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Objective: This study investigated the concentrations of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) and salivary cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8/CXCL8, TNF, and TGF‐β1) in patients undergoing chemotherapy and their associations with oral mucositis (OM) and Candida infection. Materials and Methods: This prospective longitudinal study performed at a Brazilian service included 60 adults diagnosed with hematolymphoid diseases. Saliva samples were collected on days D0, D3, D10, and D15. Cytokines were analyzed by ELISA and NET formation by identification of the myeloperoxidase‐DNA complex. Oral Candida spp. was cultured. Results: OM occurred in 43.3% of patients and oral candidiasis in 20%. However, 66% of individuals had positive cultures for C. albicans. Higher concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐8/CXCL8, and TNF and lower concentrations of TGF‐β1 were observed in patients with OM. C. albicans infection contributed to the increase in IL‐8/CXCL8, TGF‐β1, and TNF. Individuals with OM or with oral candidiasis had significant reductions in NET formation. In contrast, individuals with C. albicans and with concomitant C. albicans and OM exhibited higher NET formation. Conclusion: The kinetics of cytokine levels and NET formation in chemotherapy‐induced OM appears to be altered by Candida infection, even in the absence of clinical signs of oral candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental legislation requires well‐defined concepts, criteria, and indicators to support its effective implementation and provide legal security to the diverse stakeholders involved. The Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) establishes the obligation to restore native vegetation in protected areas within rural properties. This federal law is regulated and implemented by each state through its own Environmental Compliance Program (Programa de Regularização Ambiental [PRA], in Portuguese). Landowners must register their land, indicate whether native vegetation needs to be restored (i.e. if there is an environmental debt), and submit a restoration plan to the state government for analysis, validation, and approval. Due to the high cost of forest restoration, natural regeneration has most likely become a viable strategy for Amazonian landowners to meet their environmental debts. However, according to disturbance intensity, frequency, and duration, natural regeneration will not always succeed. In this context, we analyzed the PRAs of the seven main Amazonian states to assess the status of their implementation, identify how natural regeneration is defined and approached in the law, and evaluate whether improvements in the law are needed to ensure effective restoration to accomplish the NVPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bartonellosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Bartonella, is a zoonotic disease with several mammalian reservoir hosts. In Somalia, a country heavily reliant on livestock, zoonotic diseases pose significant public health and economic challenges. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed aiming to verify the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in Somalia. This study investigated the occurrence and molecular characterization of Bartonella in dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus, 1758), cattle, sheep, and goats from Somalia. Materials and Methods: 530 blood samples were collected from various animals (155 dromedary, 199 goat, 131 cattle, and 45 sheep) in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions. DNA was extracted for molecular analysis, and a qPCR assay targeting the NADH dehydrogenase gamma subunit (nuoG) gene was used for Bartonella screening. Positive samples were also subjected to PCR assays targeting seven molecular markers including: nuoG, citrate synthase gene (gltA), RNA polymerase beta‐subunit gene (rpoB), riboflavin synthase gene (ribC), 60 kDa heat‐shock protein gene (groEL), cell division protein gene (ftsZ), and pap31 and qPCR targeting the 16‐23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) followed by Sanger sequencing, BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 530 tested animals, 5.1% were positive for Bartonella spp. by the nuoG qPCR assay. Goats showed the highest Bartonella occurrence (17/199, 8.5%), followed by sheep (6/44, 6.8%), cattle (4/131, 3.1%), and dromedary (1/155, 1.9%). Goats, sheep, and cattle had higher odds of infection compared to dromedary. Among nuoG qPCR‐positive samples, 11.1%, 14.8%, 11.1%, and 25.9% were positive in PCR assays based on nuoG, gltA, and pap31 genes, and in the qPCR based on the ITS region, respectively. On the other hand, nuoG qPCR‐positive samples were negative in the PCR assays targeting the ribC, rpoB, ftsZ, and groEL genes. While Bartonella bovis sequences were detected in cattle (nuoG and ITS) and goats (gltA), Bartonella henselae ITS sequences were detected in dromedary, goat, and sheep. Phylogenetic analysis placed gltA Bartonella sequence from a goat in the same clade of B. bovis. Conclusion: The present study showed, for the first time, molecular evidence of Bartonella spp. in dromedary and ruminants from Somalia and B. henselae in sheep and goats globally. These findings contribute valuable insights into Bartonella spp. occurrence in Somali livestock, highlighting the need for comprehensive surveillance and control measures under the One Health approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A meta‐analytical approach was employed to assess the relationship between late‐season disease (LSD) severity and soybean yield across 39 field trials conducted from 2020/21 to 2023/24 in nine Brazilian states. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and Fisher's transformation (Z) were calculated to examine the association between disease severity and yield. Additionally, random‐ and mixed‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to estimate the intercept (β0) and slope (β1) of the linear regression model. Disease pressure, yield class, region, altitude and year were included as categorical moderators. The damage coefficient (in percentage) was calculated from β0 and β1 values, while the economic damage threshold (EDT) was derived using the estimated damage coefficient, attainable yield and fungicide efficacy values. A strong negative correlation between LSD severity and yield was observed (Z = −1.03, r = −0.77). The population average estimates for β0 and β1 were 4589.0 kg/ha and −22.6 kg/ha per unit increase in severity, respectively (p < 0.001). While none of the categorical moderators significantly affected the slope (p > 0.19), disease pressure, yield class and altitude significantly affected the intercept (p < 0.014). The overall relative damage coefficient was estimated at −0.49% (95% CI = −0.61 to −0.38), with EDT values ranging from 0.41% to 4.33% (mean = 1.57%). In conclusion, a significant negative linear relationship between soybean yield and LSD severity was confirmed, particularly for Cercospora leaf blight and Septoria brown spot. However, these relationships should be validated further before being extrapolated to larger field scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, has greatly impacted coffee production worldwide due to reductions in yield. This study investigated the potential use of Re‐leaf® (salicylates [0.69%], copper [0.5%] and zinc [6%]) to reduce CLR severity by boosting host defence reactions. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was arranged with plants sprayed with water (control) or Re‐leaf (induced resistance [IR] stimulus) and noninoculated or inoculated with H. vastatrix. In vitro assays showed germ tubes were not formed on urediniospores exposed to IR stimulus at 5–12.5 mL/L and urediniospore germination was significantly lower as rates increased. CLR severity was also significantly reduced compared to the control, with the area under CLR progress curve and intensity of fungal sporulation significantly lower by 96% and 92%, respectively, and incubation period higher by 54% compared to control. The IR stimulus‐sprayed and infected plants showed better photosynthetic performance, preservation of photosynthetic pigments, greater activity of defence‐related enzymes and a more robust antioxidative metabolism compared to water‐sprayed and infected ones. The higher concentration of superoxide anion radical for IR stimulus‐sprayed and infected leaves may intensify cell defence reactions besides having a fungistatic effect. These results strongly support the potential use of IR stimulus to boost defences in coffee tissues and hamper the infection process of H. vastatrix. Its fungistatic effect against germination of fungal urediniospores should also be considered as a strategy to reduce the amount of inoculum required to start a CLR epidemic under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discrete‐time robust model reference adaptive controller and adaptive sigmoid super‐twisting sliding mode (RMRAC‐ASSTSM) and its stability analysis using Lyapunov stability theory. This control structure is robust to matched and unmatched dynamics. In addition, the chattering phenomenon tends to be suppressed in the steady state due to adaptive super‐twisting sliding mode action using a sigmoid function. The performance of the proposed control structure is corroborated with simulation results, considering a second‐order non‐minimum phase unstable plant, where it can be seen that RMRAC‐ASSTSM regulation errors converge to a finite residual set when the plant