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Driven by the United Nations Decade on Restoration and international funding initiatives, such as the Mangrove Breakthrough, investment in mangrove restoration is expected to increase. Yet, mangrove restoration efforts frequently fail, usually because of ad hoc site‐selection processes that do not consider mangrove ecology and the socioeconomic context. Using decision analysis, we developed an approach that accounts for socioeconomic and ecological data to identify sites with the highest likelihood of mangrove restoration success. We applied our approach in the Biosphere Reserve Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, Mexico, an area that recently received funding for implementing mangrove restoration actions. We identified 468 potential restoration sites, assessed their restorability potential based on socioeconomic and ecological metrics, and ranked sites for implementation with spatial optimization. The metrics we used included favorable conditions for propagules to establish and survive under sea‐level rise, provision of ecosystem services, and community dynamics. Sites that were selected based on socioeconomic or ecological metrics alone had lower likelihood of mangrove restoration success than sites that were selected based on integrated socioeconomic and ecological metrics. For example, selecting sites based on only socioeconomic metrics captured 16% of the maximum attainable value of functioning mangroves able to provide propagules to potential restoration sites, whereas selecting sites based on ecological and socioeconomic metrics captured 46% of functioning mangroves. Our approach was developed as part of a collaboration between nongovernmental organizations, local government, and academics under rapid delivery time lines given preexisting mangrove restoration implementation commitments. The systematic decision process we used integrated socioeconomic and ecological considerations even under short delivery deadlines, and our approach can be adapted to help mangrove restoration site‐selection decisions elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the ethical implications surrounding mental health screening and services in educational settings, including the importance of informed consent, the potential for stigmatization among students, and the necessity of ensuring equitable access to mental health resources.

Background: When re‐learning a motor skill, practicing a variety of treatment targets promotes error processing and the exploration of motor control strategies, which initially disrupts accuracy during training (motor performance), but ultimately enhances generalization, retention, and transfer (motor learning). Cough skill training (CST) is feasible and efficacious to improve cough strength; however, previous studies have used the same practice target during training. Objectives: Our goal was to examine the impact of CST with variable practice on motor performance, motor learning, and respiratory system adaptations. Method: The study was a prospective three‐visit single group design. Twenty individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and concomitant dysphagia and dystussia completed two sessions of CST involving three randomized practice targets. Cough, lung volume, and airway clearance outcomes were assessed before and after treatment sessions with long‐term retention evaluated after 1 month. Results: Peak expiratory flow rate improved after CST with variable practice for voluntary single (β = 0.35 L/s) and sequential (β = 0.22 L/s) cough, which were maintained after 1 month without treatment. The ability to expel material from the upper airway demonstrated a small magnitude of improvement (β = −1.87%). During CST, participants altered lung volume based on the treatment target and lung volume decreased during reflex cough after completing CST. Conclusions: Individuals with PD demonstrated improvements in several aspects of motor learning after two sessions of CST with variable practice. Increasing lung volume may not be an implicit strategy to upregulate voluntary cough strength in this treatment paradigm. The findings support the need for larger investigations exploring the potential benefits of this CST approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal radiometry has recently been investigated for use in the multidimensional thermal characterization of anisotropic samples. In application, there are two principal thermal models available for such characterization: a Cartesian model for the heat equation, which requires the application of three Fourier transforms to arrive at a solution (dubbed the Fourier technique), and a cylindrical model for the heat equation, which requires the application of a Hankel transform and a single Fourier transform (dubbed the Hankel technique). The Fourier technique allows for three‐dimensional characterization, while the Hankel technique is expected to greatly reduce the computational time required. As these models can be very computationally expensive, the potential to reduce this cost is of great interest. In this work, these multidimensional models are presented after which they are compared for accuracy, computational time, and assumption limitations. It was found that both the Fourier and Hankel techniques could accurately arrive at desired thermal properties, but that the Hankel Technique reduced the computational time by between 100× and 250× depending upon mesh spacings. Accuracy limitations were found as the eccentricity of the heating laser was increased with a less than 13% error being induced from a beam with a 3–1 axis ratio. The Hankel technique shows ideal application in computationally expensive models which employ a relatively circular beam shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite advances in screening and therapy, breast cancer (BC) remains the predominant cancer in women globally. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is pivotal in carcinogenesis across various cancers, including BC. Evidence indicates that miR‐1307‐3p is upregulated in BC tumors, yet its target genes are not fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore how miR‐1307‐3p regulates BC proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis and to identify potential target genes. Methods: Basal miR‐1307‐3p levels were quantified in BC cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7, as well as MCF‐10A using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐qPCR). The impact of miR‐1307‐3p inhibition on BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis was assessed. Nine miRNA‐target prediction databases identified potential miR‐1307‐3p targets. Target expression was validated using RT‐qPCR, Western blot, and dual‐luciferase reporter assays. MiR‐1307‐3p was overexpressed in MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 compared to MCF‐10A. Results: Inhibiting miR‐1307‐3p significantly reduced BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis identified 17 potential miR‐1307‐3p targets, with protamine 2 (PRM2) overexpression confirmed via Western blot and dual‐luciferase assays. Conclusion: MiR‐1307‐3p overexpression in BC promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. PRM2 emerges as a novel miR‐1307‐3p target in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The brain age gap (BAG), calculated as the difference between a machine learning model‐based predicted brain age and chronological age, has been increasingly investigated in psychiatric disorders. Tobacco and alcohol use are associated with increased BAG; however, no studies have compared global and regional BAG across substances other than alcohol and tobacco. This study aimed to compare global and regional estimates of brain age in individuals with substance use disorders and healthy controls. Design: This was a cross‐sectional study. Setting: This is an Enhancing Neuro Imaging through Meta‐Analysis Consortium (ENIGMA) Addiction Working Group study including data from 38 global sites. Participants: This study included 2606 participants, of whom 1725 were cases with a substance use disorder and 881 healthy controls. Measurements: This study used the Kaufmann brain age prediction algorithms to generate global and regional brain age estimates using T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We used linear mixed effects models to compare global