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Chiral magnetic oxide nanomaterials (CMONs), which combine the beneficial effects of chirality and magnetism in a single unit, have found applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic devices as well as in catalysis and sensing. This is largely due to the simultaneous presence of magnetic properties, catalytic activity, biocompatibility and optical activity, or magneto‐optical effects, which are circular polarization and magnetization dependent. This review summarizes the key findings derived from recent research works on the synthesis, properties, and applications of CMONs. The three main approaches in the synthesis and property tuning of CMONs, namely, post‐functionalization, in situ approach, and assembly with soft templates, are discussed. A summary and some future prospects of the CMONs with respect to their synthetic routes, chirality origin, and applications are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histone modifications play crucial roles in transcriptional activation, and aberrant epigenetic changes are associated with oncogenesis. Lysine (K) acetyltransferases 5 (TIP60, also known as KAT5) is reportedly implicated in cancer development and maintenance, although its function in lung cancer remains controversial. Here we demonstrate that TIP60 knockdown in non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines decreased tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, analysis of a mouse lung cancer model with lung‐specific conditional Tip60 knockout revealed suppressed tumor formation relative to controls, but no apparent effects on normal lung homeostasis. RNA‐seq and ChIP‐seq analyses of inducible TIP60 knockdown H1975 cells relative to controls revealed transglutaminase enzyme (TGM5) as downstream of TIP60. Investigation of a connectivity map database identified several candidate compounds that decrease TIP60 mRNA, one that suppressed tumor growth in cell culture and in vivo. In addition, TH1834, a TIP60 acetyltransferase inhibitor, showed comparable antitumor effects in cell culture and in vivo. Taken together, suppression of TIP60 activity shows tumor‐specific efficacy against lung cancer, with no overt effect on normal tissues. Our work suggests that targeting TIP60 could be a promising approach to treating lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of population‐based data detailing the incidence and survival of patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), in part due to the heterogeneity of disease and changes to classification. Here, the incidence and survival of all STS subtypes registered in England between 2013 and 2017 were analysed using cancer registry data held by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service. Age‐standardised incidence rates were calculated per 1 000 000 using the 2013 European Standard Population. Net survival was computed using Brenner's alternative method, with the Ederer II estimator. Age‐specific overall survival was assessed using Kaplan‐Meier. The influence of age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation and diagnostic routes on survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazards modelling. In total, 19 717 patients were diagnosed with STS, an average of 3943 patients per year and representing approximately 0.8% of malignancies. The most common histological diagnoses were Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST), leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma, accounting for 20.2%, 13.3% and 12.7% of all sarcomas, respectively. Five‐year net survival for all malignant STS was 65.0%; and was lowest for patients with vascular tumours at 39%. Patients from most deprived cohorts had 23% greater chance of dying within 5 years than patients in least deprived areas. This population‐based study has allowed us for the first time to define the incidence and survival rates of prevalent STS subtypes in England such as GIST, liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, as well as rare entities and groups with inferior outcome. This data is invaluable for service provision, benchmarking and addressing inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This analysis is the largest population‐based study to date to provide contemporary and comprehensive epidemiological estimates of all third edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD‐O‐3) coded Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) from England. People of all ages were identified from the National Cancer Registration Dataset using ICD‐O‐3 morphologies 9751–9754 for neoplasms diagnosed in 2013–2019. A total of 658 patients were identified, of whom 324 (49%) were children aged <15 years. The age‐standardised incidence rate was 4.