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Chronic kidney disease (CKD), stemming from varied nephric impairments, manifests a steadily escalating global incidence. As a progressive pathological condition, CKD is typified by an intensification in the gravity of renal interstitium fibrotic transformations. Nonetheless, the intrinsic mechanisms underpinning nephric fibrosis remain elusive. In this context, we elucidated a marked augmentation in aerobic glycolysis within proximal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of CKD patients, alongside unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) murine models, concomitant with deficiency of Trim21. Experimental investigations, both in vivo and in vitro, revealed that Trim21 deficiency aggravates the aberrantly heightened aerobic glycolysis, thereby exacerbating fibrotic reaction progression. Concomitantly, enhancive glycolytic flux paralleled an elevation in ATP genesis and reconstitution of cytoskeletal architecture. Mechanistically, we uncovered that Trim21 modulates aerobic glycolysis in TECs via ubiquitin‐facilitated degradation of phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP), thus attenuating nephric fibrosis. Collectively, our insights posit Trim21 as a prospective therapeutic target in the amelioration of renal fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and synthesis of polyhedra using coordination‐driven self‐assembly has been an intriguing research area for synthetic chemists. Metal‐organic polyhedra are a class of intricate molecular architectures that have garnered significant attention in the literature due to their diverse structures and potential applications. Hereby, we report Cu‐MOP, a bifunctional metal‐organic cuboctahedra built using 2,6‐dimethylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid and copper acetate at room temperature. The presence of both Lewis basic pyridine groups and Lewis acidic copper sites imparts catalytic activity to Cu‐MOP for the tandem one‐pot deacetalization‐Knoevenagel/Henry reactions. The effect of solvent system and time duration on the yields of the reactions was studied, and the results illustrate the promising potential of these metal‐organic cuboctahedra, also known as nanoballs for applications in catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting from the typical 4e– pathway to H2O in electrochemical oxygen reduction to the 2e– pathway to H2O2 is increasingly recognized as an environmentally friendly approach for producing H2O2. However, the competitive 4e− pathway is a significant obstacle to the production of H2O2 since H2O is the thermodynamically favored product. Here, a series of Pt, Pd, and Rh active atoms diluted within inert‐Au matrices with precisely controlled atomic arrangements and coordination environments are synthesized via facet engineering for O2‐to‐H2O2 production. Surprisingly, individually dispersed Pt atoms within the Au surface enclosed by the square atomic arrangements exhibit superior H2O2 selectivity and achieve a maximum selectivity of 90% at 0.36 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Operando synchrotron ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy identifies the presence of *OOH key intermediates on these isolated Pt active sites. Grand canonical density‐functional theory also reveals that the kinetic energy barrier for the 2e− pathway (0.08 eV; OOH* + H+ + e− → H2O2) on the isolated Pt sites is significantly lower than the 4e− pathway (0.29 eV; OOH* + H+ + e− → O* + H2O). This work enables atomic‐scale control in dilute binary alloy surfaces with specific configurations of isolated active atoms and provides essential guidance for catalyst design to boost O2‐to‐H2O2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron waves of a host system exhibit an oscillating response to an external impurity, namely Friedel oscillations (FOs), extensively studied in two-dimensional materials. Recently, wavefront dislocations, a new feature of FOs, have been revealed in graphene. However, previous analytical works have been limited to the linear dispersion of graphene. Herein, the fate of wavefront dislocations is investigated numerically in FOs beyond the linear regime. The wavefront dislocations are robust against the trigonal warping effect, crucial for high doping graphene, due to the invariant winding number of the tight-binding energy band. Furthermore, the opening of the gap, increasing the electronic Fermi wavelength, can highlight the wavefront dislocations blurred by intravalley scattering-induced short-range oscillations. These results should be observable using current experimental technology. Therefore, this study not only demonstrates the robust existence of wavefront dislocations in FOs over a wide range of energies but also deepens the understanding of intervalley scattering in graphene and other twodimensional valleytronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late spring coldness has a profound impact on yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum), the reasonable fertilization management significantly improved yield, quality, and cold resistance of plants. Here, 10 predominant wheat varieties cultivated in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region were selected to investigate the detrimental influence mechanism of late spring coldness on wheat growth and screen three varieties with a strong resistance to coldness. Additionally, under late spring coldness, the three varieties were applied with varying ratios of base to topdressing nitrogen fertilizer to investigate the consequences on the establishment of population structure and subsequent formation of yield and quality. The results showed that late spring coldness exerted severely detrimental effect on wheat organs development, including the increased occurrence of dead tillers, elevated mortality of young spikes, and significant decrease kernels. However, compared to N1 treatment (a nitrogen fertilizer distribution of 100% base+0% jointing+0% booting), the N2 treatment (50% base+50% jointing+0% booting) exhibited favorable outcomes under late spring coldness, such as the decreased basic seedlings and tillers, increased flag leaf area, and leaf area index, contributing to the higher spike number, grain number, and 1000‐kernel weight. Ultimately, the grain yields of Jinan 17, Huaimai 28, and Yan'nong 5158 reached their maximum values, with a 23.5%, 10.6%, and 24.2% increase, respectively, and the membership function analysis confirmed the most favorable effect of N2 treatment. These findings underscore the appropriately increased ration of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer during late spring coldness as a prerequisite for achieving both high yield and good quality of wheat. Core Ideas: Late spring coldness exerted severely detrimental effects on wheat organs development.The delayed proportion of nitrogen enhances the toughness of wheat dough in terms of stability and formation time.Adjusting ration of topdressing nitrogen can improve yield‐related trains of wheat