and regional (FreeSurfer lobestrict output) BAG (i.e. predicted minus chronological age) between individuals with one of five primary substance use disorders as well as healthy controls. Findings Alcohol use disorder (β = −5.49, t = −5.51, p < 0.001) was associated with higher global BAG, whereas amphetamine‐type stimulant use disorder (β = 3.44, t = 2.42, p = 0.02) was associated with lower global BAG in the separate substance‐specific models. Conclusions: People with alcohol use disorder appear to have a higher brain‐age gap than people without alcohol use disorder, which is consistent with other evidence of the negative impact of alcohol on the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to characterise baseline disease and treatment burden in a large population with haemophilia A/B, both with (HAwI/HBwI) and without (HA/HB) inhibitors. Methods: The prospective, non‐interventional explorer6 study included patients ≥12 years old with severe HA, severe/moderate HB or HAwI/HBwI of any severity, treated according to local standard of care (excluding previous/current exposure to concizumab or emicizumab). Baseline characteristics and historical clinical data were collected and patient‐reported outcomes, including treatment burden, were assessed. Results: The explorer6 study enrolled 231 patients with haemophilia (84 HAwI/HBwI) from 33 countries. At baseline, patients with HA/HB treated with prophylaxis had the lowest median annualised bleeding rates (ABRs; 2.0), irrespective of haemophilia type; of these patients, 27.5% (HA) and 31.4% (HB) had target joints. Patients with HAwI/HBwI treated episodically reported the highest treatment burden. Of these patients, 28.5% (HAwI) and 25.1% (HBwI) performed sports activities in the month before screening. Conclusion: Despite receiving routine clinical care, historical and baseline information from patients enrolled in explorer6 showed that patients with HA/HB treated episodically and patients with HAwI/HBwI had higher ABRs, higher treatment burden and participated in sports less than those with HA/HB treated with prophylaxis. Emerging treatments could be beneficial in addressing these unmet medical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical scoring functions may exhibit low accuracy in determining ligand binding affinity for proteins. The availability of both protein–ligand structures and affinity data make it possible to develop machine‐learning models focused on specific protein systems with superior predictive performance. Here, we report a new methodology named SAnDReS that combines AutoDock Vina 1.2 with 54 regression methods available in Scikit‐Learn to calculate binding affinity based on protein–ligand structures. This approach allows exploration of the scoring function space. SAnDReS generates machine‐learning models based on crystal, docked, and AlphaFold‐generated structures. As a proof of concept, we examine the performance of SAnDReS‐generated models in three case studies. For all three cases, our models outperformed classical scoring functions. Also, SAnDReS‐generated models showed predictive performance close to or better than other machine‐learning models such as KDEEP, CSM‐lig, and ΔVinaRF20. SAnDReS 2.0 is available to download at https://github.com/azevedolab/sandres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drug resistance challenges in acute myeloid leukemia have been linked the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway activation by many studies. Furthermore, studies have shown that the components of the HH pathway, including 12‐pass transmembrane receptor Patched (PTCH), the 7‐pass transmembrane signal transduction protein Smoothened (SMO), and all three GLI transcription factors, are expressed in AML. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of SMO in the HH signaling in these cells has anti‐leukemic effects. However, the first SMO inhibitor specific to AML (Glasdegib) has been approved based on improved overall survival rates, but alternative approaches are still required. Thus we employed druglikeness screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, non‐equilibrium free energy and in silico pharmacokinetics profiling on bioactive compounds from Vernonia amygdalina against SMO protein target. From 30 bioactive compounds in V. amygdalina, 13 had drug‐like potential, 5 had binding energy between −9.2 to −9.9 kcal/mol. Cryptolepine, neocryptolepine and isocryptolepine with the least BE showed good stability, dynamics over 300 ns of MD run and higher binding affinities via the Jarzynski's identity. Hence, these bioactive compounds may serve as potential drugs for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia by targeting the SMO protein after wet lab experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind erosion and dust emission from drylands have large consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Wind erosion is naturally reduced by soil crusting and sheltering by non‐erodible roughness elements such as plants. Land uses that reduce surface roughness and disturb the soil surface can dramatically increase dust emission. Extraction of oil and gas is a common and growing land use in the western United States (US) that removes vegetation and other roughness elements for construction of well pads and unpaved access roads, resulting in thousands of small (1–4 ha), discrete patches of unprotected soil. Here, we use a satellite albedo‐based model to assess the effect of oil/gas activity on surface roughness in the Uinta‐Piceance Basin, an area of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) with dense oil and natural gas development and modelled how the change in surface roughness could impact aeolian sediment flux and dust emission. We also investigated how regional drought influences the response of surface roughness to well pads and access roads. Oil/gas activity reduced surface roughness and increased modelled aeolian sediment flux at the landscape scale across much of the study region, resulting in a modest increase of 10 139 kg of dust per year, which is small relative to dust loads from a single regional dust event observed in the region, but downwind impact could be significant. The magnitude of surface roughness reductions by oil/gas activity was generally consistent among land cover types. However, in parts of the basin that had high cover of annual forbs and grasses, oil/gas activity was associated with larger surface roughness and smaller potential dust emission. Drought decreased surface roughness across disturbed and undisturbed sites, but there was no interactive effect of oil/gas activity and drought on surface roughness. These results suggest that oil/gas activity may increase sediment fluxes and likely contributes to dust emission from landscapes in the UCRB. Understanding how drought and land use change contribute to dust emissions will benefit mitigation of undesirable impacts of wind erosion and dust transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be obtained from plants and other organisms through green synthesis methods, considered eco‐friendly and highly biocompatible. In this way, using plants with antitumor bioactive compounds increases cytotoxicity against tumor cells, acting in synergy between plant bioactive compounds (covering the nanoparticle) and AgNPs by itself. Acetogenins are the signature bioactive compounds present in Annona muricata (soursop) that induce tumor cell death by blocking respiratory complex 1 of the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, which is overexpressed in high‐grade tumors such as medulloblastoma, a high‐grade tumor of embryonic origin that affects the pediatric population. In this study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs derived from an aqueous extract of soursop peel on neuroblastoma (CHP‐212) and medulloblastoma (Daoy and D341 Med) cell lines. Additionally, we evaluated the viability of fibroblasts (HDFn) and macrophages (RAW 264.7) to observe biosafety in nontumor cells. Our results showed that AgNPs in soursop peel reduced the viability of CHP‐212, Daoy, and D341 Med cell lines, in contrast to the fibroblast cell line. Thus, AgNPs derived from the aqueous extract of soursop peel may serve as a promising therapeutic tool for treating brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: MDMA and cocaine can result in acute onset rhabdomyolysis. However, delayed onset rhabdomyolysis