the world. Although abnormal energy metabolism plays an important role in the pathophysiology of MDD, however, how deficiency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) products affects emotional circuit and what regulates ATP synthesis are still need to be elaborated. Aims: Our study aimed to investigate how deficiency of PGAM5‐mediated depressive behavior. Results: We firstly discovered that PGAM5 knockout (PGAM5−/−) mice generated depressive‐like behaviors. The phenotype was reinforced by the observation that chronic unexpected mild stress (CUMS)‐induced depressive mice exhibited lowered expression of PGAM5 in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP), and striatum. Next, we found, with the using of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that the functional connectivity between PFC reward system and the PFC volume were reduced in PGAM5−/− mice. PGAM5 ablation resulted in the loss of dendritic spines and lowered density of PSD95 in PFC, but not in HIP. Finally, we found that PGAM5 ablation led to lowered ATP concentration in PFC, but not in HIP. Coimmunoprecipitation study showed that PGAM5 directly interacted with the ATP F1F0 synthase without influencing the interaction between ATP F1F0 synthase and Bcl‐xl. We then conducted ATP administration to PGAM5−/− mice and found that ATP could rescue the behavioral and neuronal phenotypes of PGAM5−/− mice. Conclusions: Our findings provide convincing evidence that PGAM5 ablation generates depressive‐like behaviors via restricting neuronal ATP production so as to impair the number of neuronal spines in PFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the plastic behavior of crack tips is crucial for improving the fracture toughness of nanometals. Although many studies are carried out, most previous studies focus on pure metals, and how the crack tip accommodates the plastic deformation of highly concentrated solid‐solution alloys is unclear owing to a lack of direct atomic‐scale evidence. In this study, the atomic‐scale plastic behavior of the crack tip in face‐centered cubic (FCC) AuCu alloy nanocrystals is observed in situ, which provides direct evidence that plastic deformation is governed by the generation of deformation twins and hexagonal close‐packed (HCP) 2H and 4H phases, recurrence of reversible FCC‐HCP phase transitions, and detwinning, which are rarely observed in pure metals. This unusual behavior originates from the inherent chemical inhomogeneity of the AuCu alloy, which inhibits twin thickening via partial dislocations on the adjacent plane, instead of random generation of deformation twins, phase transitions, and reversible processes. This naturally implies a similar behavior at the crack tip in other highly concentrated solid‐solution alloys, including high‐medium‐entropy alloys, providing important insights that greatly improve the understanding of the fracture toughness of metallic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel consumer relevant skin index, namely ideal complexion score (ICS), was developed via modelling and a multitude of skin features including skin tone and colour homogeneity, hyperpigmentation patterns, skin surface topography/textures and skin optical properties were shown to have direct effect on it. Keywords: claim substantiation; computer modelling; image analysis; panel perception; skin ideal complexion; statistics EN claim substantiation computer modelling image analysis panel perception skin ideal complexion statistics 636 649 14 11/10/22 20221201 NES 221201 This study established a mathematical representation of consumer perception towards facial skin ideal complexion based on measurable clinical imaging cues for multiple ethnicities including Indian, Chinese, Caucasian and Latino. Matsubara et al later on evaluated human perception of facial skin radiance by successfully developing a regression model in terms of skin surface and subsurface reflection property, but the effect of skin colour components was not included in skin radiance model [22]. Ona Cula et al attempted to correlate objective skin properties such as melanin and haemoglobin content with perceived skin colour, but the study was limited to skin colour that is only a subset of perceived skin complexion [40]. [Extracted from the article]

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