during late spring coldness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) mainly adopt polytriarylamine (PTAA) for the hole transport material (HTM), which usually brings about inferior interfacial contact owing to their hydrophobicity, high‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, and deficiency of passivation groups. Herein, a series of donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) type small molecules is demonstrated based on 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (TPy) as the acceptor moiety, benzene ring as the π‐linker, and incorporating various donors to act as HTMs. These TPy‐based molecules coated atop PTAA manipulate the energy level and surface wettability, but the incorporation of the phenoxazine (POZ) donor can be prominent for enhancing charge transport and defect passivation, thereby simultaneously addressing the above‐mentioned issues. The highest power conversion efficiency of 22.36% can be achieved with an open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.15 V, a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 23.96 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 81.16% for the optimized POZ‐TPy‐modified device. Moreover, the power PCE of a large POZ‐TPy‐modified device (1.96 cm2) can still reach more than 21%. These results are among one of the highest efficiencies for inverted PSCs, indicating the enormous potential of POZ‐TPy HTM in future perovskite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great majority of microorganisms are as-yet-uncultivated, mostly found in extreme environments. High-throughput sequencing provides data-rich genomes from single-cell and metagenomic techniques, which has enabled researchers to obtain a glimpse of the unexpected genetic diversity of "microbial dark matter." However, cultivating microorganisms from extreme environments remains essential for dissecting and utilizing the functions of extremophiles. Here, we provide a straightforward protocol for efficiently isolating prokaryotic microorganisms from different extreme habitats (thermal, xeric, saline, alkaline, acidic, and cryogenic environments), which was established through previous successful work and our long-term experience in extremophile resource mining. We propose common processes for extremophile isolation at first and then summarize multiple cultivation strategies for recovering prokaryotic microorganisms from extreme environments and meanwhile provide specific isolation tips that are always overlooked but important. Furthermore, we propose the use of multi-omics-guided microbial cultivation approaches for culturing these as-yet-uncultivated microorganisms and two examples are provided to introduce how these approaches work. In summary, the protocol allows researchers to significantly improve the isolation efficiency of pure cultures and novel taxa, which therefore paves the way for the protection and utilization of microbial resources from extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are regarded as promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems. However, the slow kinetics and shuttle effects of polysulfides hinder their practical applications. Designing high‐efficiency catalysts to enhance the kinetics and suppress shuttling is one major task for the building of durable Li–S batteries. Here, a Co/CoSe junction is reported to catalyzepolysulfide conversion efficiently because the junction has metallic electron mobility and field‐enhanced catalytic activity. The mechanistic investigation reveals that the difference in the work functions of Co and CoSe rearranges the charge distribution in the junction and strengthens the interaction between polysulfides and CoSe, thereby yielding high catalytic activity. In addition, the relative stability of CoSe, as compared to Co, renders the junction durable upon cycling; therefore, demonstrating long‐term catalytic activity. Such a junction makes full use of metal‐like conductivity and field‐enhanced catalysis and provides an alternative approach to enhancing the catalytic conversion of polysulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Distant metastasis (DM) and neoadjuvant treatment response prediction remain critical challenges in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for DM or response in patients with LARC in a neoadjuvant setting. Methods: The detection of viable CTCs at different stages of treatment was planned for consecutive patients from a prospective trial. The Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards model, and logistic regression model were utilized to analyze factors associated with DM or pathological complete response (pCR) and clinical complete response (cCR). Results: Between December 2016 and July 2018, peripheral blood samples from 83 patients were collected before any treatment (median follow-up time, 49.3 months). CTCs were present in 76 of 83 patients (91.6%) at baseline, and more than three CTCs detected in the blood sample was considered high risk. Only the CTC risk group was significantly associated with 3-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) (high risk vs. low risk, 57.1% (95% CI, 41.6-72.6) vs. 78.3% (95% CI, 65.8-90.8), p = 0.018, log-rank test). When all the important variables were entered into the Cox model, the CTC risk group remained the only significant independent factor for DM (hazard ratio (HR), 2.74; 95% CI, 1.17-6.45, p = 0.021). The pCR and continuous cCR rates were higher in patients with a decreased number of CTCs of more than one after radiotherapy (HR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.09-14.71, P = 0.037). Conclusions: The dynamic detection of viable CTCs may strengthen pretreatment risk assessment and postradiotherapy decision making for LARC. This observation requires further validation in a prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoresistance is the crux of clinical treatment failure of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). Cancer stem cells play a critical role in therapeutic resistance of malignant tumors. Studies have shown that the role of erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) in tumors is complex. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that ligand‐independent activation of EphA2 modulates chemoresistance by enhancing stemness in SCLC. We verified that EphA2 was activated in chemoresistance sublines in a ligand‐independent manner rather than a ligand‐dependent manner. Ligand‐independent EphA2 enhanced the expression of stemness‐associated biomarkers (CD44, Myc, and SOX2), accelerated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reinforced self‐renewal to drive the chemoresistance of SCLC, while the P817H mutant EphA2 neutralized intrinsic function. Co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) and GST‐pull down experiments were conducted to verify that EphA2 directly interacted with PRMT1. Moreover, EphA2 increased the expression and activity of PRMT1. Whereafter, PRMT1 interacted with and methylated SOX2 to induce stemness and chemoresistance in SCLC. Pharmacological inhibition of EphA2 showed a synergistic anti‐tumor effect with chemotherapy in preclinical models, including patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models. These findings highlight, for the first time, that the EphA2/PRMT1/SOX2 pathway induces chemoresistance in SCLC by promoting stemness. EphA2 is a potential therapeutic target in SCLC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macrophages release large numbers of proinflammatory cytokines that trigger inflammatory cascade reactions, which promote the rapid development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) from local to systemic inflammation. The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to suppress inflammation is related to inhibition of M1 polarization of macrophages. Our previous studies revealed that caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) was involved in SAP inflammation and activation of the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important proinflammatory role in SAP. At present, there is no effective treatment to control the inflammatory response in SAP. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether MSCs regulate the polarization of macrophages through the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway in SAP. Methods: Short hairpin RNA interference technology and coculture in vitro were used to assess the activation status of the CARD9-NF-κB signal pathway in macrophages. Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the polarization state of macrophages. Results: The results showed MSCs inhibited CARD9 expression in vivo and in vitro (P < .05), alleviated inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB in macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, MSCs downregulated the CARD9- NF-κB signal pathway and inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages. Conclusion: In conclusion, MSCs regulate M1 polarization of peritoneal macrophages through the CARD9- NF-κ B signaling pathway in SAP and transplantation of MSCs presents an effective treatment option for SAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diphenylphosphoryl azide ((C6H5O)2P(O)N3, DPPA) was studied by in situ Raman scattering spectroscopy and synchrotron angle‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction (ADXRD) technologies up to 11.6 GPa at room temperature. The analyses of Raman spectra revealed that the liquid DPPA transformed from Phase I to Phase II at 0.4 GPa and went to Phase III at 1.3 GPa. The first phase transition was attributed to the change of molecular conformation, and the second phase transition was induced by the deformation of benzene rings. The XRD results suggested that DPPA remained in a liquid state during the two phase transitions. The azide group became increasingly asymmetric under pressure and decomposed at 11.6 GPa. The low decomposition pressure of the azide group is conducive to the formation of polymeric nitrogen. Exploring the behaviors of the azide group under pressure might be helpful for understanding the potential application of DPPA in the synthesis of high energy density materials (HEDMs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Probiotics participate in regulating oral microbiota and reducing the prevalence of oral diseases; however, clinical research on probiotics is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we performed in vitro screening of potential oral protective probiotic strains and then evaluated the clinical efficacy of the selected strains on maintaining oral health. Materials and methods: Fifty healthy individuals were recruited and randomly assigned into the placebo group and probiotics group, which included three strains of probiotics, Lactobacillus salivarius subs. salicinius AP‐32, Lactobacillus paracasei ET‐66, and Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28. Each group was blindly administered placebo or probiotics for four weeks. Results: Next‐generation sequencing results showed that the oral microbiota of Lactobacillus salivarius in the oral cavity were significantly increased in subjects supplemented with mixed probiotic lozenges. The anti‐bacterial activities of viable probiotics were observed within two weeks. Both IgA levels and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium abundances in the oral cavity were significantly increased in the experimental groups, along with a reduced formation of plaque. Most participants reported that their oral health conditions and intestinal symptoms had improved. Conclusions: Overall, our clinical study suggests that oral probiotic lozenges may enhance oral immunity, modulate oral microbiota, and improve oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) device has become the primary choice for high‐efficiency power electronic equipment due to its excellent performance. However, its higher switching frequency and faster switching speed have also incurred new challenges, such as low parasitic inductance packaging. Despite a significant amount of literature to overview the low parasitic inductance packages, most of them focus on total parasitic inductance from different packaging technology. Here, from the viewpoint of partial inductance which includes gate loop, power loop and common source, the designs for different inductances are surveyed. The power loop is further discussed from power terminals, bonding wires and direct bonded copper (DBC) conductor traces. The effects and sources of these inductances are analyzed. Furthermore, the typical design solutions to reduce the inductances are summarized. Finally, the challenges of SiC packages are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Recent progress in colloidal synthesis has realized the preparations of uniform nanocrystal (NC) model catalysts with rich and well‐controlled morphologies that were employed to explore structure‐activity relationships of powder catalysts, similar to single‐crystal‐based model catalysts under ultrahigh vacuum conditions but can work at the same conditions as powder catalysts without the "materials gap" and "pressure gap". In this perspective, the CeO2‐based NC model catalysts with various morphologies are included and their relevant progresses are critically reviewed. The detailed descriptions of morphology‐controlled synthesis and characterizations of uniform CeO2 NCs, and morphology‐dependent catalysis of CeO2‐based NC model catalysts containing pure CeO2 NCs, CeO2‐supported oxide catalysts, and CeO2‐supported metal catalysts, provide us a comprehensive cognition in CeO2‐involved catalytic reactions and also open up a new approach for the fundamental studies of complex heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, a concept of oxide‐based NC model catalysts and outlook of oxide NCs acting not only as model catalysts for the fundamental study but also as the support in tailoring structures and optimizing performance of oxide‐involved catalysts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we consider the issue of energy efficient management for distributed