and its pathophysiology is of concern Early therapeutic intervention improves prognosis. Such cases should be promptly referred and managed in centers equipped with critical care and renal replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons, maintain ionic and water homeostasis, and uptake and recycle neurotransmitters. After exposure to the prototypical PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reactive astrocytes increase the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes, facilitating neurodegeneration. In this study, we analyzed the expression of homeostatic genes in astrocytes exposed to LPS and identified the epigenetic factors contributing to the suppression of homeostatic genes in reactive astrocytes. Primary astrocytic cultures were acutely exposed to LPS and allowed to recover for 24, 72 h, and 7 days. As expected, LPS exposure induced reactive astrogliosis and increased the expression of pro‐inflammatory IL‐1B and IL‐6. Interestingly, the acute exposure resulted in persistent hypermethylation of astroglial DNA. Similar hypermethylation was observed in highly reactive astrocytes from the traumatic brain injury (TBI) penumbra in vivo. Hypermethylation was accompanied by decreased expression of homeostatic genes including LDHA and Scl16a1 (MCT1) both involved in the lactate shuttle to neurons; glutamine synthase (GS) responsible for glutamate processing; Kcnj10 (Kir4.1) important for K+ homeostasis, and the water channel aquaporin‐4 (Aqp4). Furthermore, the master regulator of DNA methylation, MAFG‐1, as well as DNA methyl transferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a were overexpressed. The downregulation of homeostatic genes correlated with increased methylation of CpG islands in their promoters, as assessed by methylation‐sensitive PCR and increased DNMT3a binding to the GS promoter. Treatment with decitabine, a DNMT inhibitor, prevented the LPS‐ and the HMGB‐1‐induced downregulation of homeostatic genes. Decitabine treatment also prevented the neurotoxic effects of these astrocytes in primary cortical cultures. In summary, our findings reveal that the pathological remodeling of reactive astrocytes encompasses not only the pro‐inflammatory response but, significantly, also entails a long‐term suppression of homeostatic gene expression with methylation of crucial CpG islands within their promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor spaces are essential to most humans' lives. Furthermore, in many cases, buildings are shared indoor environments that contain diverse people and resources. Spatial patterns of use are important but under‐examined aspects of human‐building interactions. This study leverages perspectives from human‐environment geography and mechanical engineering to examine spatial patterns of use within a network of shared indoor spaces in an academic building at a research university in the United States. Here we ask: (1) What spaces and resources do building users value? and (2) How are values associated with observed measures of use? We hypothesise that spatial patterns of use follow an ideal free distribution (IFD), a common ecological model of resource use. To test this, we define measures of value and use derived from mixed qualitative (n = 50) and survey‐based social data (n = 196) and data from a building‐based system of accelerometers. Our analyses provide some support for the IFD hypothesis. We discuss the implications of this finding and potential new avenues for geographic research in shared indoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are widespread soil photosynthetic communities covering about 12% of Earth's land surface, and play crucial roles in terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, yet scalable quantifications of biocrusts and their biogeochemical contributions are notably lacking. While remote sensing has enormous potential to assess, scale, and contextualize biocrusts and their functions, the applicability of hyperspectral data in predicting C‐ and N‐related biocrust traits remains largely unexplored. We address this issue by evaluating the potential of in situ hyperspectral data to predict C and N across a range of biocrust species and different environmental conditions. We found that in situ hyperspectral reflectance measurements can be used to predict biocrust tissue C/N ratios and N concentrations with relatively high accuracy but to a lesser extent for potential biocrust N2 fixation rates. Critical wavelength domains included the visible region of the spectrum from roughly 490–600 nm, which most effectively captured variations in biocrust tissue C, and the shortwave infrared region from 1,150 to 1,350 nm and 1,550–1,650 nm, which most effectively captured biocrust tissue N and N2 fixation potential. Finally, we provide evidence that multi‐ and hyperspectral missions with targeted band placement, such as the proposed 26‐band Landsat Next, could be effective in predicting biocrust traits. This work provides a critical step in understanding how to apply data from new and upcoming satellite missions to the monitoring of biocrusts. Plain Language Summary: Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are communities of organisms such as cyanobacteria, fungi, and lichens existing on soil surfaces. Biocrusts play an important role in the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. The C and N status of biocrusts can be examined in various ways. However, the applicability of studying C and N status of biocrusts using spectral reflectance is poorly explored. We combined statistical models and spectral reflectance measured using a spectroradiometer within the wavelength range from 400 to 2,450 nm to predict variations in C and N status of samples from 14 representative biocrust species, and under both wet and dry conditions. We found that variations in biocrust tissue C/N ratios and N concentrations could be accurately predicted. We also found that the wavelength range of 490–600 nm, and 1,150–1,350 nm as well as around 1,600 nm are the most important wavelength domains to study C and N status of biocrusts. Finally, we provide evidence that upcoming satellite missions with proper band placement, such as the proposed 26‐band Landsat Next, could be effective in predicting biocrust traits. Results from this work shed light on applying data from upcoming satellite missions to the monitoring of biocrusts. Key Points: The applicability of hyperspectral data in predicting carbon‐ and nitrogen‐related biocrust functional traits is poorly understoodVisible and shortwave infrared region of the spectrum best predicted variations in carbon‐ and nitrogen‐related biocrust functional traitsMulti‐ and hyperspectral satellite missions with targeted band placement could be effective in predicting biocrust functional traits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to provide a comprehensive review and case study about the advantages and disadvantages of the application of digital technologies in presurgical orthopedics in newborns/infants with cleft lip and palate (CLCP). Positive changes in the nasal anatomy, maxillary arch, and cleft width could be achieved. Methods: Three representative cases of newborns/infants with CLCP were managed using the presurgical newborn/infant orthopedics (PSIO) approach. The patients were diagnosed and treated. Detailed descriptions of the impression procedures and PSIO appliance construction and placement were provided for each case. Results: Case 1 utilized traditional impression techniques, Case 2 employed a semi‐digitalized approach with intraoral digital scanning, and Case 3 utilized a completely digitalized method for appliance construction. Positive changes in maxillary arch dimensions and cleft width reduction were observed in all cases. Conclusions: The management of CLCP in newborns and infants poses a complex challenge with profound implications. The PSIO approach not only facilitates reconstructive surgery but also enhances overall quality of life. Digital tools, like specialized optical scanners and 3D printing, revolutionize the PSIO process, making it more efficient and patient‐friendly. Clinical benefits include improved facial morphology, esthetics, feeding, speech, and optimized future surgical results. Despite ongoing efficacy debates, global adoption as the initial surgical approach underscores its value. The integration of digital technologies offers new