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.99–4.98) per million children and 1.06 (95% CI 0.94–1.18) per million adults aged ≥15 years. Prevalence of LCH was 9.95 (95% CI 9.14–10.81) per million persons at the end of 2019. The 1‐year overall survival (OS) was 99% (95% CI 97%–100%) for children and 90% (95% CI 87%–93%) for adults. Those aged ≥60 years had poorer OS than those aged <15 years (hazard ratio [HR] 22.12, 95% CI 7.10–68.94; p < 0.001). People in deprived areas had lower OS than those in the least deprived areas (HR 5.36, 95% CI 1.16–24.87; p = 0.03). There will inevitably be other environmental factors and associations yet to be identified, and the continued standardised data collection will allow further evaluation of data over time. This will be increasingly important with developments in LCH management following the large collaborative international trials such as LCH IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is one of the major precision medicine treatment options for lung adenocarcinoma. Due to common development of drug resistance to first‐ and second‐generation TKIs, third‐generation inhibitors, including osimertinib and rociletinib, have been developed. A model of EGFR‐driven lung cancer and a method to develop tumors of distinct epigenetic states through 3D organotypic cultures are described here. It is discovered that activation of the EGFR T790M/L858R mutation in lung epithelial cells can drive lung cancers with alveolar or bronchiolar features, which can originate from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells or bronchioalveolar stem cells, but not basal cells or club cells of the trachea. It is also demonstrated that these clones are able to retain their epigenetic differences through passaging orthotopically in mice and crucially that they have distinct drug vulnerabilities. This work serves as a blueprint for exploring how epigenetics can be used to stratify patients for precision medicine decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive destructive bone lesion. The management of pulmonary metastasis and local recurrence after the surgical treatment of GCTB remains a challenge. Pathologically, stromal cells in GCTB are known as primary neoplastic cells and are recognized as incompletely differentiated preosteoblasts. Therefore, inducing GCTB stromal cells to differentiate into cells with a mature osteoblastic phenotype may stop tumor growth and recurrence. In this study, we aimed to investigate how simvastatin, a clinically approved and commonly used statin that has been known to promote the maturation of cells of the osteogenic lineage, affects GCTB stromal cells. We found that simvastatin effectively inhibited cell viability by suppressing proliferation and by inducing apoptosis in GCTB stromal cells. Moreover, simvastatin treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to osteogenic maturation, such as runt‐related transcription factor 2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin, and increased the mineralization of the extracellular matrix in GCTB stromal cells. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to discover that the vitamin D receptor pathway was involved in the simvastatin‐induced osteogenic differentiation of GCTB stromal cells by upregulating the 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. Taken together, this in vitro study demonstrates the antitumor and differentiation‐promoting effects of simvastatin on GCTB stromal cells and suggests the possibility of using simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy for GCTB. These findings support further clinical investigation of the efficacy of using simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy for GCTB to reduce recurrence and distant metastasis after surgical treatment. © 2019 Orthopedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:297‐310, 2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported here is the first crystallographic observation of stereospecific bindings of l‐ and d‐lysine (Lys) in achiral MFI zeolites. The MFI structure offers inherent geometric and internal confinement effects for the enantiomeric difference in l‐ and d‐Lys adsorption. Notable differences have been observed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Distinct l‐ and d‐Lys adsorption behaviours on the H‐ZSM‐5 framework have been revealed by the Rietveld refinement of high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction (SXRD) data and the density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations. Despite demonstrating the approach for l‐ and d‐Lys over MFI zeolites at an atomistic resolution, the differential adsorption study sheds light on the rational engineering of molecular interaction(s) with achiral microporous materials for chiral separation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of discrete nanostructures with a strong, persistent, stable plasmonic circular dichroism (PCD) signal is challenging. We report a seed‐mediated growth approach to obtain discrete Au nanorods with high and stable chiroptical responses (c‐Au NRs) in the visible to near‐IR region. The morphology of the c‐Au NRs was governed by the concentration of l‐ or d‐cysteine used. The amino acids encapsulated within the discrete gold nanostructure enhance their PCD signal, attributed to coupling of dipoles of chiral molecules with the near‐field induced optical activity at the hot spots inside the c‐Au NRs. The stability of the PCD signal and biocompatibility of c‐Au NRs was improved by coating with silica or protein corona. Discrete c‐Au NR@SiO2 with Janus or core–shell configurations