state estimation over unknown packet-dropping communication channels which are exposed to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. After a packet is transmitted, the sensor determines whether to retransmit and the retransmission power levels based on the feedback information from the receiving sensor. We formulate the energy efficient management problem as a modified Markov decision problem (MMDP), and proposed an algorithm to seek a retransmission power schedule that achieves optimal tradeoff between energy consumption and communication rate for given channel noise power. In the case of unknown channel state, we design a statistical learning method to estimate channel noise power. Besides, inspired by the hypothesis testing, we design an anomaly detector to guarantee the instantaneity of channel noise power estimation and efficiency of energy management. Furthermore, we derive the optimal gain for each estimator, and provide a sufficient condition for the stability of estimator under the energy management. Finally, we verify the main results by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNA is a newly discovered member of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and regulates the target gene by acting as a micro-RNA sponge. It plays vital roles in various diseases. However, the functions of circular RNA in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain still unclear. Our data showed that circ-WHSC1 was highly expressed in NSCLC cells and tissues. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that circ-WHSC1 promoted NSCLC proliferation. circ-WHSC1 also promoted the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Through bioinformatic analysis and functional experiments, we showed that circ-WHSC1 could act as a sponge for micro-RNA-7 (miR-7) and regulate the expression of TAB2 (TGF-beta activated kinase one binding protein two). Inhibition of the circ-WHSC1/miR-7/TAB2 pathway could effectively attenuate lung cancer progression. In summary, this study confirmed the existence and oncogenic function of circ-WHSC1 in NSCLC. The research suggests that the circ-WHSC1/miR-7/TAB2 axis might be a potential target for NSCLC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, grey genetic optimization model (GGOM) is proposed for predicting insufficient channel parameters without increasing the amount of measurement data. Based on the millimetre wave 28 GHz indoor measurement data for both LOS and NLOS scenarios, the GGOM model is compared with traditional back propagation (BP) and grey model (GM) to analyse channel parameters like delay spread, excess delay and azimuth spread. Results show that the fitness of GGOM is better than the grey model in improving the stability of system. It works well with insufficient data (size less than 30) in most cases as it is set regardless of the specific scene and measurement data. This is verified by QuaDRiGa platform by generating uniformly distributed and interpolated data between the experimental measurement data. GGOM fits best with the measurement data compared with other prediction methods in channel characterization. Moreover, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for GGOM is the least compared with GM and BP methods. The proposed GGOM model has good performance in modeling insufficient data of propagation channel, practically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) is a biocompatible polyether polymer that is a potential colloid component in a preservation solution for suppressing interstitial edema during cold storage of a donor organ. This study evaluated the outcomes of kidney transplants after cold perfusion and storage with a HPG‐based preservation solution (HPGS) in a pig model of kidney autotransplantation. The left kidneys of farm pigs (weighing 35–45 kg) were perfused with and stored in either cold HPGS or standard UW solution (UWS), followed by transplantation to the right side after right nephrectomy. The survival and function of transplants were determined by the urine output, and serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of recipients. Transplant injury was examined by histological analysis. Here, we showed that there was no significant difference between HPGS and UWS in the prevention of tissue edema, but HPGS was more effective than UWS for initial blood washout of kidney perfusion and for the prevention of cold ischemia injury during cold storage. After autotransplantation, the kidneys preserved with HPGS (HPG group) had better functional recovery than those with UWS (UW group), indicated by significantly more urine output and lower levels of SCr and BUN. The survived grafts in HPG group had less tissue damage than those in UW group. In conclusion, as compared to the UWS the HPGS has less negative impact on kidney cold ischemia during cold storage, resulting in improving immediate functional recovery after transplantation, suggesting that HPG is a promising colloid for donor kidney preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variation plays a fundamental role in pathogen's adaptation to environmental stresses. Pathogens with low genetic variation tend to survive and proliferate more poorly due to their lack of genotypic/phenotypic polymorphisms in responding to fluctuating environments. Evolutionary theory hypothesizes that the adaptive disadvantage of genes with low genomic variation can be compensated for structural diversity of proteins through post‐translation modification (PTM) but this theory is rarely tested experimentally and its implication to sustainable disease management is hardly discussed. In this study, we analyzed nucleotide characteristics of eukaryotic translation elongation factor‐1α (eEF‐lα) gene from 165 Phytophthora infestans isolates and the physical and chemical properties of its derived proteins. We found a low sequence variation of eEF‐lα protein, possibly attributable to purifying selection and a lack of intra‐genic recombination rather than reduced mutation. In the only two isoforms detected by the study, the major one accounted for >95% of the pathogen collection and displayed a significantly higher fitness than the minor one. High lysine representation enhances the opportunity of the eEF‐1α protein to be methylated and the absence of disulfide bonds is consistent with the structural prediction showing that many disordered regions are existed in the protein. Methylation, structural disordering, and possibly other PTMs ensure the ability of the protein to modify its functions during biological, cellular and biochemical processes, and compensate for its adaptive disadvantage caused by sequence conservation. Our results indicate that PTMs may function synergistically with nucleotide codes to regulate the adaptive landscape of eEF‐1α, possibly as well as other housekeeping genes, in P. infestans. Compensatory evolution between pre‐ and post‐translational phase in eEF‐1α could enable pathogens quickly adapting to disease management strategies while efficiently maintaining critical roles of the protein playing in