hope for patients and families, promising a brighter future for those affected by this congenital condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer acceptability of beers is influenced by product formulation and processing conditions, which impart unique sensory profiles. This study used multivariate techniques to evaluate at‐home consumer sensory acceptability of six commercial beers considering their style, fermentation type, and chemical composition. Samples included top‐fermented beers (American India Pale Ale and Stout) and bottom‐fermented beers (Pilsner, zero‐alcohol Pilsner, Vienna Lager, and Munich Dunkel). Beer consumers (n = 50) conducted sensory hedonic, check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) and just‐about‐right (JAR) tests. Chemometric variables included iso‐alpha‐acids, hordenine, and volatile aromatic compounds, quantified by chromatographic methods, whereas bitterness units (IBU) were determined spectrophotometrically. Lager beers had higher acceptability than top‐fermented beer (p <.05) for all attributes. Light‐colored beers and medium‐height foams had the highest liking scores for visual sensory attributes. Higher concentrations of bitter‐tasting molecules, hordenine, and acidity decreased the liking scores of top‐fermented (Ale) beers, as a sensory penalty analysis suggested. In contrast, the most favored beers (Pilsners and Munich Dunkel) contained higher fusel alcohol esters linked to fruity aromatic notes. Although a low conversion rate of fatty acids into fruity esters was noted in nonalcoholic Pilsner, its overall liking score was not statistically different from the alcoholic version. However, consumers perceived the nonalcoholic Pilsner as less bitter than its alcoholic counterpart even when IBUs were nonsignificantly different. This study emphasized the significance of understanding beer chemometrics to comprehend consumer acceptability, highlighting the crucial role of bitter molecules. Hence, hordenine, acidity, and volatile contents provided additional and valuable insights into consumer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a hazardous gas found in natural gas and biogas, lethal over 100 ppm. When released into the atmosphere, it can turn into sulfur dioxide. One option to remove H2S is using porous materials such as zeolites. Among them, mordenite stands out due to its channel structure, wide availability, and low cost. In this work, we evaluated the H2S adsorption capacity of mordenite using a volumetric static method. The results show the adsorption capacity of H2S in mordenite varies with the exchanged cation. The highest was measured in Na‐mordenite (~4.08 mmol H2S/g mordenite). The experimental breakthrough curves for this zeolite confirmed Langmuir‐type adsorption and strong affinity between Na+ cations and H2S. Despite this interaction, the XRD diffractograms of Na‐mordenite show that the material retained its crystalline structure. More information about the differences in the amount of H2S adsorbed in the zeolites caused by the change in exchanged cation was obtained by H2S adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra show differences in the position of the peaks related to the different adsorption modes of H2S caused by a change in the polarizing power of the cations due to their charge and position inside the zeolite pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The benefits of friendships among peers with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities are well supported by research. However, little is known about the nature of these inclusive friendships in inclusive college courses. Method: We explored the perspectives of peers on the development of authentic friendships among peers with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities in inclusive college courses in the United States. We used a sequential, explanatory, transformative mixed methods‐grounded theory research design. We integrated quantitative (N = 44) and qualitative (N = 8) findings using blended analysis to inform a preliminary grounded theory of inclusive and reciprocal friendships. Results: Quantitative findings suggest two relationships and one predictor of peers' perceived social engagement. Qualitative findings resulted in five themes that promote friendships. Conclusions: We propose that the context for developing inclusive friendships could be fostered using the preparation and actions stages of the grounded theory model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the design of a nonlinear hybrid controller for an underactuated Duffing oscillator with 2 degrees of freedom. The main control purpose is to reduce the frequency‐response to specific resonant‐frequencies while maintaining its robustness to external disturbances. The resulting hybrid controller uses sliding mode control (SMC) with a positive position feedback (PPF) scheme. This is structured such that the SMC provides system robustness and tracking, while the PPF allows damping specific resonant frequencies. The system was evaluated using frequency sweeps in terms of acceleration in the second degree of freedom. In this case, the control input is applied through the first degree of freedom. Moreover, multi‐objective optimization is implemented to tune of the control parameters. Simulation results show that the system response to external vibrations can be reduced up to 83.88% by using the proposed PPF + SMC scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trichoscopy is a noninvasive technique based on the analysis of hair structures and the scalp, which allows for early diagnosis of different forms of alopecia. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross‐sectional study in the Dermatology Department of Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico. We included 25 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of leprosy. Ten dermoscopic characteristics were assessed in the eyebrows of these patients. Images of the medial and distal portions of the eyebrows were included. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used for the analysis of coherence between the findings of two dermatologists. Results: Of the 25 patients, 14 were male (56%) and 11 were female (44%), with a median age of 60.28 years (IQR: 40–87). The most common findings in the medial eyebrow included vellus hair (96%) and white‐yellowish structureless areas (84%). Furthermore, the most common features of the distal eyebrow included vellus hair (96%), white yellowish structureless areas (92%), and pinpoint white dots (92%). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to describe trichoscopy findings in different leprosy subtypes and classify them into medial and distal eyebrow findings, which seem to be the most affected areas. Identification of these changes is easier in the distal portion of the eyebrows in every subtype of leprosy. We also discovered new trichoscopic findings in the eyebrows: perifollicular hyperpigmentation and yellow dots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives have a broad spectrum of biological activity, being widely used as pharmacophore to design novel bioactive compounds. In this work, sixteen pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity on two human cancer cells lines: breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 and chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562). Eight compounds showed activity against at least one tumor cell line (IC50=49.15–195.9 μM). The compounds were tested in non‐cancerous human lung fibroblasts WI‐26VA4 to evaluate their selectivity index. In addition, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) studies were carried out in attempt to establish a structure‐activity relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruiting Latine immigrants for evaluation poses unique challenges, especially regarding stigmatized subjects (e.g., suicide). In this article, we draw on the challenges and lessons learned from a suicide‐related prevention communication mixed method study conducted with Latine immigrant caregivers during the COVID‐19 pandemic to provide innovative ways for increasing recruitment and participation of this population in evaluations. We conclude with recruiting recommendations for evaluators working with Latine immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive a typology of firms regarding how they use non‐standard