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The present study aims to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) doped poly(vinyl alcohol) polyethylene glycol (PVA/PEG) nanocomposite films for biomedical applications. The nanocomposite films were prepared by using electrospinning techniques with varying percentages of CNCs (10% and 20%) mixed with PVA and PEG (50:50). The properties of the produced nanocomposites were evaluated using a battery of tests. The results of surface morphology and structural miscibility obtained from field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transformer infra‐red studies revealed appreciable compatibility among the three components (CNCs, PVA, and PEG). FE‐SEM micrographs revealed that the nanomaterials underwent a dramatic transition from discontinuous to continuous fibers, with interconnected or network‐like fibers. The constructed scaffold material's stability went up from three to four phases, according to thermal and degradation experiments. In addition, research on biodegradation and water absorption found that CNCs outperformed pure PVA and PVA/PEG in terms of swelling percentage time and enzyme degradation rate. The hemolysis assay of the PVA/PEG/CNC scaffold showed good compatibility (below 5%) and according to the MTT assay, both NIH 3T3 and L929 cells survived well, indicating that the CNCs could serve as a useful scaffold for tissue engineering applications such skin tissue regeneration. In sum, the findings proved that biological domains including tissue engineering and wound healing can benefit from produced nanofiber scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for bone grafts due to the aging population has opened new opportunities for the manufacture of porous ceramics to assist in bone reconstruction. In our study, we investigate a new, promising method to manufacture hierarchically porous structures in a straightforward and tunable way. It consists of combining the novel technology of capillary suspensions, formed by mixing solid particles and two immiscible liquids, one less than 5 vol%, with freeze casting. We have successfully achieved alumina and beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) materials with both <2 µm and 20–50 µm as the smallest and largest pore sizes, respectively. The microstructure exhibits fully open pores and high levels of porosity (>60%). The capillary suspensions' rheological behavior indicates that silica nano‐suspensions as a secondary fluid creates a stronger internal particle network than sucrose for the alumina system. Conversely, the opposite was observed with the β‐TCP system. These differences were attributed to the change in affinity between the secondary fluids and the solid loading. In our study, both systems have served to deepen the knowledge about the new area of capillary suspensions and proved their use in hierarchical porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer structures are essential in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to form intricate structures on micro‐ to nanometer scales. This review, emphasizing electrospinning and phase inversion techniques, examines the fabrication strategies and chemical design of polymer structures for biomedical use. Electrospinning, particularly needleless electrospinning, produces nanofibres with high porosity and flexibility and is widely applied in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Phase inversion, including thermal, nonsolvent‐, vapor‐ and evaporation‐induced phase separation, allows precise control over polymer properties but faces challenges in terms of cooling rates and solvent characteristics. Chemical design through doping, functionalization, cross‐linking and copolymerization enhances the biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical properties of polymers, facilitating advanced applications in drug delivery, tissue scaffolding and biosensors. Advanced functional polymers are revolutionizing biomedical fields, offering innovative solutions for therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. Despite remarkable progress, challenges, such as scalability, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental impact, persist. This review underscores the transformative potential of advanced polymer materials in medical treatments and advocates for continuous research and interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome existing challenges and fully exploit the capabilities of these materials in improving patient care and medical outcomes. Future perspectives highlight enhancing precision control mechanisms, integrating phase inversion with other techniques and developing large‐scale production methods to advance the field further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing three‐dimensional scaffolds with significant rough and porous structures is advantageous in tissue regeneration approaches influencing cell growth. Thus, this work aims to study the effect of using different Pullulan contents (PULL) in the poly(lactic) acid (PLA) matrix for 3D printing scaffolds. PLA composites filler with PULL (5 and 10% wt.) were prepared in a thermokinetic mixer, extruded in a machine, and then used to print samples using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The prepared filaments and scaffolds were characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA), water contact angle (WCA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hardness techniques. The insertion of PULL into the PLA matrix influenced the increase in diameter and roughness, and density reduction of the composite filaments compared to pristine PLA. Furthermore, the filler promoted an increase in thermal stability, shore hardness, and the development of promising morphological characteristics for cell growth because the walls of the scaffolds are more robust and have more regular‐sized holes. The scaffold fabrication reinforced with 10% PULL presented high surface roughness (up to 1022% if compared with pristine PLA), and open pores can be confirmed successfully compared to pristine PLA. Thus, the use of PULL as a filler in a PLA matrix guarantees the development of composite scaffolds with improved morphological and hardness properties, which could allow the possibility of future research into the application of the proposed material (10% wt. PULL) as an ecologically correct and biocompatible alternative for application in tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (Chi) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) scaffolds, with and without reinforcement by Luffa cylindrica (Lc) or Asclepias curassavica (Ac), were synthesized to evaluate their potential application as hernia repair meshes. These meshes are crucial as they provide structural support to weakened tissues, reducing the risk of hernia recurrence and promoting faster recovery. They improve patient outcomes by enhancing the durability and effectiveness of hernia repairs. Chi scaffolds exhibited lower porosity compared to CMC scaffolds, with fiber inclusion enhancing porosity. The CMC4‐Ac scaffold demonstrated the highest porosity at 67.2%, which is crucial for supporting cell growth and tissue regeneration. All scaffolds exhibited exceptional hydration levels, which is vital for cell growth. