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The present experiment containing two dietary cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 5 mg/kg) and two lipoic acid (LA) levels (0 and 600 mg/kg) was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary Cd on the growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestine morphology of Macrobrachium nipponense and the alleviation effects of LA. We found that dietary Cd and LA had no significant effects on the growth of prawns. Dietary Cd significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in a higher MDA level in the hepatopancreas. LA was added to diets that increased these antioxidant enzyme activities. Similarly, dietary Cd decreased the activity of lysozyme and content of NO in the serum, whereas dietary LA ameliorated these negative effects. Dietary Cd significantly increased the activities of GOT and GPT in the serum, and LA supplementation decreased the activities of these enzymes in the serum. The intestinal villus of prawns fed the diet containing Cd was partly detached from the basement membrane, and LA protected the integrity of the gut. In conclusion, dietary Cd depressed the antioxidant capacity and immunity, destroyed the intestine morphology of prawns and LA supplementation alleviated these negative effects caused by Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to simultaneously determine mesalazine (5‐ASA) and its major metabolite N‐Ac‐5‐ASA in the plasma and to evaluate the impact of different food patterns on the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of 5‐ASA in healthy subjects. In this single‐dose, open‐label, 3‐period, 3‐treatment crossover study, the subjects received a single, oral dose of 500‐mg enteric‐coated mesalazine tablet together with either a low‐fat or a high‐fat breakfast or under fasting condition (reference). The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods and analyzed with a linear mixed‐effect model. The geometric least squares mean ratio for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity of N‐Ac‐5‐ASA was 1.05 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.70‐1.58) for high‐fat/fasted condition and 1.06 (90%CI, 0.82‐1.36) for low‐fat/fasted condition. The least squares mean ratio of 5‐ASA was 0.86 (90%CI, 0.65‐1.14) for high‐fat/fasted condition and 0.78 (90%CI, 0.60‐1.02) for low‐fat/fasted condition. All P values were >.05. The mean maximum plasma concentration and the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration of N‐Ac‐5‐ASA were 2084 ng/mL, 8 hours; 2639 ng/mL, 11 hours, and 2409 ng/mL, 9 hours for fasted, high‐fat, and low‐fat, respectively. The values of 5‐ASA were 1950 ng/mL, 7 hours; 2869 ng/mL, 9 hours; and 2837 ng/mL, 8 hours for fasted, high‐fat, and low‐fat condition. 5‐ASA was well tolerated under all 3 conditions. Food delayed the absorption of 5‐ASA, especially a high‐fat meal. Therefore, enteric‐coated mesalazine tablets should be taken before meals to avoid causing patients slow response and any effect of food on its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work has suggested that ceria nanoparticles ( CNPs) have regenerative antioxidant properties, which have motivated researchers to consider CNPs as therapeutic agents for treating a number of diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have shown CNPs to be toxic to cancer cells, to inhibit invasion and sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy. In addition, several hydrophilic polymers have been used to coat the CNP surface in order to enhance its properties of extensive biocompatibility and systemic nontoxicity to normal cells and tissues. However, the results of previous studies were based on high CNP doses (10 μg/mL or more), and these doses may cause serious side effects in clinical applications. The impact of low CNP doses on tumor cells remains unknown. In this study, we report experiments indicating that CNPs- AL- polyethylene glycol ( PEG)600, a type of surface-modified CNP that is more stable and less toxic than traditional CNPs could promote proliferation of hepatoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, further research showed that a low dose (0.01 μg/mL) of CNPs- AL- PEG600 could reduce hepatoma cell apoptosis and activate AKT/ ERK signaling pathways. These results may provide information that is important for using CNPs- AL- PEG600 as a therapeutic agent in clinical cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]