contracts, using register data. We find that 58% of firms fit the core‐periphery model. They use non‐standard contracts differently for low‐skilled and high‐skilled employees. The other firms use non‐standard contracts similarly for different groups of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic, transfusion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) convalescent plasma (CCP) emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to help patients severely afflicted by COVID‐19. The efficacy of CCP has been controversial as it depends on many variables pertaining to the plasma donor and the patient with COVID‐19, for example, time of convalescence or symptoms onset. This feasibility and descriptive study aimed to assess the safety of multiple doses of CCP in mechanically ventilated, intubated patients with respiratory failure due to COVID‐19. Methods: A cohort of 30 patients all experiencing severe respiratory failure and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit, received up to five doses of 300–600 mL of CCP on alternate days (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) until extubation, futility, or death. Results: Nineteen patients received five doses, seven received four, and four received two or three doses. At 28‐day follow‐up mark, 57% of patients recovered and were sent home, and the long‐term mortality rate was 27%. Ten severe adverse events reported in the study were unrelated to CCP transfusion. Independent of the number of transfused doses, most patients had detectable levels of total and neutralizing antibodies in plasma. Conclusion: This study suggests that transfusion of multiple doses of CCP is safe. This strategy may represent a viable option for future studies, given the potential benefit of CCP transfusions during the early stages of infection in unvaccinated populations and in settings where monoclonal antibodies or antivirals are contraindicated or unavailable. Highlights: Transfusion of multiple doses (up to 5) of 300–600 mL of convalescent plasma from COVID‐19‐recovered patients is deemed safe, as it does not induce more severe effects than a single dose.Regardless of the number of transfused doses and the titer of neutralizing antibodies, most transfused patients had detectable levels of total and neutralizing antibodies in their plasma.Future studies are needed to determine if multiple transfusion doses are more efficient in preventing disease severity than a single dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a worldwide public health condition that is suggested to induce pathological changes in macrostructure and microstructure. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained attention as a potential treatment for CUD symptoms. Here, we sought to elucidate whether rTMS induces changes in white matter (WM) microstructure in frontostriatal circuits after 2 weeks of therapy in patients with CUD and to test whether baseline WM microstructure of the same circuits affects clinical improvement. This study consisted of a 2‐week, parallel‐group, double‐blind, randomized controlled clinical trial (acute phase) (sham [n = 23] and active [n = 27]), in which patients received two daily sessions of rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) as an add‐on treatment. T1‐weighted and high angular resolution diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI‐HARDI) at baseline and 2 weeks after served to evaluate WM microstructure. After active rTMS, results showed a significant increase in neurite density compared with sham rTMS in WM tracts connecting lDLPFC with left and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Similarly, rTMS showed a reduction in orientation dispersion in WM tracts connecting lDLPFC with the left caudate nucleus, left thalamus, and left vmPFC. Results also showed a greater reduction in craving Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after rTMS when baseline intra‐cellular volume fraction (ICVF) was low in WM tracts connecting left caudate nucleus with substantia nigra and left pallidum, as well as left thalamus with substantia nigra and left pallidum. Our results evidence rTMS‐induced WM microstructural changes in fronto‐striato‐thalamic circuits and support its efficacy as a therapeutic tool in treating CUD. Further, individual clinical improvement may rely on the patient's individual structural connectivity integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of ultra-low-dose rituximab as an alternative treatment for autoimmune dermatological conditions. The authors conducted a study on three patients with different autoimmune skin diseases and found that a regimen of 100mg of rituximab once a week for four weeks resulted in significant improvement without any adverse events. The authors suggest that this low-dose regimen could be a cost-efficient and effective treatment option, especially in countries where rituximab is expensive and not easily accessible. However, more studies are needed to determine the efficacy, safety, and duration of remission for this treatment. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the ethical considerations surrounding MRI research in human subjects in the era of precision medicine. It emphasizes the importance of respecting the diversity of human subjects, including factors such as biological variables, socio-economic status, cultural heritage, and life experience. The article also highlights the need for beneficence, ensuring that research is beneficial and safe for both current and future patients. Additionally, the article addresses the concept of justice, emphasizing the importance of global collaboration and respecting cultural and regulatory differences when establishing ethical standards. The authors suggest that the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) can play a significant role in promoting and facilitating ethical research in human subjects. [Extracted from the article]

The pleasurable urge to move to music (PLUMM) activates motor and reward areas of the brain and is thought to be driven by predictive processes. Dopamine in motor and limbic networks is implicated in beat‐based timing and music‐induced pleasure, suggesting a central role of basal ganglia (BG) dopaminergic systems in PLUMM. This study tested this hypothesis by comparing PLUMM in participants with Parkinson's disease (PD), age‐matched controls, and young controls. Participants listened to musical sequences with varying rhythmic and harmonic complexity (low, medium and high), and rated their experienced pleasure and urge to move to the rhythm. In line with previous results, healthy younger participants showed an inverted U‐shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and ratings, with preference for medium complexity rhythms, while age‐matched controls showed a similar, but weaker, inverted U‐shaped response. Conversely, PD showed a significantly flattened response for both the urge to move and pleasure. Crucially, this flattened response could not be attributed to differences in rhythm discrimination and did not reflect an overall decrease in ratings. For harmonic complexity, PD showed a negative linear pattern for both the urge to move and pleasure while healthy age‐matched controls showed the same pattern for pleasure and an inverted U for the urge to move. This contrasts with the pattern observed in young healthy controls in previous studies, suggesting that both healthy aging and PD also influence affective responses to harmonic complexity. Together, these results support the role of dopamine within cortico‐striatal circuits in the predictive processes that form the link between the perceptual processing of rhythmic patterns and the affective and motor responses to rhythmic music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe Nakazawaea atacamensis f. a., sp. nov., a novel species obtained from Neltuma chilensis plant samples in Chile's hyperarid Atacama Desert. In total, three strains of N. atacamensis were obtained from independent N. chilensis samples (synonym Prosopis chilensis, Algarrobo). Two strains were obtained from bark samples, while the third strain was obtained from bark‐exuded gum from another tree. The novel species was defined using molecular characteristics and subsequently characterized with respect to morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties. A neighbor‐joining analysis using the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene revealed that N. atacamensis clustered with Nakazawaea pomicola. The sequence of N. atacamensis differed from closely related species by 1.3%–5.2% in the D1/D2 domains. A phylogenomic analysis based on single‐nucleotide polymorphism's data confirms that the novel species belongs to the genus Nakazawaea, where N. atacamensis clustered with N. peltata. Phenotypic comparisons demonstrated that N. atacamensis exhibited distinct carbon assimilation patterns compared to its related species. Genome sequencing of the strain ATA‐11A‐BT revealed a genome size of approximately 12.4 Mbp, similar to other Nakazawaea species, with 5116 protein‐coding genes annotated using InterProScan. In addition, N. atacamensis exhibited the capacity to ferment synthetic wine must, representing a potential new yeast for mono or co‐culture wine fermentations. This comprehensive study expands our understanding of the genus Nakazawaea and highlights the ecological and industrial potential of N. atacamensis in fermentation processes. The holotype of N. atacamensis sp. nov. is CBS 18375T. The Mycobank number is MB 849680. Take‐away: A novel species, Nakazawaea atacamensis sp. nov., was isolated from Neltuma chilensis (Algarrobo) samples in the Atacama Desert of Chile.The sequence of N. atacamensis differs from closely related species by 1.3%–5.2% in the D1/D2 domains.N. atacamensis exhibited the capacity to ferment synthetic wine must, suggesting its potential for wine fermentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermomechanical and impact properties of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites reinforced with titania nanotubes (TiNTs) at weight distributions of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt% were investigated. The goal of this study was to create a novel iPP‐based nanocomposite filament fused filament fabrication (FFF) with improved thermo‐mechanical and impact properties to enable the creation of more customized geometries. First, TiNTs were chemically functionalized with pimelic acid (PA) to promote the β‐crystalline phase using Ca as anchoring. FTIR results revealed the presence of new bands at 1575 and 1413 cm−1, which were attributed to the anchoring of the PA molecule on the TiNT surface. TEM images of the TiNTs confirmed its tubular morphology before and after the functionalization, while the SEM/EDS analysis showed the good dispersion of carbon which can only come from the organic molecule employed in the functionalization. The nano‐reinforcements were incorporated by extrusion generating a filament to produce 3D‐printed specimens. The efficacy of the modified reinforcement as a β‐crystalline phase promoter was evaluated by wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction. The nanocomposite with 1% modified TiNTs showed the highest β‐crystal promotion with a kβ‐index of 89% while the nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified TiNTs reached only 15%. Furthermore, the thermomechanical and impact properties were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis and Izod. In the first, the storage modulus (E′) was higher than the raw iPP for all nanocomposites, with an increase of about 148% and 107%, while the nanocomposite with a high percentage of β‐crystal showed an increase of 183% in the impact strength properties. A shift of Tg to higher temperatures was attributed to better interfacial interactions polymer/nano‐reinforcement because of the functionalization. The modified nano‐reinforcement was able to generate a 3D‐printed nanocomposite with higher stiffness and impact strength properties than the raw iPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Damage due to respiratory viruses increases the risk of bacterial and fungal coinfections and superinfections. High rates of invasive aspergillosis are seen in severe influenza and COVID‐19. This report describes CAPA cases diagnosed during the first wave in the biggest reference centre for severe COVID‐19 in Mexico. Objectives: To describe the clinical, microbiological and radiological characteristics of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with critical COVID‐19, as well as to describe the variables associated with mortality. Methods: This retrospective study identified CAPA cases among individuals with COVID‐19 and ARDS, hospitalised from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2021. CAPA was defined according to ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria. Prevalence was estimated. Clinical and microbiological characteristics including bacterial superinfections, antifungal susceptibility testing and outcomes were documented. Results: Possible CAPA was diagnosed in 86 patients among 2080 individuals with severe COVID‐19, representing 4.13% prevalence. All CAPA cases had a positive respiratory culture for Aspergillus species. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequent isolate (64%, n = 55/86). Seven isolates (9%, n = 7/80) were resistant to amphotericin B (A. fumigatus n = 5/55, 9%; A. niger, n = 2/7, 28%), two A. fumigatus isolates were resistant to itraconazole (3.6%, n = 2/55). Tracheal galactomannan values ranged between 1.2 and 4.05, while serum galactomannan was positive only in 11% (n = 3/26). Bacterial coinfection were documented in 46% (n = 40/86). Gram negatives were the most frequent cause (77%, n = 31/40 isolates), from which 13% (n = 4/31) were reported as multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Mortality rate was 60% and worse prognosis was seen in older persons, high tracheal galactomannan index and high HbA1c level. Conclusions: One in 10 individuals with CAPA carry a resistant Aspergillus isolate and/or will be affected by a MDR bacteria. High mortality rates are seen in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the spatial evolution of COVID‐19 in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Data were retrieved from governmental databases and analyzed by means of GIS, applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. The period of December 2019 through November 2021 was split into eight seasons. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to assess the reliability of the interpolations, showing acceptable values (RSME < 25). During the period, the municipalities of Juarez and Chihuahua reached the highest number of confirmed cases and deaths, Juarez being the main hotspot of contagion (37.2% of confirmed cases; 46.9% of deaths). Four waves of contagion were identified during the evaluated period, with Fall 2020 being the strongest season. Since Fall 2020, the spread of the disease was more often observed in municipalities with the highest human mobility. Although the spread of COVID‐19 decreased after Spring 2021, in Fall 2021 records indicated a continuous increase in cases in the state. That could be due to a relaxation of the implementation of sanitary measures, as well as to the propagation of novel COVID‐19 variants having an elevated infectious level. Geospatial techniques allowed for an understanding of the spatial spread of COVID‐19 and could be useful for its control. Key messages: Although the impact of COVID‐19 has been widely documented, its geographical study remains unclear for Chihuahua, Mexico.We explored the feasibility of the IDW interpolation method to identify potential areas of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID‐19.The IDW enhanced estimations of confirmed cases and deaths of COVID‐19, finding increments by means of the cumulative curve for the period 2020‒2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents a series of case studies involving patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The cases highlight the various symptoms and diagnostic findings associated with BL, including proptosis (bulging of the eye), orbital masses, and facial swelling. The patients were treated with chemotherapy regimens such as R-CHOP and COMP, resulting in remission of the disease in some cases. The document emphasizes the importance of considering lymphoma as a potential diagnosis in young patients presenting with these symptoms. [Extracted from the article]