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed open pores in the CMC4 scaffolds, which enhances tissue formation. Tensile strength tests indicated that all scaffolds surpassed the minimum requirements, with CMC4‐Ac standing out for its exceptional properties. CMC scaffolds showed greater degradation, which was mitigated by fiber reinforcement. Chi scaffolds absorbed more Croton draco extract (Cdext) but exhibited lower release rates compared to CMC scaffolds. No hemolytic and non‐cytotoxicity effects were observed. CMC4‐Ac emerged as the most promising scaffold due to its superior properties, making it suitable for hernia repair meshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and optimization of three‐dimensional tissue scaffolds have presented a persistent challenge for myocardial tissue engineering. While current scaffolds have made strides in mimicking in vivo three‐dimensional environments, the presence of interlayer spacing has limited the formation of densely packed tissue, impeding cell‐to‐cell connections. We proposed a novel dynamic three‐dimensional myocardial tissue engineering scaffold with adjustable interlayer spacing, aiming to improve the uniformity of cell distribution and facilitate effective cell communication. The device was composed of hydrogel scaffolds that were fabricated with poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and flexible elastomer actuators that composed of polyurethane acrylate (PUA). Human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes mixed with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) were seeded onto the multi‐layered scaffold with initial spacing of 100–500 μm. Experimental results indicated the seeding efficiency was maximized at an initial spacing of 400 μm. By decreasing the interlayer spacing, cell growth morphology and gap junction protein expression was improved. This work demonstrated the effect of interlayer spacing modulation to the tissue density and provided a potential approach for cultivation of compact and multi‐layered myocardial tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hollow nanofibrous materials were obtained by successfully encapsulating different rate raw‐propolis particles (5%, 10%, and 15%) with hydrophobic polylactic acid/polybutylene succinate (PLA/PBS, 93/7, w/w) blend. No purification process such as extraction was applied to raw propolis and propolis was used as raw. High liquid absorbing capacity values between 400 and 600% were observed owing to the hollow core of the nanofiber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface images of hollow nanofibers became transparent, and it was seen that the fiber diameters were thickened. The tensile stress of 5% propolis‐encapsulated biomaterial exhibited the highest value of 1.25 MPa. High antibacterial activity was observed especially against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) at the end of the 24th and 48th h with the dispersion of raw‐propolis particles in the core of propolis‐encapsulated all fibrous materials. However, it was seen that the use of propolis in its raw form caused the emergence of toxic effects. It was reported that hollow biomaterials containing raw‐propolis particles encapsulated by PLA/PBS could not be used as wound dressings due to insufficient fibroblast cell viability. So, it was suggested that pure hollow PLA/PBS fibrous mats could be used as skin tissue scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have become vital in biomedical applications due to their high surface area and tunable properties. Chitosan (CS) is widely used, but its rapid degradation limits its effectiveness. This study addresses this limitation by blending CS with polycaprolactone (PCL) and applying genipin cross‐linking to enhance its stability and mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a uniform morphology of the electrospun fibers, and further, the crystallinity of the scaffolds before and after cross‐linking is verified. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy is used to analyze the chemical structure, identifying the presence of trifluoroacetic acid residues in the as‐spun fibers. These residues are successfully eliminated through neutralization and cross‐linking, which are critical for enhancing stability and cell viability in in‐vitro studies. Mechanical testing revealed that cross‐linked CS+PCL scaffolds exhibit a 350% increase in tensile strength compared to pure CS, and zeta potential reaches the favorable for cell development ‐26.27 mV. The cytotoxicity assay results with murine NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells indicate the suitability of CS+PCL scaffolds for targeted tissue engineering and wound healing. This work establishes the potential for fine‐tuning scaffold properties to create stable, functional, and biocompatible substrates for extended biomedical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Incorporating autologous patient‐derived products has become imperative to enhance the continually improving outcomes in bone tissue engineering. With this objective in mind, this study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential of 3D‐printed allograft‐alginate‐gelatin scaffolds coated with stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF). The primary goal was to develop a tissue‐engineered construct capable of facilitating efficient bone regeneration through the utilization of biomaterials with advantageous properties and patient‐derived products. To achieve this goal, 3D‐printed gelatin, allograft, and alginate scaffolds were utilized, along with stem cells derived from the buccal fat pad and human‐derived components (PRF, SVF). Cells were