retained their PCD signal even in organic solvents. A side‐by‐side assembly of c‐Au NRs induced by l‐glutathione led to further PCD signal enhancement, with anisotropic g factors as high as 0.048. Discrete gold nanorods (Au NRs) with strong chiroptical responses in the visible and near infrared region were synthesized by a seed‐mediated approach in the presence of l‐ or d‐cysteine. The chiral Au NRs can be further stabilized by a silica coating (lower pictures). Assembly of the chiral Au NRs (right pictures) with glutathione further improved the g factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchogenic cysts are congenital cystic lesions caused by abnormal budding of the primitive tracheobronchial tube. Most bronchogenic cysts are found in the mediastinum, whereas abdominal bronchogenic cysts are rare with only 39 cases reported in the literature to date. The indication of surgical intervention is still controversial in previous studies. In the present study, we report a case of a bronchogenic cyst of the stomach in an adult who was treated by wedge excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmon-induced hot carriers have vast potential for light-triggered highefficiency carrier generation and extraction, which can overcome the optical band gap limit of conventional semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices. Here, it is demonstrated that Au/TiO2 dumbbell nanostructures assembled on a thin Au film serve as an efficient optical absorber and a hot-carrier generator in the visible region. Upon excitation of localized surface plasmons in such coupled particle-on-film nanocavities, the energetic conduction electrons in Au can be injected over the Au/TiO2 Schottky barrier and migrated to TiO2, participating in the chemical reaction occurring at the TiO2 surface. Compared with the same dumbbell nanostructures on an indium tin oxide (ITO) film, such nanocavities exhibit remarkable enhancement in both photocurrent amplitude and reaction rate that arise from increased light absorption and near-field amplification in the presence of the Au film. The incidentwavelength- dependent photocurrent and reaction rate measurements jointly reveal that Au-film-mediated near-field localization facilitates more efficient electron-hole separation and transport in the dumbbells and also promotes strong d-band optical transitions in the Au film for generation of extra hot electrons. Such nanocavities provide a new plasmonic platform for effective photoexcitation and extraction of hot carriers and also better understanding of their fundamental science and technological implications in solar energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rational design of electrocatalysts with abundant active sites and high conductivity is the key to the development of glucose sensors. Herein, we report the preparation of a Cu2+‐doped C3N4 supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) network (Cu2+‐C3N4/MWCNT) as a highly efficient non‐enzymatic glucose sensing system. The morphologic and structural investigations using TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, EPR, and i‐V response indicate the successful insertion of Cu2+ into the C3N4 inter‐layers via an out‐of‐plane on‐top configuration and the consequent exfoliation of C3N4 layers without forming CuO or Cu(OH)2. Such material can act as an electrocatalyst for glucose electrooxidation, and MWCNT can greatly reduce the charge transfer resistance and enhances activity. An optimised Cu2+ doping level (12 wt%) in Cu2+‐C3N4/MWCNT was established to realise high sensitivity towards glucose sensing (929 mA/M cm2), large linear range (0.5 μM∼12 mM), low detection limit (0.35 μM), and short response time (<3 s). Excellent selectivity against the interferents, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, sucrose, and lactose, is also observed. In the blood serum tests, as‐prepared glucose sensor reports comparable and reproducible results, demonstrating its practical potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrooxidation of glucose represents an economic conversion of biomass and has gained global interest for applications in fuel cells and sensors. Herein, we report a new, simple, and highly efficient method of glucose electrooxidation without involving any sophisticated electrode modification with biocatalysts or nanostructures. Micromolar-level Cu ions are added to coordinate with glucose in alkaline electrolyte. The coordinated glucose is oxidized by electrochemically generated CuIII with excellent conversion efficiency ( TOF=18.7 s−1) and ultra-high sensitivity (1,814 mA M−1 cm−2) under mild conditions. Both experimental and theoretical investigations show that the CuII-glucose plays a critical role in such high efficiency, which significantly reduces the oxidation potential and avoids catalyst poisoning. Our electrocatalytic system delivers remarkable atomic efficiency with high stability, thus offering great potential for applications in fuel cell and sensor design at low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplements, including those containing botanical ingredients and botanical-derived compounds, have been marketed to consumers globally for