biological, cellular, and biochemical activities. Implications of these results to sustainable plant disease management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention as porous catalyst platforms due to the synthetic modularity of these materials and the diversity of lattice‐confined catalytic active sites that are readily embedded within periodic crystalline frameworks. MOFs offer platforms to heterogenize molecular catalysts, stabilize novel coordination motifs, and leverage confinement effects in catalysis. Crystallinity allows diffraction‐based methods to be employed in the characterization of these catalysts. Access to crystalline MOFs typically requires reversible construction of the metal−ligand (M−L) bonds that connect the SBUs, which provides a mechanism to anneal defects during crystallization. While the required M−L bond reversibility is often promoted by synthesis at elevated temperature, access to crystalline materials based on either transition metals with characteristic slow exchange kinetics or highly basic donor ligands remains a synthetic challenge. Here, we highlight synthetic strategies that leverage M−L exchange kinetics to access MOFs based on kinetically inert ions and extensions of these strategies to the assembly of atomically precise multimetallic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustained androgen receptor (AR) signaling and apoptosis evasion are among the main hurdles of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. We designed and synthesized isothiocyanate (ITC)‐containing hybrid AR antagonist (ITC‐ARi) and rationally combined ITC‐ARi with GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to efficiently downregulate AR/AR splice variant and induce ferroptosis in CRPC cells. The representative ITC‐ARi 13 is an AR ligand that contains an N‐acetyl cysteine‐masked ITC moiety and gradually releases parental unconjugated ITC 12b in aqueous solution. The in vitro anti‐PCa activities of 13, such as growth inhibition and AR downregulation, are significantly enhanced when combined with BSO. The drug combination caused notable lipid peroxidation and the cell viability was effectively rescued by iron chelator, antioxidants or the inhibitor of heme oxygenase‐1, supporting the induction of ferroptosis. 13 and BSO cooperatively downregulate AR and induce ferroptosis likely through increasing the accessibility of 13/12b to cellular targets, escalating free intracellular ferrous iron and attenuating GSH‐centered cellular defense and adaptation. Further studies on the combination of ITC‐ARi and GSH synthesis inhibitor could result in a new modality against CRPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H19 polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to several cancers; however, their role in hepatoblastoma remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between three H19 polymorphisms (rs2839698 G>A, rs3024270 C>G, rs217727 G>A) and hepatoblastoma susceptibility in 213 hepatoblastoma patients. The rs2839698 and rs3024270 polymorphisms were associated with significantly increased hepatoblastoma risk, with the GG genotype associated with a higher risk of hepatoblastoma than the CC genotype at the rs3024270 locus. The rs217727 polymorphism was associated with significantly decreased hepatoblastoma risk, with the AG genotype associated with a lower risk of hepatoblastoma than the GG genotype. These findings were confirmed by combined analysis, and stratification analysis revealed that age, gender and clinical stage were associated with increased hepatoblastoma susceptibility. The GGG and AGG haplotypes were significantly associated with increased hepatoblastoma risk compared with the GCA reference (rs2839698, rs3024270, rs217727). The rs2839698 and rs3024270 polymorphisms correlated with decreased MRPL23‐AS1 expression, whereas the rs217727 polymorphism was associated with increased MRPL23‐AS1 expression. Overall, the H19 rs2839698, rs3024270 and rs217727 polymorphisms were associated with hepatoblastoma susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photoactive porphyrinic metal−organic framework (MOF) has been prepared by exchanging Ti into a Zr‐based MOF precursor. The resultant mixed‐metal Ti/Zr porphyrinic MOF demonstrates much‐improved efficiency for gas‐phase CO2 photoreduction into CH4 and CO under visible‐light irradiation using water vapor compared to the parent Zr‐MOF. Insightful studies have been conducted to probe the photocatalysis processes. This work provides the first example of gas‐phase CO2 photoreduction into methane without organic sacrificial agents on a MOF platform, thereby paving an avenue for developing MOF‐based photocatalysts for application in CO2 photoreduction and other types of photoreactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study the mechanical and elastic properties of single crystal aluminum with various crystal orientations at different temperatures and under different pressure. Transformations of lattice structures under high pressure, tensile and shearing loads are investigated, respectively. When the pressure increases to 1011 Pa, the face centered cubic (FCC) structure is completely transformed into body centered cubic (BCC) and other structures. The transformation from FCC to hexagonal close packed (HCP) and other structures takes place during tensile and shearing processes. Elastic compliance constants are calculated at different temperatures. Elastic modulus and shear modulus of different crystal orientations at different temperatures are calculated by the formula method, and compared with the results of molecular dynamics method. The decrease extent of elastic modulus in <111> crystal orientation is the smallest with the increase of temperature. The effects of high pressure on elastic modulus and shear modulus in different crystal orientations are also investigated. When the pressure exceeds 109 Pa, the elastic modulus and shear modulus in all crystal orientations begin to increase. Poisson's ratio in different crystal orientations at different temperatures and under high pressure are also calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and nonhepatocellular cancers remains inconclusive. This large case‐control study aimed to assess the associations between HBV infection status and multiple cancers. Cases (n = 50 392) and controls (n = 11 361) were consecutively recruited from 2008 to 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using logistic regression by adjusting age and gender. A meta‐analysis based on published studies was also performed to verify the associations. Of these, 12.1% of cases and 5.5% of controls were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositive. We observed significant associations between HBsAg seropositivity and esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.32 [1.13‐1.54]), stomach cancer (1.46 [1.30‐1.65]), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 39.11 [35.08‐43.59]), intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (ICC and ECC; 3.83 [2.58‐5.67] and 1.72 [1.28‐2.31]), pancreatic cancer (PaC; 1.37 [1.13‐1.65]), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; 1.88 [1.61‐2.20]) and leukemia (11.48 [4.05‐32.56]). Additionally, compared to participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc−, participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc+, indicating past HBV‐infected, had an increased risk of esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.24‐1.73]), stomach cancer (1.20 [1.04‐1.39]), HCC (4.80 [3.95‐5.84]) and leukemia (15.62 [2.05‐119.17]). Then the overall meta‐analysis also verified that HBsAg seropositivity was significantly associated with stomach cancer (OR [95% CI] = 1.23 [1.14‐1.33]), ICC (4.05 [2.78‐5.90]), ECC (1.73 [1.30‐2.30]), PaC (1.26 [1.09‐1.46]), NHL (1.95 [1.55‐2.44]) and leukemia (1.54 [1.26‐1.88]). In conclusion, both our case‐control study and meta‐analysis confirmed the significant association of HBsAg seropositivity with stomach cancer, ICC, ECC, PaC, NHL and leukemia. Of note, our findings also suggested that the risk of stomach cancer elevated for people whoever exposed to HBV. What's new?: Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important cause of hepatocelluar carcinoma and may be linked to certain non‐hepatocellular cancers as well, including colon cancer and stomach cancer. This case‐control investigation of cancer patients in China shows that positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is significantly higher in cancer patients overall than in controls. Among Chinese patients, HBsAg seropositivity was associated particularly with stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia. These observations were consistent with meta‐analysis of previous studies exploring possible associations between HBV and non‐hepatocellular cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis is characterized by an inflammatory process related to the up‐regulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present study, we explored the role of circC3P1 in sepsis‐induced ALI in vitro and in vivo. The caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐induced sepsis model was established through CLP surgery. Forty adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into sham, CLP, CLP + vector and CLP + circC3P1 (each n = 10). Primary murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MPVECs) were transfected with circC3P1 or empty vector 24 hours prior to LPS treatment via Lipofectamine 2000. The expressions of circC3P1, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐1β were evaluated after 6‐h LPS treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. The CLP group demonstrated pulmonary morphological abnormalities, increased concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β in the lung tissue, compared with the sham group. MPVECs treated with LPS significantly elevated TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β levels and increased cell apoptosis than that in the control group. The circC3P1 overexpression in sepsis‐induced ALI mice attenuated pulmonary injury, inflammation and apoptosis. Besides, circC3P1 revealed anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effect in MPVEC‐treated LPS. CircC3P1 overexpression reduced cell apoptosis and pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels via down‐regulating miR‐21. CircC3P1 attenuated pro‐inflammatory cytokine production and cell apoptosis in ALI induced by sepsis through modulating miR‐21, indicating that circC3P1 is a promising therapeutic biomarker for sepsis‐induced ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a family of dinuclear dysprosium metallocene single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) bridged by methyl and halogen groups [Cp′2Dy(μ‐X)]2 (Cp′=cyclopentadienyltrimethylsilane anion; 1: X=CH3−; 2: X=Cl−; 3: X=Br−; 4: X=I−). For the first time, the magnetic easy axes of dysprosium metallocene SMMs are experimentally determined, confirming that the orientation of them are perpendicular to the equatorial plane which is made up of dysprosium and bridging atoms. The orientation of the magnetic easy axis for 1 deviates from the normal direction (by 10.3°) due to the stronger equatorial interactions between DyIII and methyl groups. Moreover, its magnetic axes show a temperature‐dependent shifting, which is caused by the competition between exchange interactions and Zeeman interactions. Studies of fluorescence and specific heat as well as ab initio calculations reveal the significant influences of the bridging ligands on their low‐lying exchange‐based energy levels and, consequently, low‐temperature magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary habits and the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive carriers in Qidong, an hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐epidemic area in China. Methods: A total of 3199 HBsAg carriers aged 30‐70 years in a prospective cohort in Qidong, China from 2007 to 2011 were included in the study. At baseline, all participants self‐reported their dietary habits in a questionnaire interview. A follow‐up check‐up was performed every 6 months to identify HCC cases until November 2017. Cox's regression analysis and an interaction analysis were performed to estimate the relative risks of HCC in terms of baseline diet. Results: Among 3199 HBsAg‐positive participants, 270 developed HCC (143.86/100 000 person‐years [PYs]). Compared with participants who rarely consume garlic, the risk of HCC in those who consumed it ≥ once per week decreased along with the increase in frequency (HR = 1.00, 0.90 and 0.62 in those who consumed it rarely vs those who consumed it 1‐6 times per week and ≥ 7 times per week, respectively). This study found a synergistic effect between garlic and tea consumption on the risk of HCC (P = 0.039 for a multiplicative interaction). Conclusions: HBsAg carriers should improve their diet. Regular consumption of garlic and tea drinking may reduce the HCC incidence in HBsAg carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomistic control of the coordination environment of lattice ions and the distribution of metal sites within crystalline mixed‐metal coordination polymers remain significant synthetic challenges. Herein is reported the mechanochemical synthesis of a reticular family of crystalline heterobimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is now achieved by polymerization of molecular Ru2[II,III] complexes, featuring unprotected carboxylic acid substituents, with Cu(OAc)2. The resulting crystalline heterobimetallic MOFs are solid solutions of Ru2 and Cu2 sites housed within [M3L2] phases. The developed mechanochemical strategy is modular and allows for systematic control of the primary coordination sphere of the Ru2 sites within an isoreticular family of materials. This strategy is anticipated to provide a rational approach to atomically precise mixed‐metal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a great health burden to patients owing to its poor overall survival rate. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) interact with microRNAs (miRs) to participate in tumorigenesis. Therefore, we aim to uncover the role and related mechanism of LINC00473 in PC through the modulation of miR‐195‐5p and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1). Increased LINC00473 and PD‐L1 but declined miR‐195‐5p were determined in PC tissues and cell lines, and it was found that LINC00473 mainly situated in the cytoplasm. Also, miR‐195‐5p was verified to bind with both LINC00473 and PD‐L1. Next, with the aim to examine the ability of LINC00473, miR‐195‐5p, and PD‐L1 on the PC progression, the expression of LINC00473, miR‐195‐5p and PD‐L1 were altered with mimics, inhibitors, overexpression vectors or siRNAs in PC cells and cocultured CD8+ T cells. It was demonstrated that LINC00473 sponged miR‐195‐5p to upregulate PD‐L1 expression. More important, the obtained results revealed that LINC00473 silencing or miR‐195‐5p upregulation elevated the expression of Bcl‐2 associated X protein (Bax), interferon (IFN)‐γ, and interleukin (IL)‐4 but reduced the expression of B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, and IL‐10, thus inducing the enhancement of the apoptosis as along with the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration of the PC cells. LINC00473 silencing or miR‐195‐5p elevation activated the CD8+ T cells. Taken together, LINC00473 silencing blocked the PC progression through enhancing miR‐195‐5p‐targeted downregulation of PD‐L1. This finding offers new therapeutic options for treating this devastating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory measurements of turbulent flow and shear stresses in a surf zone under monochromatic breaking waves in a large‐scale wave flume are presented. Waves with various surf similarity parameters were generated to break at nearly identical water depths over a 1/100 mild slope. Free surface elevations were measured along the plane beach. Velocities in a water column located at the breaking region were measured by acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Results from wave shoaling coefficient, breaking index, and images are inconsistent with the breaker type categorizations from the surf similarity parameter. This suggests that a modification of the surf similarity parameter for very mild slopes may be necessary. For the plunging breakers, the ensemble‐averaged results indicate that intense turbulence kinetic energy was initially generated by large eddies at the surface then transported to the bottom frequently. The instantaneous results demonstrate that the intermittency of turbulence kinetic energy near the bed was caused by large eddies generated by wave overturning and relatively smaller obliquely descending eddies. Moreover, the magnitude of the wave shear stress (WSS) is one order of magnitude larger than that of the turbulent shear stress, indicating that the effects of the bottom slope, wave breaking, and bed friction are significant in the surf zone. The sign of the time‐averaged WSS switched between positive and negative, depending on the occurrences of phase lag and phase lead of the vertical coherent velocity. It suggests that a change may be required in Zou et al.'s (2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003300) theory on the formulation of wave‐breaking induced WSS. Key Points: Surf zone turbulent flow is measured under large‐scale breaking waves over a 1/100 slope with a breaking wave height of O(1) mLarge eddies and obliquely descending eddies generated near the free surface can reach the bed and cause intense intermittency of turbulenceThe magnitude of wave shear stress is comparable to that of turbulent shear stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoglossal motoneurons innervate genioglossus muscle, the contraction of which is critical in the maintenance of upper airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. As a potassium channel distributed in hypoglossal motoneurons, TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive K+ channel‐1 (TASK‐1) could be inhibited by 5‐HT. This study aimed to investigate if TASK‐1 expression in hypoglossal nucleus could be influenced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and 5‐HT2A receptors antagonist. Two hundred twenty‐eight rats were exposed to CIH or normoxia (NO) in the presence and absence of 5‐HT 2A receptor antagonist (MDL‐100907) microinjected into the hypoglossal nucleus. The expression of 5‐HT and TASK‐1 in the hypoglossal nucleus were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of CIH exposure. The mean optical density (MOD) of 5‐HT in the XII nucleus was significantly increased in the CIH and CIH + MDL group than the NO group on the 7th and 21st day (p < 0.05). Compared with the NO group, the MOD and gene expression of TASK‐1 in the CIH group was significantly increased on the 7th and 14th day (p < 0.05), then normalized on the 21st day. The TASK‐1 expression in the CIH + MDL group was significantly lower than the CIH + PBS and CIH group on the 7th and 14th day (p < 0.05). The CIH‐induced transiently upregulation of the TASK‐1 expression in the hypoglossal nucleus could be reversed by 5‐HT 2A receptor antagonist, indicating that the modulation of the TASK‐1 expression in response to CIH involves 5‐HT and 5‐HT 2A receptors, and this CIH effect might be 5‐HT 2A receptor‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study explored the gut microbiota of children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods: We enrolled 15 cases with HFMD admitted to the West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, China, from July to September 2016 at a median age of three years. The controls were 15 healthy children of a similar age who underwent routine health examinations at the hospital during the same period. Gut microbiota was analysed using high throughput 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.Results: The gut microbiota in the HFMD patients was distinct from the controls. Compared with the controls, the composition of gut microbiota in the HFMD cases represented a reduction of two butyrate-producing bacteria, Ruminococcus (0.73 ± 1.28 versus 7.78 ± 20.01, p = 0.026) and Roseburia (0.67 ± 1.69 versus 1.61 ± 3.27, p = 0.024) and an up-regulation of Escherichia (5.26 ± 10.50 versus 1.59 ± 5.90,p < 0.01) and Enterococcus (4.12 ± 12.49 versus 0.12 ± 0.41, p = 0.015).Conclusion: The dysbiosis of gut microbiota of the HFMD cases included a reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and an up-regulation of inflammation-inducing bacteria. These may have impaired the intestinal biological mucosal barrier and host immune functions, promoting the invasion of the enterovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential to exert atomistic control over the structure of site‐isolated catalyst sites, as well as the topology and chemical environment of interstitial pore spaces, has inspired efforts to apply porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts for fine chemical synthesis. In analogy to enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, MOF catalysts have been proposed as platforms in which substrate confinement could be used to achieve chemo‐ and stereoselectivities that are orthogonal to solution‐phase catalysts. In order to leverage the tunable pore topology of MOFs to impact catalyst selectivity, catalysis must proceed at interstitial catalyst sites, rather than at solvent‐exposed interfacial sites. This Minireview addresses challenges inherent to interstitial MOF catalysis by 1) describing the diffusional processes available to sorbates in porous materials, 2) discussing critical factors that impact the diffusion rate of substrates in porous materials, and 3) presenting in operando experimental strategies to assess the relative rates of substrate diffusion and catalyst turnover in MOF catalysis. It is anticipated that the continued development of in operando tools to evaluate substrate diffusion in porous catalysts will advance the application of these materials in fine chemical synthesis. Interfacial or interstitial catalysis? Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been advanced as catalysts for fine‐chemical synthesis. However, in order to access chemical selectivities that differ from homogenous catalysts, reactions must occur within the pore structure. This Minireview addresses the challenges associated with interstitial MOF catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Rhabdosphincter (RS) muscle injury occurs during prostatectomy, and is a leading cause of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Current SUI treatments engender significant side effects, which negatively impact patient quality of life. Thus an unmet need exists to develop novel RS regeneration methods. We have shown that Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a critical regulator of penile smooth muscle, and we have developed novel peptide amphiphile nanofiber hydrogel delivery of SHH protein to the penis to regenerate smooth muscle after prostatectomy induced injury. If similar SHH signaling mechanisms regulate RS muscle homeostasis, this innovative technology may be adapted for RS regeneration post‐prostatectomy. We examine the SHH pathway in human RS muscle. Methods: Human RS obtained during radical cystoprostatectomy (n = 13), underwent SHH pathway analysis. Primary cultures were established (n = 5), and RS cells were treated with SHH protein, SHH inhibitor, or PBS (control). Immunohistochemical analysis for SHH pathway, skeletal muscle actin, and trichrome stain were performed. RS growth was quantified at 3 and 6 days. Results: SHH, it is receptors patched and smoothened, and transcriptional activators, GLI proteins, were identified in human RS muscle. At 3 and 6 days, RS cells increased 62% and 78% (P = 0.0001) with SHH treatment and decreased 40% (P = 0.0001) and 18% (P = 0.039) with SHH inhibition. Conclusions: The SHH pathway was identified in human RS. RS growth increased with SHH treatment, indicating intervention may be possible to enhance RS regeneration, and impact SUI. Peptide amphiphile delivery of SHH may be applicable for RS regeneration and SUI prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior mediastinal masses are usually neurogenic tumours, and isolated mediastinal tuberculous abscess is extremely unusual. In countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, tuberculosis should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses of mediastinal masses or abscesses, even when there are no associated pulmonary abnormalities. The immunologic screening tests are not enough to establish the diagnosis of active tuberculosis, however, the repeated imaging study after a period of anti-tubercular treatment revealed obvious mass regression, which supported the diagnosis. It is also unlike reported cases of lymphobronchial tuberculosis (lymph gland disease involving the airways which causes critical airway obstruction), in which endoscopic or transthoracic enucleation of the lymph node is sometimes performed.[[12]] This case reminds us that in countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, MTB should be considered as a differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses or abscesses, even when there are no associated pulmonary abnormalities. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: The Heisenberg uncertainty principle describes a basic restriction on an observer's ability of precisely predicting the measurement of a pair of noncommuting observables, and virtually is at the core of quantum mechanics. Herein, the aim is to study the entropic uncertainty relation (EUR) under the background of a Schwarzschild black hole and its control. Explicitly, dynamical features of the measuring uncertainty via entropy are developed in a practical model where a stationary particle interacts with its surrounding environment while another particle—serving as a quantum memory reservoir—undergoes free fall in the vicinity of the event horizon of the Schwarzschild space‐time. It shows higher Hawking temperatures would give rise to an inflation of the entropic uncertainty on the measured particle. This is suggestive of the fact the measurement uncertainty is strongly correlated with degree of mixing present in the evolving particles. Additionally, based on information flow theory, a physical interpretation for the observed dynamical behaviors related with the entropic uncertainty in such a genuine scenario is provided. Finally, an efficient strategy is proposed to reduce the uncertainty by non‐tracing‐preserved operations. Therefore, our explorations may improve the understanding of the dynamic entropic uncertainty in a curved space‐time, and illustrate predictions of quantum measurements in relativistic quantum information sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The dynamics behaviors of genuine multipartite Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering (GMS) and genuine multipartite nonlocality (GMN) are investigated herein, and how the lost GMS and GMN under a mixed decoherence system can be recovered is explored. Explicitly, the decoherence system can be modeled by that a tripartite Werner‐type state suffers from the non‐Markovian regimes and one subsystem of the tripartite is under a non‐inertial frame. The conditions for steerable and nonlocal states can be obtained with respect to the tripartite Werner‐type state established initially. GMS and GMN are very fragile and vulnerable under the influence of the collective decoherence. GMS and GMN will vanish with growing intensity of the Unruh effect and the non‐Markovian reservoir. Besides, all achievable GMN's states are steerable, while not every steerable state (GMS's state) can achieve nonlocality. This means that the steering–nonlocality hierarchy is still tenable and GMN's states are a strict subset of the GMS's states in such a scenario. Subsequently, an available methodology to recover the damaged GMS and GMN is proposed. It turns out that the lost GMS and GMN can be effectively restored, and the ability of GMS and GMN to suppress the collective decoherence can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]