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of eight weeks of individualised force-velocity imbalance (F-Vimb) training on physical performance in basketball players and to analyse the differences in physical performance between two periods of time (four to eight weeks) with this training. Thirty male players (age, 22.8 ± 5.68 years; height, 1.87 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 86.3 ± 11.1 kg) were divided into an intervention group (INT, n = 15), who performed an individualised training based on individual F-Vimb; and a control group (CON, n = 15), who underwent a nonindividualised training programme; both groups performed two days/week of intervention and the same pre-season basketball training. At baseline, at four weeks, and at eight weeks of intervention, an assessment was performed including countermovement-jumps, unilateral drop jumps, triple hop test, force-velocity profile, sprint and change of direction (COD). At four weeks, the INT showed improvements in sprint and vertical jumping actions (=3.76%, ES =0.44, p = 0.02). At eight weeks, the INT continued to improve vertical jumping actions (p < 0.05) and showed improvements in horizontal jumping (6.80%, ES = 0.45, p < 0.01) and COD (=2.99%, ES =0.96, p < 0.01). A significant reduction in F-Vimb was observed for INT (ES = 0.77, p = 0.01). In contrast, none of these changes were observed in CON. Thus, an individualised F-Vimb training intervention improved physical performance after eight weeks, with changes in sprint and vertical jump after first four weeks. Basketball coaches should optimise the force-velocity profile and improve the performance in sport-related actions as jumping and changing direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To introduce a potential solution for failed glaucoma surgeries by proposing an optional surgical procedure in conjunction with the use of Healaflow (Anteis S.A., Geneva, Switzerland) as a spacer, which may potentially reduce the failure rate. Case Presentation. We present the outcomes of a surgical procedure involving the inferonasal implantation of an ab interno XEN gel stent (Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) in a 74-year-old male patient who was experiencing uncontrolled advanced glaucoma in his left eye. It is important to note that the patient had previously undergone several glaucoma surgeries and procedures in the same eye. During this particular procedure, we utilized Healaflow as a spacer by implanting the stent within a subconjunctival Healaflow "bubble." At 6 months postoperatively, intraocular pressure remained on target. There was no need for additional topical medications, and no change in visual acuity was observed. Conclusion. For patients with a history of unsuccessful glaucoma surgeries and who are unsuitable candidates for tube shunt procedures or transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation, an alternative option involves implanting the XEN45 stent in the inferior nasal region in conjunction with the use of subconjunctival Healaflow. This combined approach may provide a potential solution for managing glaucoma in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cheese is a fermented food in which toxic concentrations of biogenic amines (BAs) may accumulate, mainly as a result of the metabolism of certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB); the formation of these compounds needs to be limited. This work reports the antimicrobial potential of bacteriocin AS‐48 against the LAB largely responsible for the accumulation of the BA histamine, tyramine and putrescine in cheese. Most of the 50 analysed BA‐producing LAB strains were sensitive to AS‐48. The bacteriocin also prevented biofilm formation of 92% of the BA‐producing strains tested. This result is of great technological importance since, in cheese production, biofilms are an important source of contamination by BA‐producing LAB. This study supports the potential use of AS‐48 as a biopreservative for controlling BA‐producing LAB in fermented food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A case of equine skunk‐associated rabies was diagnosed in Northern Mexico. A 4‐year‐old mare with clinical signs of ataxia, self‐mutilation, circling, prostration, anorexia, and death 3 days after the onset of the symptoms was reported. History and clinical signs were consistent with a neurological disease. Brain tissue was collected and examined to confirm the diagnosis. The tissue sample was positive for rabies using immunofluorescence assay; whole genome sequencing and viral isolation in suckling mice were performed. Genetic characterisation based on a fragment of the nucleoprotein sequence revealed that a skunk‐associated rabies virus caused infection in the mare. This report is considered important due to it not being related to bat rabies; therefore, identifying the rabies source species has significant implications for public health as well as veterinary consequences. There is a need for greater awareness regarding zoonotic risks, diagnostic assays, prophylactic measures and the establishment of specific procedures to limit horse attacks from rabid wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil attributes, climate, and time since reclamation have important implications for oil and gas reclamation success on drylands. It is uncertain if reclaimed well pads, on highly degraded drylands, can successfully regain ecological function or meet indicator benchmarks for reclamation. Here, our goals were to assess patterns in reclamation outcomes relative to (1) soil attributes, climate, and time since reclamation; and (2) plant and soil reference benchmarks. We collected a suite of plant, soil, and landscape characteristics from 134 reclaimed well pads on the Colorado Plateau that spanned climate and soil gradients and ranged from 2 to 20 years post‐reclamation, then compared characteristics to those from 583 reference plots. On the reclaimed pads, less saline soils, more mesic climates, and longer time since reclamation were associated with favorable reclamation outcomes based on metrics of plant species richness and diversity, plant structure, and cover of important plant functional groups. However, most pads had major departures in 1/4 indicators, suggesting unsuccessful reclamation. Arid warm locations with shallow soils had the greatest percentage of major departures, and noxious plant richness had the greatest departures across soil and climate settings. Our assessment indicates reclamation is failing in key metrics for most pads, and the results highlight the role of environmental conditions in driving reclamation outcomes. These new insights are valuable for ascertaining possible reclamation outcomes and success rates following energy related disturbance, including orphaned wells and renewable energy development. Importantly, the approach used here has applicability for setting benchmarks and outcome standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The use of reproductive biotechnologies in equine practice has shown that some stallions are subfertile, so ways to improve fertility have been sought. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nutraceutical supplementation on improving semen quality in Quarter Horse stallions. Methods: Semen from six Quarter Horse stallions was assessed for 4 months every 20 days using the computer‐assisted semen analysis system. They were evaluated for 60 days before supplementation; then, the same stallions were re‐evaluated for 60 days with nutraceutical supplementation (30 g/day). Results: Volume showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) with nutraceuticals. Sperm concentration (10x6) was significantly higher with supplementation (339.4 ± 17.5 sperm/mL) than without supplementation (224.6 ± 19.9). Sperm abnormalities (%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower with supplementation (14.3 ± 0.6) than without supplementation (19.1 ± 0.4). Sperm kinematic parameters, total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), rectilinear velocity (VSL), the velocity of the trajectory (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL), were significantly better with supplementation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results, it is concluded that nutraceutical supplementation improved semen parameters in Quarter Horse stallions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation and spread of alpha‐synuclein (αSyn) is associated with several pathogenic pathways that lead to neurodegeneration and, ultimately, to synucleinopathies development. Hence, the establishment of a safe and effective disease‐modifying therapy that limits or prevents the spread of toxic αSyn aggregation could lead to positive clinical outcomes. A rational vaccine design can be focused on the selection of specific epitopes able to induce the immune response desired, for example, antibodies able to mediate the clearance of αSyn aggregates without the induction of inflammatory responses. To develop a rapid system for the evaluation of a vaccine candidate against synucleinopathies, rLTB‐Syn (an antigen based on three B cell epitopes from αSyn and the B subunit of the heat‐labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin [LTB] as adjuvant/carrier) was produced using recombinant E. coli (Rosetta DE3) as the expression host. The bacterial version of rLTB‐Syn was produced as soluble protein at yields up to 1.72 mg/g biomass. A method for the purification of rLTB‐Syn (~18 kDa) was developed based on ion exchange chromatography, reaching purity >93% with a final concentration of 82.