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Specificity of small ions, the Hofmeister ranking, is long-known and has many applications including medicine. Yet it evades consistent theoretical description. Here we study the effect of Hofmeister anions on gramicidin A channels in lipid membranes. Counterintuitively, we find that conductance of this perfectly cation-selective channel increases about two-fold in the H2PO4−

AIM: We analyse a case of idiopathic gingival overgrowth using morphological and molecular methods. As this overgrowth involves collagen accumulation in the gingival connective tissue, we measured the collagen turnover to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms potentially involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient was a 29-year-old Italian woman with enlargement of the gingivae throughout the entire mandible and maxilla. Morphological analyses were carried out on haematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red-stained paraffin-embedded gingival sections. mRNA levels of collagen type I and III, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, transforming growth factor-beta1 and lysyl hydroxylase (LH)2b were determined by RT-PCR on cultured gingival fibroblasts and compared with healthy control fibroblasts. Interstitial collagen and MMP-1 content in the supernatants were assessed, respectively, by dot blot and SDS zymography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In Sirius red-stained sections of the patient's overgrown gingivae, interstitial collagen content was 29% higher than controls. Her gingival fibroblasts had higher collagen type I, MMP-1 and LH2b gene expression and unmodified interstitial collagen, type I protein levels in the supernatants. These findings would seem to suggest that in this case collagen accumulation in the gingival connective tissue was not associated with increased synthesis and decreased degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]