many decades. However, the legislative framework for such products remains inconsistent across jurisdictions internationally. This study aims to compare the regulatory framework of botanical food supplements in the EU, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Japan, and China. The study also aims to investigate and describe safety assessment criteria for botanical food supplements where they are present in the above said jurisdictions, and attempts to analyze whether these criteria are suitable for addressing the toxicological risks associated with the use of botanical food supplement products, based on the evaluation of reported adverse effects related to botanical food supplement use as examples. Finally, this study discusses some future issues that need further attention, such as the consideration of less than lifetime exposures, potential for misidentification, and adulteration of botanical supplements by pharmacologically active substances. It is concluded that the regulatory approaches towards botanical food supplements differ significantly across jurisdictions. In addition, national authorities are increasingly considering having more regulatory oversight for such products. Further consideration of the actual impact of adverse events arising from botanical food supplement usage will be helpful in guiding such decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis ( PCI) with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is a rare but important condition in patients with connective tissue disease. In the present study, we report on a woman with mixed connective tissue disease who presented with PCI, and subsequently symptoms, of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Prompt surgical resection of the bowel segment with pneumatosis should be considered to prevent a condition of gas leakage from turning into full-blown chemical peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase ( PGT) has been shown to be an important pharmacological target for the inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Structure-based virtual screening of about 3 000 000 commercially available compounds against the crystal structure of the glycosyltransferase ( GT) domain of the Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-binding protein 2 ( S. aureus PBP2) resulted in identification of an isatin derivative, 2-(3-(2-carbamimidoylhydrazono)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)- N-(m-tolyl)acetamide ( 4) as a novel potential GT inhibitor. A series of 4 derivatives were synthesized. Several compounds showed more active antimicrobial activity than the initial hit compound 4, in particular 2-(3-(2-carbamimidoylhydrazono)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)- N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide ( 4l), against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus with MIC values of 24 and 48 μg/mL, respectively. Saturation transfer difference ( STD) NMR study revealed that there is a binding contact between 4l and the GT domain of S. aureus PBP2. Competitive STD- NMR further proved that 4l and moenomycin A bind to GT domain in a competitive manner. Molecular docking study suggests a potential binding pocket of 4l in the GT domain of S. aureus PBP2. Taken together, compound 4l would provide a new scaffold for further development of potent GT inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis is the leading cause of morbidity for lung cancer patients. Here we demonstrate that murine tumor propagating cells ( TPCs) with the markers Sca1 and CD24 are enriched for metastatic potential in orthotopic transplantation assays. CD24 knockdown decreased the metastatic potential of lung cancer cell lines resembling TPCs. In lung cancer patient data sets, metastatic spread and patient survival could be stratified with a murine lung TPC gene signature. The TPC signature was enriched for genes in the Hippo signaling pathway. Knockdown of the Hippo mediators Yap1 or Taz decreased in vitro cellular migration and transplantation of metastatic disease. Furthermore, constitutively active Yap was sufficient to drive lung tumor progression in vivo. These results demonstrate functional roles for two different pathways, CD24-dependent and Yap/ Taz-dependent pathways, in lung tumor propagation and metastasis. This study demonstrates the utility of TPCs for identifying molecules contributing to metastatic lung cancer, potentially enabling the therapeutic targeting of this devastating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'metal-ketimine+ArI(OR)2' approach has been developed for preparing metal-ketimido complexes, and ketimido ligands are found to stabilize high-valent metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes such as ruthenium(IV) phthalocyanines. Treatment of bis(ketimine) ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines [RuII(Pc)(HNCPh2)2] ( 1 a) and [RuII(Pc)(HNQu)2] ( 1 b; HNQu= N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine) with PhI(OAc)2 affords bis(ketimido) ruthenium(IV) phthalocyanines [RuIV(Pc)(NCPh2)2] ( 2 a) and [RuIV(Pc)(NQu)2] ( 2 b), respectively. X-ray crystal structures of 1 b and [RuII(Pc)(PhNCHPh)2] ( 1 c) show RuN(ketimine) distances of 2.075(4) and 2.115(3) Å, respectively. Complexes 2 a, b readily revert to 1 a, b upon treatment with phenols. 