presents unmodeled dynamics. A comparison is also presented with a similar RMRAC‐based control structure with an adaptive super‐twisting sliding mode implemented with a sign function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flash coloration hypothesis postulates that otherwise cryptically colored animals suddenly displaying conspicuous colors during movement confuse predators, reducing capture. Morpho helenor butterflies have contrasting colors on dorsal (iridescent blue) and ventral (brown) wing surfaces, resulting in sequential blue "flashes" during flight. We tested whether this flashing pattern reduces avian predation on M. helenor in Atlantic rainforest by changing the flashing effect in three experiments. In Experiment 1, we added a blue band to the ventral wing. In Experiment 2, we covered the dorsal wing's blue band with a brown band. Control groups in each experiment were painted such that wing color patterns remained unaltered. Survivorship was evaluated through mark‐recapture censuses and beak marks on the wings. Results show that survivorship of treated butterflies in Experiment 1 decrease markedly compared to unaltered control individuals, while survivorship of treated butterflies in Experiment 2 did not differ compared to control individuals. In Experiment 3, we detected scant predation on treated (blue band added to ventral wing) and control butterflies (brown band added to ventral wing) on the forest floor (wings closed), corroborating that flash coloration is an important protective mechanism during flight. Our field experiments provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that flash coloration in bright blue Morpho butterflies is an effective defense mechanism against avian predators in a tropical rainforest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The membrane separation process represents an advance in this area, and the use of nanocomposites enables their improvement. Polyamide 6 (PA6) membranes were produced with attapulgite (ATP) and montmorillonite (MMT) clays by melting through the hot pressing of thin films. Subsequently, the membranes were characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA), showing a significant mass loss at 330°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the clay increased thermal stability. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was performed, confirming the presence of characteristic peaks of polyamide 6, and with the introduction of clay, there were changes in the shapes. Contact angle measurements showed that the clays increased the hydrophilicity of the membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the presence of clays modified the surface roughness. The tensile test showed that the clays decreased the strength of the nanocomposites. Oxygen permeation confirmed a decrease in the permeability of compositions containing clay compared with pure PA6 membranes. Studies aimed at understanding the interaction of gases with the membrane material represent a small part of research on the selective barrier. This work aimed to obtain flat membranes from polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites to separate gaseous mixtures using the thin film hot‐press fusion method. Highlights: PA6 membranes were produced with ATP and MMT clays via hot pressing of thin films.Introduction of clay enhances thermal stability in PA6 membranes and reduce gas permeability.ATP clay increases membrane stiffness; MMT decreases strength.Membranes with PA6 and clays exhibit good water vapor selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two‐way propagation of a certain class of long‐crested water waves is governed approximately by systems of equations of the Boussinesq type. These equations have been put forward in various forms by many authors and their higher‐order generalizations arise when modeling the propagation of waves on large lakes, ocean, and in other contexts. Considered here is a class of such system which couple two higher‐order Korteweg–de‐Vries type equations. Our aim is to investigate the controllability properties of the linearized model posed on a periodic interval. By using the classical duality approach and some theorems on nonharmonic Fourier series, we prove that the system is exactly controllable in certain well‐chosen Sobolev spaces by means of suitable boundary controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) results from a lack of cleavage of the prosencephalon. It has a complex etiology, resulting from chromosome abnormalities or single gene variants in the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. A single variant, p.Arg535Cys in CNOT1, has been described in HPE in association with pancreatic agenesis and neonatal diabetes. Here, we report on a case of HPE and p.Arg535Cys in CNOT1 without pancreatic agenesis where the patient presented with diabetes mellitus in adolescence. This case reinforces the role of CNOT1 in pancreatic development. We suggest that individuals with p.Arg535Cys in CNOT1 with no pancreas abnormalities observed at birth should be screened for diabetes during follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The role of nitric oxide (NO) in plant stress tolerance, as well as in increasing post‐harvest quality, has been extensively demonstrated in several fruits and vegetable crops; however, the effects of its pre‐harvest application on post‐harvest quality are still poorly documented. Therefore, the pre‐harvest application of NO in red beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) plants cultivated under well‐watered and drought conditions was evaluated to assess whether it improves the post‐harvest quality of their storage roots. Red beet plants cultivated under well‐watered (80% of water holding capacity) or drought condition (15% of water holding capacity) were sprayed weekly with water (control) or 100 μmol L−1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor. Sixty‐six days after sowing, red beet roots were harvested, and root yield, total sugar yield, reducing sugars, non‐reducing sugars, proteins, lipids, root ashes, root moisture, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, total phenolics, total betalains, betacyanins, betaxanthins and antioxidant capacity were determined. RESULTS: While drought led to a reduction in root yield, sugars, lipids and titratable acidity, it increased phenolic compounds, betalains and the antioxidant capacity of beets. SNP reversed the negative effects of drought on sugar, lipid and organic acid contents and increased antioxidant capacity independent of stress. CONCLUSION: Pre‐harvest SNP treatment reversed drought‐induced yield reductions in beets, while boosting bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. It also enhanced vitamin C content independently, indicating its dual role in stress mitigation and beet quality improvement. Future research should explore other crops and stress conditions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin wound model in rats is a fundamental stage in preclinical trials, but there is a lack of standardization in these trials regarding the initial wound area, making analysis and comparison between studies difficult. Therefore, this study evaluates the healing progression of excisional skin lesions of varying diameters in Wistar rats, aiming to identify the optimal wound size for monitoring treatment effects on wound healing. Excisions of 0.8, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 cm in diameter were made on the back of the animals. Thirty animals were used per treatment and evaluated on days 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after surgery. The lesions were cleaned daily with saline solution until they were completely closed. The 0.8 cm group showed complete repair on D14, while in the other groups, the wounds persisted until day 21, with a reddened surface and no complete epidermal coverage, but with greater keratinization and presence of appendages in the 1.5 cm lesions. Therefore, as a standardization model for creating skin wounds, we suggest using 1.5 or 2.0 cm excisions, considering that 0.8 cm wounds close very early and 3.0 cm wounds, although behaving similarly to 2.0 cm wounds, are more invasive for the animals. The 1.5 cm model proved to be suitable for closure within 21 days. When evaluating a product intended to accelerate wound healing, 2.0 cm lesions are recommended to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Changes in landscape configuration significantly impact ecosystems and the services they provide, including disease regulation for both humans and wildlife. Land use conversion usually favors disturbed‐adapted species, which are often known reservoirs of zoonotic parasites, thereby potentially escalating spillover events (i.e., the transmission of parasites to new hosts, including humans). Here we aimed to investigate how alterations in landscape use and configuration influence the distribution and co‐occurrence of potential hosts of zoonotic and epizootic parasites. Location: Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Time Period: Data collection spanned from 1997 to 2019. Major taxa studied small mammals. Methods: We integrated ecological network metrics and joint distribution models while accounting for phylogenetic relationships and functional traits to answer two main questions: (1) do small mammal species considered central hosts in the transmission of parasites exhibit a higher probability of occurrence in landscapes with reduced native vegetation areas? (2) Do small mammal hosts that share a higher number of parasites have higher