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, the purified soluble rLTB‐Syn retained GM1 binding activity, suggesting proper folding and pentameric structure. The results from this study establish a fast and effective method to obtain rLTB‐Syn, making it useful in the design of novel vaccine formulations targeting synucleinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is strongly associated with insulin resistance (IR). Lipid profile disturbances and upregulation of enzymes crucial for fatty acid oxidation have been reported in patients with psoriasis. Mitochondrial ß‐oxidation is altered in patients with IR. Common mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the origin of both diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate mitochondrial ß‐oxidation, intermediary metabolism, and mitochondrial content in psoriatic patients with or without IR and compare them to healthy controls. Methods: The participants were divided into three groups: (1) psoriasis and IR (n = 26); (2) psoriasis without IR (n = 17); and (3) healthy controls (n = 17). Quantification of amino acids and acylcarnitines (AC) by tandem mass spectrometry, determination of urinary organic acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and mitochondrial DNA quantification were performed in all groups. Results: When comparisons were made between the two psoriatic groups, no differences were found between: C5DC + C6OH, C16:1, Met/Leu, Met/Phe, C16:1/C16, and C5DC + C6OH/C4DC + C5OH ratios. Nine analytes were different: phenylalanine, Cit/Phe, and Cit/Tyr ratios, C0, C3, C5, C6DC, C16, and C18:1OH. There were no correlations between psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), body mass index (BMI) and duration of disease with ACs. A higher proportion of patients with psoriasis showed increased urine levels of uric acid and hippuric acid (p = 0.01). The mtDNA content was significantly higher in cases than in controls, with no differences between IR and non‐IR psoriatic patients. Conclusions: Psoriasis patients with and without IR have a different acylcarnitine profile reflecting impaired ß‐oxidation. A distinctive profile of acylcarnitines suggests an involvement of mitochondrial function associated with an increase in stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) activity in psoriatic patients with and without IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our studies show that the small non‐coding RNA, mir20a‐3p, is neuroprotective for stroke in the acute phase and also attenuates long term cognitive decline in middle‐aged female rats. Cognitive decline due to vascular diseases, such as stroke, is associated with secondary neurodegeneration in cortex and limbic structures. In this study, we assessed the volume of white matter, ventricles and regional diffusion‐weighted MR imaging measures to delineate pathological tissue characteristics from the postmortem brain of stroke rats. Method: Middle‐aged females were subjected to ischemic stroke using the vasoconstrictor endothelin 1, injected adjacent to the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Mir‐20a‐3p mimic (n = 10) or scrambled oligo (n = 8) was administered i.v. 4h, 24h and 70d post stroke. Animals were assessed periodically for cognitive performance up to 100d after stroke using both the cued fear conditioning test and the novel object recognition test (NORT). After perfusion fixation, T2 and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) magnetic resonance imaging were performed on postmortem tissue. Subsequently, brains were processed for histology, including the Weil myelin stain. Result: Stroke resulted in impairment in both the cued fear conditioning test and the NORT, which was attenuated by mir‐20a‐3p treatment (Sampath et al., 2023). Weil myelin‐stained sections showed that both the corpus callosum and internal capsule had a reduction in volume in the ischemic hemisphere as compared to non‐ischemic hemisphere in vehicle treated (scrambled oligo) MCAo animals. In contrast, sham and MCAo+Mir‐20a‐3p animals displayed no hemispheric differences in the volume in either tract. A similar volume asymmetry was also observed in the ventricles in the MCA0+ Scrambled group. Entorhinal cortex volume (diffusion tensor MR images) was also asymmetric in the MCAo+scrambled oligo group. Conclusion: Cognitive changes measured with remote fear memory retrieval and NORT were associated with reduced density of major forebrain white matter tracts due to stroke and enlarged ventricular volume indicative of cell loss. This was observed in the entorhinal cortex, a region involved with contextual memory processing. These stroke‐induced deficits were attenuated in Mir‐20‐3p treated animals, indicating that microRNA treatment attenuated secondary neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the memory‐related neurodegenerative disorder, contributing to 70% of the cases globally. Synaptic dysfunction is a well‐known early event that causes progressive cognitive decline in AD. The latest AD therapeutics on the forefront only offer a moderate symptomatic relief with significant off‐target effects. Therefore, understanding the mechanism for AD pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Our lab has recently reported an anomalistic increase in phospholipase D isoform 1 (PLD1), that breakdown phospholipids in AD postmortem brain samples, compared to control subjects. Moreover, the effect of elevated PLD1 driven by amyloid‐β and tau deposits has been well‐established in wild type and in 6‐month‐old 3xTg‐AD model mice. In the present study, we assess the novel role of PLD1 in modulating cellular mechanisms involved in synaptic dysfunction in AD. Method: Here, we studied the spatial and temporal expression of PLD1 in 3xTg‐AD model mice, treated with a small molecule PLD1 inhibitor (VU0155069), in an age‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the brain‐region specific mechanisms of PLD1 were evaluated by utilizing adeno‐associated viral 2 (AAV2) vectors via intracerebroventricular route in 18‐ and 24‐month‐old wild‐type and 3xTg‐AD model mice. Following VU0155069/AAV2 administration, the mice cohorts were subjected to behavioral studies specific to learning and memory, such as Y‐maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze. Synaptic dysfunctions were studied using high frequency stimulation long‐term potentiation (HFS‐LTP), by conventional electrophysiology and multi‐electrode array (MEA). Finally, the synaptic strength in frozen synaptosomal (P2) fractions was determined by previously standardized novel in vitro assay called the Fluorescence‐Assisted Single Synaptosome‐Long Term Potentiation (FASS‐LTP). Morphological changes in the synapse were assessed using ImageJ and IMARIS following Golgi‐Cox staining, a gold standard for measuring dendritic spine integrity. To deduce the underlying mechanisms, we used brain spheroids developed from human tissue to test the effects of PLD1 inhibition. Result: In WT aged mice we noted differential effects of PLD1 over expression and attenuation. Additionally, we corroborate our results with diseased aging seen in 3xTg‐AD using pharmacological and molecular approaches with AAV2 vectors. Conclusion: Our research provides a novel insight into how PLD1 contributes to progressive functional deficits associated with synaptic dysfunction by impinging on critical cellular signaling events compromised in early and late stages of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]