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Aim: To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces primary care visits for acute respiratory infection (ARI)., Methods: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in New Zealand and powered to determine the vitamin D dose needed to achieve normal vitamin D status during infancy. Healthy pregnant women, from 27 weeks' gestation to birth, and their infants, from birth to age 6 months, were assigned to placebo or one of the two dosages of daily oral vitamin D3 . Woman/infant pairs were randomised to placebo/placebo, 1000 IU/400 IU or 2000 IU/800 IU. For this ad hoc analysis, the primary care records of enrolled children were audited to age 18 months., Results: Two hundred and sixty pregnant women were randomised to placebo (n = 87), lower-dose (n = 87) or higher-dose (n = 86) vitamin D3 . In comparison with the placebo group (99%), the proportion of children making any ARI visits was smaller in the higher-dose (87%, p = 0.004), but not the lower-dose vitamin D3 group (95%, p = 0.17). The median number of ARI visits/child was less in the higher-dose vitamin D3 group from age 6-18 months (placebo 4, lower dose 3, higher dose 2.5; p = 0.048 for higher-dose vitamin D3 vs. placebo)., Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and infancy reduces primary care visits for ARI during early childhood., (©2014 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)