co‐occurrence probabilities? Results: Our results demonstrated that species identified as significant hosts in our centrality network analysis displayed an increased probability of occurrence in landscapes that are both more fragmented and have a higher proportion of farming areas, hence fewer native vegetation areas. Regarding the relationship between species co‐occurrence and parasite sharing, our findings indicated that most strong co‐occurrences were prevalent within groups with higher parasite fauna similarity, but not all species sharing parasites had a higher probability of co‐occurring. Conclusions: Here we highlight the effects of landscape conversion on small mammal species, including how different configurations of land use can influence both central and non‐central host occurrences. Besides, our results also indicate that parasite transmission may be overestimated when the co‐occurrence probability of potential host species is not considered. We highly recommend incorporating co‐occurrence data to estimate zoonotic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Natural zeolite's inefficiency in removing organic compounds has been a significant challenge in water treatment. To address this, this study focuses on an innovative and efficient hydrothermal process for altering the zeolitic structure. The study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for hydrothermal zeolite treatment to remove diclofenac, thereby contributing to the expansion of zeolite's potential use in water treatment. RESULTS: The study found that modification temperature significantly affected diclofenac removal, whereas cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) concentration impacted modification yield. The conditions (150 °C, 0.374 gCTAB/gzeolite, for 6 h) were selected for their mildness and effectiveness. Characterization showed a reduction in micropores, development of mesopores and an increase in clinoptilolite content while maintaining crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared analysis and zeta potential measurements confirmed the surfactant's presence. Adsorption tests indicated that pH, except at extremely basic levels, did not affect diclofenac removal, highlighting the method's industrial applicability. The kinetic study revealed slower adsorption influenced by intraparticle diffusion. Equilibrium studies indicated spontaneous, exothermic adsorption as a result of stronger interactions between the modified adsorbent and diclofenac. The maximum adsorption capacity was 11.15 mg g−1, with hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions enhancing drug removal efficiency compared to unmodified zeolite. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate the significant potential of hydrothermal modification with CTAB for using natural zeolites in wastewater treatment through adsorption. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Intranasal antihistamines (INAH), corticosteroids (INCS), and their fixed combinations (INAH+INCS) are one of the cornerstones of the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). We performed a systematic review and network‐meta‐analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of INAH, INCS, and INAH+INCS in patients with AR.We searched four electronic bibliographic databases and three clinical trial databases for randomised controlled trials assessing the use of INAH, INCS, and INAH+INCS in adults with seasonal or perennial AR. We performed a network meta‐analysis on the Total Nasal Symptom Score, Total Ocular Symptom Score, Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire, development of adverse events, and withdrawals due to adverse events. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE‐NMA.We included 167 primary studies, most of which assessed patients with seasonal AR. Among individual medications, azelastine‐fluticasone, and fluticasone furoate were the most frequently highest‐ranked interventions for efficacy outcomes, being regularly associated with clinically meaningful larger improvements when compared to other active treatments. Considering drug classes, INAH+INCS were the highest‐ranked interventions for all outcomes in which they were assessed, followed in most cases by INCS. In 105 out of 184 comparisons in seasonal AR, and 28 out of 97 comparisons in perennial AR, certainty of evidence was considered “high” or “moderate”.Intranasal medications for AR display clinically relevant differences in their efficacy, but all show a good safety profile. To our knowledge, this is the first network meta‐analysis comparing INAH, INCS, and INAH+INCS in AR, providing relevant evidence for guideline developers and practising physicians on the most efficacious treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we present the synthesis of polysubstituted chalcogenofurans involving an oxidative cycloaddition between 1,3‐diones and chalcogenoalkynes. The method utilizes blue LEDs as a clean energy source, methylene blue as a photocatalyst – an inexpensive and non‐toxic dye – and ammonium persulfate as an oxidant, all conducted at room temperature. This benign protocol enables access to a wide range of chalcogenofurans with good to excellent yields and outstanding regioselectivity. Only one regioisomer was obtained, indicating strong radical stabilization by the chalcogen atom. Various functionalities in both alkynes and 1,3‐diones demonstrated amenability to the developed reaction. A mechanistic understanding, derived from control experiments and the detection of radical intermediates, suggests that a radical forms at the carbon‐2 position of the 1,3‐dione, which subsequently adds to the chalcogenoalkyne, resulting in the formation of an olefinic intermediate. Following this, an intramolecular radical addition occurs, which, upon photoredox cycle closure, leads to the formation of the desired products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Taxa Methods Results Main Conclusions The combined influences of demographic dynamics and gene flow on local adaptation in plants is still poorly understood. Here, we used a genome scan approach on three closely related Neotropical palms, Acrocomia aculeata, A. intumescens and A. totai, to identify the evolutionary processes generating shared and lineage‐specific patterns of differentiation and selection across the genomic landscape.Amazonia, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions of Brazil.Arecaceae.We used target sequence capture and analysis of climatic correlation, detection of selective sweeps, balancing selection, and spatial and non‐spatial models to identify signatures of natural selection and admixture. We also determined temporal dynamics in spatial distribution and demographic changes.We found a higher number of lineage‐specific than shared adaptive sites (SNPs) and no evidence of selective sweeps in shared genes, suggesting lineage specific natural selection across species. Further, evidence of balancing selection in several genes was also identified in the three species. Niche‐based and coalescent models suggest that shifts in spatial range during the Quaternary caused overlapping distributions between species, leading to hybridisation between parapatric localities.Interspecific hybridisation may have spread both neutral and adaptive SNPs, which may explain the shared adaptive genes between species. Taken together, we show how genomic adaptation can occur despite introgression, through evolutionary processes that likely drive similar patterns of adaptation in other organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mechanisms controlling uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in thermogenic adipocytes play a pivotal role in non-shivering thermogenesis, it remains unclear whether F1Fo-ATP synthase function is also regulated in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we show that inhibitory factor 1 (IF1, encoded by Atp5if1), an inhibitor of ATP synthase hydrolytic activity, is a critical negative regulator of brown adipocyte energy metabolism. In vivo, IF1 levels are diminished in BAT of cold-adapted mice compared to controls. Additionally, the capacity of ATP synthase to generate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) through ATP hydrolysis (the so-called "reverse mode" of ATP synthase) is increased in brown fat. In cultured brown adipocytes, IF1 overexpression results in an inability of mitochondria to sustain the MMP upon adrenergic stimulation, leading to a quiescent-like phenotype in brown adipocytes. In mice, adeno-associated virus-mediated IF1 overexpression in BAT suppresses adrenergic-stimulated thermogenesis and decreases mitochondrial respiration in BAT. Taken together, our work identifies downregulation of IF1 upon cold as a critical event for the facilitation of the reverse mode of ATP synthase as well as to enable energetic adaptation of BAT to effectively support non-shivering thermogenesis. Synopsis: How the hydrolytic activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase is modulated during brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis remains unexplored. This study demonstrates that reduction of inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) upon cold conditions facilitates the reverse mode activity of ATP synthase for bioenergetic adaptation during thermogenesis. IF1 depletion in mouse BAT following cold exposure increases hydrolytic activity of ATP synthase. IF1 overexpression in brown adipocytes impairs maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential upon adrenergic stimulation. IF1 overexpression in BAT of mice impairs non-shivering