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals that 2 a, b are diamagnetic and 2 b exists as two isomers, consistent with a proposed eclipsed orientation of the ketimido ligands in these ruthenium(IV) complexes. The reaction of 1 a, b with PhI(OAc)2 to afford 2 a, b suggests the utility of ArI(OR)2 as an oxidative deprotonation agent for the generation of high-valent metal complexes featuring MN bonds with multiple bonding characters. DFT and time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations have been performed on the electronic structures and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1 b and 2 b, which provide support for the diamagnetic nature of 2 b and reveal a significant barrier for rotation of the ketimido group about the RuN(ketimido) bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shining a nanobeacon: Single‐label nanobeacon sensors were constructed by using graphitic carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and their oxides as energy acceptors (see figure; FRET=fluorescence resonance energy transfer). Excellent sensing performances were achieved with simplified operation and lowered cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymeric films were prepared on the surface of a gold electrode by reductive electrochemical co-polymerization of 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AABA), acrylamide (as spacer monomer), and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (as crosslinker monomer) in the presence of dopamine in water. The analytical determination of dopamine was investigated with this molecularly imprinted poly(AABA) film-modified gold electrode using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal balance, and differential pulse voltammetry. The covalent nature of dopamine-boronic acid interaction as well as the negative charge on the molecularly imprinted polymeric film at physiological pH allowed excellent selectivity against ascorbic acid and other structurally similar interferents. The sensitivity of molecularly imprinted poly(AABA)-modified electrode was further improved by depositing a thin layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the gold electrode surface prior to electropolymerization. The increased surface area due to the presence of carbon nanotubes improved the dopamine sensor's detection limit to ∼20 nM as determined by differential pulse voltammetry. A linear dependence of peak current in the differential pulse voltammograms was obtained over the dopamine concentration range from 50 nM to 2 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that all meromorphic solutions of the stationary reduction of the real cubic Swift-Hohenberg equation are elliptic or degenerate elliptic. We then obtain them all explicitly by the subequation method, and one of them appears to be a new elliptic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductors based on earth‐abundant elements such as ZnS are economic materials for energy conversion but are often limited by their light absorption property and fast charge recombination. Herein, a solvothermal preparation of ZnS nanocrystals with multiple internal phase junctions (MIPs) of alternating wurtzite and sphalerite phases, which exhibit dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate (6.9 mmol g−1 h−1) under simulated sunlight is reported. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates zinc atoms of different electronic environments on the surface of ZnS. The MIP‐rich ZnS has substantially lower overpotential for electrocatalytic HER, probably due to the synergistic effect of easier H+ adsorption and enhanced H2 desorption on the active sites. This work paves a new route of reforming nanomaterials to acquire intrinsically enhanced catalytic properties for energy conversion applications. Multiple parallel internal phase junctions of alternating wurtzite and sphalerite phases are constructed on ZnS nanocrystals by a simple solvothermal method, which dramatically boost the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction rate. The internal phase junction engineering presents an effective strategy of reforming the photocatalysts to acquire highly active catalytic sites without engaging cocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalocyanines High ‐ valent ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes are difficult to isolate owing to facile oxidation of the coordinated phthalocyanine ligands. In their Full Paper on page 338   ff., featured on the Inside Cover, Chi ‐ Ming Che, Jie ‐ Sheng Huang, Sharon Lai ‐ Fung Chan et   al. describe a “metal–ketimine+ArI(OR)2” approach to prepare metal–ketimido (MNCR2) complexes by oxidative deprotonation, thereby leading to the isolation of ketimido metallophthalocyanine complexes [RuIV(Pc)(NCR2)2]. These complexes exhibit interesting UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectra and undergo reductive protonation with phenols; their electronic structures and UV/Vis spectra have been studied by density functional theory calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]