thermogenesis induced by β3-adrenergic agonists. Reduction of Inhibitory Factor 1 in brown adipose tissue during cold exposure enables bioenergetic adaptation during thermogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For antigenically variable pathogens such as influenza, strain fitness is partly determined by the relative availability of hosts susceptible to infection with that strain compared with others. Antibodies to the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) confer substantial protection against influenza infection. We asked if a cross‐sectional antibody‐derived estimate of population susceptibility to different clades of influenza A (H3N2) could predict the success of clades in the following season. Methods: We collected sera from 483 healthy individuals aged 1 to 90 years in the summer of 2017 and analyzed neutralizing responses to the HA and NA of representative strains using focus reduction neutralization tests (FNRT) and enzyme‐linked lectin assays (ELLA). We estimated relative population‐average and age‐specific susceptibilities to circulating viral clades and compared those estimates to changes in clade frequencies in the following 2017–2018 season. Results: The clade to which neutralizing antibody titers were lowest, indicating greater population susceptibility, dominated the next season. Titer correlations between viral strains varied by age, suggesting age‐associated differences in epitope targeting driven by shared past exposures. Yet substantial unexplained variation remains within age groups. Conclusions: This study indicates how representative measures of population immunity might improve evolutionary forecasts and inform selective pressures on influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beef cattle industry has experienced a shift driven by a market demand for healthier meat, cost efficiency and environmental sustainability in recent years. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the fatty acids content and functions of meat in cattle breeding programmes. Besides, a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms influencing the expression of different phenotypes related to fatty acid profiles is crucial. In this study, we aimed to identify Single‐Nucleotide Variants (SNV) and Insertion/Deletion (InDels) DNA variants in candidate genes related to fatty acid profiles described in genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies conducted in beef cattle breeds. Utilizing whole‐genome re‐sequencing data from Brazilian locally adapted bovine breeds, namely Caracu and Pantaneiro, we identified SNVs and InDels associated with 23,947 genes. From these, we identified 318 candidate genes related to fatty acid profiles that contain variants. Subsequently, we select only genes with SNVs and InDels in their promoter, 5′ UTR and coding region. Through the gene–biological process network, approximately 19 genes were highlighted. Furthermore, considering the studied trait and a literature review, we selected the main transcription factors (TF). Functional analysis via gene–TF network allowed us to identify the 30 most likely candidate genes for meat fatty acid profile in cattle. LIPE, MFSD2A and SREBF1 genes were highlighted in networks due to their biological importance. Further dissection of these genes revealed 15 new variants found in promoter regions of Caracu and Pantaneiro sequences. The gene networks facilitated a better functional understanding of genes and TF, enabling the identification of variants potentially related to the expression of candidate genes for meat fatty acid profiles in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined the relationship between education and cognition among the oldest–old. METHODS: Cognitive assessments were conducted biannually for 803 participants (62.6% women) of LifeAfter90, a longitudinal study of individuals ≥ 90 years old. Gender differences in associations between education (< high school, high school, some college, and ≥ college) and cognition (verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function) were examined at baseline and longitudinally using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Higher education levels were associated with better cognitive performance at baseline for both men and women. College completion was more strongly associated with better baseline executive function among women. Education‐cognition associations for baseline verbal episodic memory and baseline semantic memory did not differ by gender. Education was not associated with a decline in any domain‐specific cognitive scores, regardless of gender. DISCUSSION: Education is associated with cognitive function among the oldest–old and varies by gender and cognitive domain at baseline but not over time. Highlights: In the oldest–old, higher education was associated with better cognitive function.College completion was more strongly associated with executive function in women.Education was not associated with cognitive decline after age 90 regardless of gender.Improving education could decrease gaps in cognitive level among older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since peri‐implantitis is an increasing and prevalent concern in clinical practice and there is no consensus regarding the best therapeutic protocol, this study evaluated the knowledge and behaviours of dentists working in Implantology regarding implant‐related infections modulating factors and therapeutic protocols used in the management of peri‐implantitis. Methods: Cross‐sectional study was conducted with 86 Brazilian Implantology clinicians. Data were collected using a structured and online questionnaire evaluating socioeconomic characteristics, education, work/clinical practice, knowledge and attitudes regarding the risk factors and management of peri‐implantitis. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by test–retest technique. The questionnaire was developed based on the last consensus on peri‐implant diseases (2018) and the current evidence related to implant‐related infections. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: In this study, 89.5% of included dentists reported that already treated patients with peri‐implantitis. Approximately 80% of dentists use antibiotics and mouth rinses during the treatment, and surgical procedures seem the main choice to treat peri‐implantitis (91.8%) by dentists. As a preventive approach, 94.2% of dentists reported that routinely assessed biofilm accumulation in the follow‐up visits after implant placement. Logistic regression showed that the self‐reported ability to treat peri‐implantitis was statistically (p < 0.05) higher among dentists who reported abilities to diagnose the disease and use laser for peri‐implantitis treatment. Conclusion: Dentists working in Implantology have a good level of knowledge and behaviors in the management of peri‐implantitis. However, the lack of consensus regarding the best treatment protocols may reflect dentist's behaviours because different treatment protocols have been used by evaluated clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the effects of Cervical Access Cavity (CervAC) and Traditional Access Cavity (TradAC) on root canal preparation, root canal filling, and fracture resistance in mandibular incisors. Methodology: Twenty recently extracted and intact mandibular incisors were initially scanned using a micro‐CT device. The specimens were anatomically matched to create two groups (n = 10). A wedge‐shaped non‐carious cervical lesion (NCCL) was created on the buccal aspect of all teeth using a double‐faced segmented diamond disc. In group 1, a TradAC was prepared, whilst in group 2, access was created through the simulated NCCL using a round diamond bur 1012. After root canal preparation with Rotate instruments sizes 15/0.04, 20/0.04, and 25/0.04, the teeth were scanned again and evaluated for root canal volume and surface area, static voxels, volume of removed dental tissue, and dentine thickness. After that, the root canals were filled using the single‐cone technique, teeth were restored with composite resin, and subsequently rescanned to calculate the volume of filling materials and voids. Then, the restored teeth were subjected to fracture resistance tests using a universal testing machine. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed with the Mann–Whitney test or the Student's t‐test, with a statistical significance level of 5%. Results: Statistical comparisons indicated no significant differences between groups in terms of root canal volume, surface area, static voxels, removed root dentine, root canal filling volume, percentage of voids, or fracture resistance load (p >.05). Conversely, teeth prepared with TradAC showed a significantly higher percentage of dental tissue removed from the crown (p =.001) and a greater volume of filling material remnants in the pulp chamber (p <.001) compared to the CervAC group. A significantly lower percentage reduction in dentine thickness was observed only on the mesial aspect of root at Level 1 in TradAC group (p =.008). Conclusions: CervAC can be considered a viable alternative approach in the presence of NCCL in mandibular incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In genomic selection (GS), the prediction accuracy is heavily influenced by the composition of the training set (TS). Currently, two primary strategies for building TS are used: one involves accumulating historical phenotypic records from multiple years, while the other is the "test‐and‐shelf" approach. Additionally, studies have suggested that optimizing TS composition using genetic algorithms can improve the accuracy of prediction models. Most breeders operate in open systems, introducing new genetic variability into their populations as needed. However, the impact of elite germplasm introduction in GS models remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a case study in self‐pollinated crops using stochastic simulations to understand the effects of elite germplasm introduction, TS composition, and its optimization in long‐term breeding programs. Overall, introducing external elite germplasm reduces the prediction accuracy. In this context, test and shelf seem more stable regarding accuracy in dealing with introductions despite the origin and rate, being useful in programs where the introductions come from different sources over the years. Conversely, using historical data, if the introductions come from the same source over the cycles, this negative effect is reduced as long as the cycles and this approach become the best. Thus, it may support public breeding programs in establishing networks of collaborations where the exchange of germplasm will occur at a predefined rate and flow. In either case, the use of algorithms of optimization to trim the genetic variability does not bring a substantial advantage in the medium to long term. Core Ideas: Building training sets using historical data outperforms the "test‐and‐shelf" approach.Genetic optimization algorithms to build training sets have no clear benefit in the long term.Introducing external elite germplasm reduces the genomic prediction accuracy. Plain Language Summary: In genomic selection (GS), prediction accuracy relies on how the training set (TS) is built. Two main methods are: 1. Historical data: Using data from multiple years. 2. Test and shelf: Regularly updating the TS with new data while keeping some old data. Our study found the following: (1) Elite germplasm: Adding new elite germplasm often reduces prediction accuracy due to increased genetic diversity. (2) TS strategies: Test and shelf: Provides stable accuracy, especially with varying germplasm sources. Historical data: It work well if new germplasm is from the same source over time. (3) Optimization algorithms: These offer limited long‐term benefits. Implications: The test‐and‐shelf approach suits diverse sources, while historical data benefit consistent sources. Optimization algorithms are less crucial. For best results, focus on managing TS and planning germplasm introductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommendation of new varieties is supported by value for cultivation and use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso [VCU]) trials. For a more reliable recommendation, it is necessary to identify methodologies that make better use of the genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI). The methodology proposed by Dias et al. is an alternative to take advantage of the GEI; it considers concepts of Bayesian models and probability methods of adaptation and stability analysis in a single model, classifying the genotypes regarding possible success based on a defined selection intensity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the use of Bayesian probabilistic method for the purpose of recommend common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. To that end, we used grain yield data from 15 genotypes of common bean evaluated in 42 environments distributed over different crop seasons, years, and locations in regard to VCU trials conducted from 2016 to 2018. Under a predefined selection intensity of 30%, the genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior performance were G01, G14, G07, G11, and G02. The genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior stability were G06, G07, G04, G03, and G12. Considering the joint probability of superior performance and yield stability, the genotypes G07, G14, G01, G11, and G04 stand out. Therefore, the use of the Bayesian probabilistic method showed promise in recommendation of common bean varieties. Core Ideas: Reliable recommendations of common bean varieties can be obtained from probabilist Bayesian models.High‐performance and stable common bean varieties were identified for tropical conditions.Probability methods can minimize risk in decision‐making for broad and specific variety recommendation. Plain Language Summary: Recommendation of varieties is supported by multi‐environment trials (MET). In MET, in addition to genetic and environmental effects, there is an interaction between these (GEI). According to the study of Dias et al., the methodology to take advantage of the GEI is based in Bayesian probabilistic models. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the use of Bayesian probabilistic method proposed by Dias et al. for recommending common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. To that end, we used grain yield data from 15 genotypes of common bean evaluated in 42 environments. Under a predefined selection intensity of 30%, the genotypes with greater joint probability of superior performance and yield stability were G07, G14, G01, G11 and G04. The use of the Bayesian probabilistic method showed promise in recommendation common bean varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niche and dispersal‐based processes govern freshwater communities, such as aquatic insects, shaping their distribution and establishment in the environment. So, we aimed to address the relative influence of niche and dispersal‐based processes on Odonata diversity in Amazonian freshwater systems, and the influence of species dispersal functional traits on their longitudinal and latitudinal ranges.We used the Dispersal‐Niche Continuum Index (DNCI) to test (i) regions more distant would present a prevalence of dispersal‐based processes, and (ii) different patterns would come from the two Odonata suborders; and by applying generalised linear models, we tested (iii) dispersal‐related functional traits from the suborders would influence latitudinal and longitudinal midpoints of the species.We found that more distant regions had lower values of pairwise Dispersal–Niche Continuum, mainly for Zygoptera, corroborating our first hypothesis. Moreover, Zygoptera also presented the lowest absolute values of Dispersal–Niche Continuum and Anisoptera presented a joint influence of niche and dispersal‐based processes, agreeing with our second hypothesis. Only Zygoptera presented a significant association between dispersal functional traits and longitudinal midpoints, corroborating our third hypothesis.Our results indicated a prevalence of dispersal‐related processes for Zygoptera, which can be explained by massive geographical barriers, such as the rivers, and their narrow physiological and ecological tolerance. Moreover, dispersal‐related traits demonstrated significant influence on longitudinal midpoints of Zygoptera, a scenario that the presence of the rivers may explain. A better understanding of the prevalent predictors of the species and how their dispersal ability governs their distribution has conservational implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing advancement of wind turbines, aiming for taller towers to harness more intense winds, poses substantial structural challenges. Soil‐structure interaction (SSI) assumes fundamental importance, necessitating precise analysis, and mathematical modeling. This study focuses on examining how SSI influences horizontal‐axis wind turbine tower‐foundation systems. Six numerical models, varying from simplified to more complex representations, are created using the finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS software. The analysis reveals significant sensitivity to support conditions, particularly elastic supports, causing the greatest displacement at the tower's top (1.899 m), highlighting the substantial influence of SSI and second‐order effects. Incorporating SSI and second‐order effects results in a 30.11% increase in von Mises stress at the base flange (73.4 MPa), compared to models excluding these factors. Stress variation along the tower height notably increases with second‐order effects; however, the structure maintains a 13.32% safety margin relative to steel load‐bearing capacity. Foundation analyses indicate stresses exceeding concrete's allowable stress by 24.3%, underscoring the need for foundation optimization. These results stress the importance of considering SSI and geometric nonlinearity for wind turbine development. The lack of comparable studies in literature underscores the significance of this research in advancing the field's knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of cryoinflation with liquid nitrogen as an alternative treatment for fistulas in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of cryoinflation in HS tunnels, showing promising results in terms of clinical improvement and ultrasound parameters. The procedure was well-tolerated by patients and demonstrated potential as a non-invasive therapy for HS tunnels, warranting further research to confirm its effectiveness. [Extracted from the article]

Silvopastoral system (SPS) is a multifunctional agroforestry practice. This study evaluate soil properties and root biomass under SPS in Pernambuco, Brazil. The experiment was established in 2011. The treatments were (1) monoculture signalgrass (MS) [Urochloa decumbens (Stapf.) R. D. Webster], (2) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume Gliricidia (SG) [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], and (3) intercropped pasture of signalgrass with legume sabiá (SS) (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). Treatments were allocated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Samples were collected at 0‐ to 10‐, 10‐ to 20‐, 20‐ to 40‐, 40‐ to 60‐, 60‐ to 80‐, 80‐ to 100‐, and 100‐ to 120‐cm soil depths. Soil samples were also taken from the native forest (NF) considered as a reference at the same Experimental Station. Legume SPS (SG and SS) presented greater root biomass per unit area compared to MS at 60‐ to 80‐cm depth (p < 0.05); however, MS had greater root biomass per hectare at the top layers. The average values of the weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates were 3.20, 3.19, 3.07, and 3.27 mm in MS, SG, SS, and NF, respectively, at 0‐ to 120‐cm depths. The SPS increased soil cation exchange capacity in deeper layers, indicating greater biological activity at greater depth. Grasslands and SPS store 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% of that found in deeper layers (20–120 cm). SPS with signalgrass intercropped with arboreal legumes has potential to improve deep soil C storage and resilience of livestock systems in tropical regions. Core Ideas: The root biomass per unit area was greater in monoculture signalgrass compared to silvopastoral system (SPS) at 0‐ to 40‐cm soil depths, and SPS had greater root biomass at 60‐ to 80‐cm depth.Arboreal legumes gliricidia and sabiá increased soil cation exchange capacity in deeper soil layers.Gliricidia resulted in better soil aggregate compared to sabiá in SPS.Grasslands and SPS store 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% of that found in deeper layers (20‐ to 120‐cm layer).SPSs with arboreal legumes contribute to storing C and N in livestock systems. Plain Language Summary: In silvopastoral systems where signalgrass is intercropped with gliricidia or sabiá, the plant root biomass along the soil profile (0–120 cm) is crucial for maintaining and improving soil quality. Overall, monoculture signalgrass pastures had greater root biomass in the top layers, whereas silvopastoral system pastures with arboreal legumes had greater root biomass in deeper layer (60‐ to 80‐cm layer) in relation to monoculture signalgrass. This different distribution of root biomass might indicate the complementarity of signalgrass and arboreal legumes in SPS. Soil carbon stock from 0‐ to 120‐cm depth reached 235 Mg C ha−1 with 71% stored from 20 to 120 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed to develop and characterise cassava starch‐based films incorporating green tea extract and to assess the antioxidant effectiveness of these edible films against oxidative degradation in sliced calabrese sausage. The films were formulated with 3.5% starch (w/v) and 35% glycerol (w/w), with the addition of commercial green tea extract at concentrations of 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (w/v of film‐forming solution). The formulations with extract showed significantly higher per cent elongation at break compared to the control (without extract) (P < 0.05), with higher tensile strength observed in the film with 1.0% extract. The best results in antioxidant activity kinetics with IC50 values between 0.012 and 0.14 mg mL−1 over 60 days were obtained with 1% of the extract. The cassava starch film with 1.0% extract inhibited the lipid oxidation of calabrese sausage for 18 days. The presence of 1.0% extract in the film reduces lipid oxidation in calabrese sausage without sensorial alteration, extending shelf life and suggesting it as an alternative to conventional plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the fracture behavior of human molars with extensive MOD restorations using short‐fiber‐reinforced resin composite of varying viscosities. Materials and Methods: Human molars were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 12): intact teeth (control); restoration using conventional high‐viscosity resin composite without (Filtek Z350XT, 3M) or with fibers (everX Posterior, GC); conventional low‐viscosity resin composite without (Filtek Supreme Flowable, 3M) or with fibers (everX Flow Dentin Shade, GC); bulk‐fill low‐viscosity resin composite (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, 3M) or with fibers (everX Flow Bulk Shade, GC). Restorations were performed on extensive MOD preparations, following the manufacturers' recommendations for each material. Specimens underwent fracture strength testing (N) and fracture pattern (%) categorized as repairable, possibly repairable, or non‐repairable. Results were analyzed using a generalized linear model (N) and Fisher's exact test (%), with α = 0.05. Results: Restorations performed with high‐viscosity materials showed fracture strength values similar to the control and higher than those of restorations using low‐viscosity resin composites (p < 0.0001), except for the bulk‐fill low‐viscosity resin composite with fibers (p > 0.05). Teeth restored using low‐viscosity resin composite with fibers showed a higher % of repairable and possibly repairable fractures than the control (p = 0.0091). Conclusions: The viscosity of materials mediated the fracture strength, with restorations using high‐viscosity resin composites promoting values similar to the intact tooth; however, the presence of fibers influenced the fracture pattern. Clinical Significance: Teeth with MOD cavities restored with high‐viscosity resin composites showed similar fracture strength to intact teeth. Fiber‐reinforced low‐viscosity resin composite for the base of restoration resulted in a more repairable/possibly repairable fracture pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are recognized for their benefits against degenerative diseases. Clinical and nutritional applications are limited by their low solubility, stability, and bioavailability, compromising their efficacy. Natural macromolecules, such as lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins, employed as delivery systems can efficiently overcome these limitations. In this sense, proteins are attractive due to their biocompatibility and dynamic structure properties, functional adaptability and self‐assembly capabilities, offering stability, efficient encapsulation, and controlled release. This review explores the potential use of dairy proteins, caseins, and whey proteins, and, alternatively, nondairy proteins, gelatin, human serum albumin, maize zein, and soybean proteins, in building wall materials for the delivery of phenolic compounds. To optimize performance, aspects, such as protein–phenolic affinity and complex stability/activity, should be considered when designing particle nano‐architecture. Molecular interactions between protein–phenolic compound complexes are, thus, further discussed, as well as the effects of temperature and pH and strategies to stabilize and preserve nano‐architecture and retain phenolic compound activity. All proteins harbor one or more putative binding sites, shared or not, depending on the phenolic compound. Preservation techniques are still a case‐to‐case study, as no behavior patterns among different complexes are noted. Safety aspects necessary for the marketing of nanoproducts, such as characterization, toxicity assessments, and post‐market monitoring as defined by the European Food Safety Authority and the Food and Drug Administration, are discussed, evidencing the need for a unified regulation. This review broadens our understanding and opens new opportunities for the development of novel protein‐based nanocarriers to obtain more effective and stable products, enhancing phenolic compound delivery and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diagnosing lesions with unusual clinical presentation can be challenging, mostly for cases in which the inclusion of oral metastasis in the differential diagnosis is necessary. Materials and Methods: A 55‐year‐old man complaining of a large mass in the oral cavity was referred to the Hospital Dentistry Service. The patient reported bleeding episodes and pain, with a 5‐month evolution. Intraoral examination revealed a 5 cm tumour with purplish‐red and ulcerated focal areas at the right buccal mucosa. Differential diagnosis included malignant mesenchymal tumours, lymphoproliferative lesions, and metastasis of an occult primary lesion. Two biopsies were conducted, with the first one presenting an intense haemorrhage, and the second performed under general anaesthesia and difficult bleeding control. Results: Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis diagnosed a clear cell carcinoma infiltration. A whole‐body CT scan reveals a renal tumour with multiple metastasis sites in the abdomen and bones. Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma was finally confirmed, and the patient was followed with palliative care for 4 months. Conclusion: A challenging diagnosis of a rare metastatic lesion in the oral cavity was conducted after two procedures under difficult bleeding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of a seven-month-old female child with a congenital mandibular appendicular nodule and a cervical/submandibular mass. The diagnosis was determined to be partial diprosopus with developmental cystic formation, a rare condition characterized by duplication of facial structures. Surgical intervention was performed to excise the accessory mouth and jaw, as well as the cystic lesion, with postoperative follow-up showing no complications. The family is receiving genetic counseling for future pregnancies, and the patient's growth and development are being closely monitored. [Extracted from the article]

This article shares the micro‐ethical lessons from those researching alongside Aboriginal people experiencing homelessness and Aboriginal Elders in Perth, Western Australia. The article is written from the perspective of the first and second author who are two non‐Aboriginal researchers being mentored in Aboriginal culture. From this positioning, it offers reflections and practical insights into researching “in the right spirit” with Aboriginal communities. More specifically, it shares lessons in negotiating community roles within community‐driven research, the importance in forming relationship with Aboriginal culture as antidote to research fatigue, practical ways to work with Aboriginal communities when they have a history of being exploited in research, navigating fair and ethical payment for involvement, and ways to clearly communicate research with them. It also shares the cultural importance and benefits of working closely with Aboriginal Elders when engaging in research with Aboriginal communities, including their ability to better negotiate project scope with community, and the value in making sense of the research findings alongside them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When developing, the mandible presents great plasticity and contains condensed mesenchymal cells that develops into Meckel's cartilage, of which the anterior part forms the mandibular symphysis. Mandible human development studies focus on investigating whether the beginning of mandibular fusion in fetal period is related to symphysis ossification and the tensions imposed on it, considering that tongue movements, mouth opening, and closing can be seen in fetuses. This research analyses tissue modifications during human mandibular symphysis growth using light and scanning electron microscopy to relate them to its functional structure. The study sample consisted of 12 human fetuses distributed into two groups: Group I (GI) of 10–14 weeks old and Group II (GII) of 20–24 weeks old. Fragments of mandibular symphysis were removed en bloc together with the surrounding tissues to preserve the relation with adjacent structures. Decalcified specimens were prepared in semi‐serial coronal sections 5‐μm‐thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson՚s trichrome, Verhoeff, and Sirius red for histological analysis with light microscopy. Collagen fibers Type I or III and elastic fibers were quantified by volume fraction (Vv). Coronal sections of the GI and GII symphyseal region were submitted to scanning electron microscopy. Comparison between groups used independent t‐test. Our study presents the different endochondral ossification stages in the anterior part of Meckel's cartilage in GI. Both groups showed abundantly vascularized mesenchymal tissue with intense cellular activity forming the mandibular symphysis, such as a source of new osteoblasts adjacent to the newly deposited bone matrix. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed an invasion of the bony trabecula in the transverse direction from the hemimandible, rectilinear in GI and sinuous in GII due to interdigitating bone process, promoting its ossification. In collagen Vv analysis was verified a prevalence of type I in GII and type III in GI, indicating a proportional relation between maturation and tissue arrangement. Functionally, the collagen and elastic fibers in the mandibular symphysis were arranged in a pantographic network, and the fibrillar interconnectivity clearly contributes to resilience capacity and efficiency of the force transfer. This study inferred the functional significance of the knowledge about the tissue composition of mandibular symphysis, and the importance of this tissue for surrounding structures. The mesenchymal tissue of mandibular symphysis participates in bone growth process, revealing an adaptation mechanism of mandibular symphysis in the fetal period investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant attention has been paid to the research of light‐ and elevated‐temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) in silicon solar cells due to the substantial power loss and instability it causes. It has been discovered that the presence of hydrogen is closely linked to the occurrence of LeTID. In this study, a thorough review and re‐assessment of previously published results is conducted and connected with newly obtained data. The findings indicate a complex interaction between different hydrogen complexes and the LeTID defect states. The precursor of LeTID is connected to molecular hydrogen (H2), while the LeTID degradation and regeneration are related to the binding of atomic hydrogen to the precursor and defect, respectively. A detailed description of the various reactions that occur under illumination and in the dark is provided. Additionally, explanation is given on how pre‐annealing can significantly affect the kinetics of LeTID during subsequent light soaking. Furthermore, a comprehensive hydrogen model that incorporates these various reactions and demonstrates an agreement between simulation and experimental results is developed. Finally, the implications of the findings on strategies for mitigating LeTID are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose‐reinforced composites hold great promise for outperforming the original polymer matrix by offering exceptional properties, including outstanding barrier characteristics achieved through the establishment of convoluted pathways for the diffusion of water vapor and gases, as well as superior mechanical and thermal properties. Nevertheless, a significant challenge when employing nanocelluloses as reinforcements in polymers arises from their limited compatibility with the polymer matrix, primarily attributed to the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups.To address this limitation, this study focuses on the acetylation modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) to enhance their compatibility with the polymer matrix. Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposites were developed by incorporating 1 wt% of both untreated and acetylated cellulose. The process involved the molten state mixing of these components using a twin‐screw mini extruder, conducted at 160°C for 7 min. The efficacy of the acetylation process was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the favorable interaction and dispersion of nanocelluloses within the polymer matrix. Importantly, introducing these fillers did not compromise thermal stability but notably enhanced the hydrophobic characteristics of the samples, as confirmed by contact angle measurements. Dynamic mechanical analyses further demonstrated the compatibility and effective interaction between the polymer and fillers. This research uniquely provides a comparative analysis of the effects of acetylated CNC and CNF within a PBAT matrix, unveiling distinct interactions and performance enhancements. Each type of nanocellulose exhibits its own characteristic ways of bonding and dispersing, leading to varying performance improvements for the material. This comparison elucidates the nuanced roles that these nanocelluloses play in reinforcing composites, offering insights into optimizing their contribution to polymer matrices. By demonstrating the differential impact of CNC and CNF post‐acetylation, our study contributes significantly to the field of polymer science, guiding future applications of nanocellulose‐reinforced materials in advanced engineering and sustainability efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: This study assessed the epidemiology of luxation injuries with or without dental fractures in patients attending the outpatient clinic of a Brazilian dental school over the past decade. Material and Methods: We reviewed clinical records from a specialized center for dental trauma care in Brazil, focusing on patients who experienced at least one traumatic dental injury (TDI) in a permanent tooth between 2012 and 2022. The extracted data included sex, age, etiology, time between trauma occurrence and the search for initial care, TDI classification, and the need for endodontic treatment. The statistical analysis involved Pearson's chi‐squared and Fisher's exact tests at a 5% significance level. Results: The 366 analyzed clinical records included 166 patients (350 teeth) with luxation injuries. Men (n = 102) showed a higher prevalence of luxation injuries than women (n = 64). Extrusive luxation prevailed (n = 99 patients and 208 teeth). Patients with luxation injuries sought care promptly after dental trauma incidents (p =.02) and demonstrated a higher incidence of endodontic treatment (p <.0001) than those without luxation injuries. Lateral luxation was notably associated with traffic accidents (p <.0001). The combination of luxation injuries and tooth fractures did not correlate with a higher need for endodontic treatment (p >.05). Conclusions: Age and trauma etiology seemed to have influenced the epidemiological profile of luxation injuries. Additionally, these injuries affected the time to seek initial care and the need for endodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Sporotrichosis is a chronic infectious mycosis caused by traumatic implantation of Sporothrix spp., which poses a significant challenge to public health because of its zoonotic nature. It affects humans and other animals, particularly cats. This study investigated epidemiological trends and spatial distribution of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo between 2017 and 2022.This study collected diagnostic data on sporotrichosis from the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory and Center for Infectious Diseases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS software to create maps and identify hotspots. Kernel density estimation and directional mean statistics were applied to visualise the disease concentration and transmission trends.The results showed a significant increase in feline sporotrichosis cases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022, with hotspots identified in urban and densely populated areas. Anchieta, Aracruz and Vila Velha reported the highest numbers of cases. Spatial analysis indicated a spread towards the central and northern coastal regions.This study highlights the growing threat of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive public health strategies that address urbanisation, human–animal interactions and managing stray cat populations. Effective control measures and enhanced surveillance are crucial to mitigate the spread of this zoonotic disease. Importantly, this study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Brazil and offers a framework for other regions identified as emerging hotspots that face similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of topical amitriptyline as a potential route of administration for the management of burning mouth syndrome. Background: Burning mouth syndrome is a complex, idiopathic, and debilitating orofacial pain disorder that impairs quality of life, with a prevalence of up to 18% in menopausal women. Available drugs to alleviate its burning sensation have inconsistent and limited efficacy. Given its physicochemical properties, excellent tolerability, and ability to target peripheral pathways, topical amitriptyline seems a promising mechanistically specific analgesic drug for burning mouth syndrome. Methods: In this retrospective cross‐sectional real‐world evidence study, patients with burning mouth syndrome who were prescribed topical amitriptyline for 8 weeks were identified. Eligibility criteria stemmed from ICHD‐3, ICOP, and consensus definitions. The primary outcome measure was mean daily pain intensity (on a 0–10 scale); secondary outcomes included adverse events and patient global impression of improvement. Data are given as the mean ± SD. Results: A total of 15 patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included and analyzed. Mean daily pain was 6.7 ± 2.1 at baseline and 3.7 ± 2.3 after treatment, with a mean reduction of 3.1 ± 2.8 (p = 0.002). Half of the patients experienced a decrease in pain by at least 50% (p = 0.008). Several mild adverse events were reported, such as somnolence or dry mouth. Conclusions: Topical amitriptyline may be a safe and potent route of administration in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome, a hypothesis to be tested in further controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To verify whether shorter telomere length is associated with anorexia of ageing in community‐dwelling older people. Methods: Conducted as a cross‐sectional investigation, the study enrolled 448 participants residing in an urban area of a municipality in Brazil. Relative telomere length in blood samples was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whereas the presence of anorexia of ageing was determined using the Simplified Appetite Nutritional Questionnaire. Data analysis employed multiple logistic regression. Results: Among the 448 older individuals surveyed, 70.69% were female, and the predominant age bracket ranged from 60 to 69 years (45.08%). Approximately 25% exhibited the shortest telomeric length, with a corresponding anorexia of ageing prevalence of 41.16%. Older individuals with diminished telomere lengths displayed an increased likelihood of experiencing anorexia of ageing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–3.29), independent of factors such as gender, age group, depressive symptoms, pain and performance in basic daily life activities. Conclusions: The observed association between anorexia of ageing and a telomeric biomarker underscores the imperative to meticulously evaluate the nutritional dimensions of older people, with a view to implementing interventions that may enhance their overall health status. Highlights: Older people with shorter telomere length are more likely to have anorexia of ageing.The association between shorter telomere length and anorexia of ageing is independent of sex, age group, depressive symptoms, pain and performance in basic activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) among children and adolescents have been acknowledged as of public health concern worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between contextual and individual characteristics and TDIs in 12‐year‐old schoolchildren. Materials and Methods: A cohort study was conducted with 355 schoolchildren living in deprived communities in the city of Manaus, Brazil. Contextual factors (place of residence and socio‐economic indicators) and individual characteristics, including sex, family income, parents/guardians years of schooling, overjet and open bite (Dental Aesthetic Index), self‐esteem (Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale), sense of coherence (Sense of Coherence Scale), oral health beliefs, social support (Social Support Appraisals) were assessed at baseline. TDIs were measured at baseline and at 2‐year follow‐up using the O'Brien Index. Data were analysed through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: The baseline prevalence of TDIs was 17.6% and the incidence of TDIs at 2‐year follow‐up was 26.8%. Better psychosocial status had a direct protective effect on the incidence of TDIs (β = −.184). Better contextual characteristics (β = −.135) and greater overjet (β = −.203) were directly associated with poor psychosocial status. Higher schooling of parents/guardians directly predicted better psychosocial status (β =.154). Psychosocial status mediated the relationship of greater overjet (β =.036), contextual factors (β =.024) and parental/guardian schooling (β = −.027) with TDIs. Conclusions: Contextual factors and individual characteristics predicted TDIs. Psychosocial status was a relevant individual attribute in the causal network of TDIs, due to the direct effect on the incidence of TDIs as well as a mediator on the influence of contextual factors, overjet and parents/guardians schooling on the incidence of TDIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the maternal and ultrasonographic characteristics of pregnant women who underwent cervical length (CL) measurement by transvaginal ultrasound between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation and who delivered at term or preterm. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out between March 2013 and December 2018 by analyzing ultrasound data of singleton pregnant women who underwent CL measurement by transvaginal ultrasound during the first trimester scan. CL was compared between the two groups (full‐term and preterm birth [PB]) using Student's t‐test. Results: A total of 5097 pregnant women were enrolled, of whom 5061 (99.3%) had term and 36 (0.7%) had PB < 34 weeks. CL measurements did not differ between the term and preterm groups (36.62 vs. 37.83 mm, p = 0.08). Maternal age showed a significant and linear association with CL (r = 0.034, p = 0.012) and CRL (r = 0.086, p < 0.001). Smoking status was associated with shorter CL (36.64 vs. 35.09 mm, p = 0.003). When we analyzed the CL of the pregnant women in the term and preterm groups, according to the gestational age cut‐offs for prematurity (28, 30, 32, and 34 weeks), we found that there was no significant difference between the measurements in all groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We observed no significant differences between CL measurements between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks in pregnant women who had preterm and term deliveries. Gestational age and CRL showed a significant and linear association with CL measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the occurrence and the environmental risk of eight contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; acetaminophen, naproxen, diclofenac, methylparaben, 17β‐estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamethazine) in three Brazilian water bodies, namely, the Monjolinho River Basin (São Paulo State), the Mogi Guaçu River (São Paulo State), and the Itapecuru River (Maranhão State) in three sampling campaigns. The CECs were only quantified in surface water samples collected at the Monjolinho River Basin. Acetaminophen, naproxen, and methylparaben were detected in the range of <200 to 575.9 ng L−1, <200 to 224.7 ng L−1, and <200 to 303.6 ng L−1, respectively. The detection frequencies of the three measured compounds were between 33% and 67%. The highest concentrations of CECs were associated with intense urbanization and untreated sewage discharge. Furthermore, CEC concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, suggesting that domestic pollution from urban areas is an important source in the distribution of CECs in the Monjolinho River Basin. The environmental risk assessment indicated a high risk for acetaminophen (risk quotient [RQ] values between 2.1 and 5.8), a medium risk for naproxen (RQs between 0.6 and 0.7), and a low risk for methylparaben (RQs < 0.1) to the freshwater biota of the Monjolinho River Basin. Our findings show potential threats of CECs in Brazilian water bodies, especially in vulnerable areas, and reinforce the need for improvements in environmental regulations to include monitoring and control of these compounds in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2199–2210. © 2024 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]