seeded onto scaffolds, both with and without SVF/PRF, and subjected to comprehensive assessments including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation (gene expression and protein secretion levels), penetration, and gene expression analysis over 14 days. The data was reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Two‐way or one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by a Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was determined as a p value below 0.05. The scaffolds demonstrated structural integrity, and the addition of PRF coatings significantly enhanced cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation compared to other groups. Gene expression analysis showed increased expression of osteogenic and angiogenic markers in the PRF‐coated scaffolds. These findings highlight the promising role of PRF‐coated scaffolds in promoting osteogenesis and facilitating bone tissue regeneration. This study emphasizes the development of patient‐specific tissue‐engineered constructs as a valuable approach for effective bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Key points Plain language summary In soft tissue regeneration, the clinical efficacy of fibrin membranes has been a pressing concern. The key to this efficacy lies in the stability of membrane and its controlled absorption. Human serum albumin, with its influence on the formation and stability of fibrin networks, could hold the key to developing a more stable alternative. This study investigates the ultrastructure and biodegradability of plasma albumin‐activated gel, a potential game‐changer in the field.Blood samples were collected from the participants and centrifuged to obtain the concentrated growth factor. The poor platelet plasma syringe was placed inside the activated plasma albumin gel device. The ultrastructure of the membrane was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The weight difference was measured over 21 days to investigate the biodegradability of the samples.Twenty‐two samples were prepared from six individuals (three males and three females). Based on SEM images, activated albumin gel after 21 days in Hank's solution exhibited a significant decrease in density and evident signs of surface degradation. The weight was significantly reduced after 21 days (p < 0.05).In the present study, the investigation of the ultrastructure and biodegradability of activated albumin gel showed that, based on the observed weight difference, the amount of biodegradation is high, and it may be necessary to use a thicker membrane compared to the conventional thickness of the connective tissue graft. Enhanced stability and biocompatibility: The study highlights plasma albumin‐activated gel's potential as a soft tissue scaffold, demonstrating significant biodegradation and structural changes that support cell infiltration and nutrient exchange, essential for tissue regeneration. Controlled degradation profile: Plasma albumin gel offers a prolonged biodegradation period compared to conventional fibrin membranes, making it suitable for applications requiring stable, long‐lasting scaffolds in soft tissue regeneration. Future clinical applications: Findings suggest that thicker plasma albumin membranes may be needed for optimal effectiveness, paving the way for further exploration in clinical trials and animal models to validate this approach in soft tissue grafting. Enhanced stability and biocompatibility: The study highlights plasma albumin‐activated gel's potential as a soft tissue scaffold, demonstrating significant biodegradation and structural changes that support cell infiltration and nutrient exchange, essential for tissue regeneration.Controlled degradation profile: Plasma albumin gel offers a prolonged biodegradation period compared to conventional fibrin membranes, making it suitable for applications requiring stable, long‐lasting scaffolds in soft tissue regeneration.Future clinical applications: Findings suggest that thicker plasma albumin membranes may be needed for optimal effectiveness, paving the way for further exploration in clinical trials and animal models to validate this approach in soft tissue grafting.This study investigates plasma albumin‐activated gel as a promising material for supporting soft tissue repair, particularly in periodontal regeneration. Traditional materials, such as fibrin membranes, are often used to aid healing, but their rapid breakdown can limit effectiveness in the body. Plasma albumin, a protein naturally found in human blood, might offer a more stable alternative by forming a longer‐lasting structure. In this study, researchers processed blood samples from participants to create the gel, examining its structure under a powerful microscope and tracking changes in weight over 21 days to assess its breakdown. Results showed that the gel gradually became less dense and more porous, allowing for cell movement and nutrient flow—both critical for tissue repair. Additionally, a significant reduction in weight indicated a controlled breakdown over time. These findings suggest that plasma albumin‐activated gel may serve as a more durable scaffold for soft tissue regeneration, potentially improving healing outcomes in periodontal applications where a stable, longer‐lasting material is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An antioxidant, antibacterial, and biocompatible biomaterial is essential to repair skin wounds effectively. Here, we have employed two natural biopolymers, isabgol (ISAB) and konjac glucomannan (KGM), to prepare microporous scaffolds by freezing and lyophilization. The scaffolds are loaded with thymol (THY) to impart potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The physicochemical properties of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold, like porosity (41.8±2.4 %), swelling, and biodegradation, were optimal for tissue regeneration application. Compared to the control, ISAB+KGM+THY scaffolds promote attachment, migration, and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts. The antioxidant activity of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold was significantly improved after loading THY. This would protect the tissues from oxidative damage. The antibacterial activity of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold was significantly higher than that of the control, which would help prevent bacterial infection. The vascularization ability of the ISAB+KGM scaffold was not altered by incorporating THY in the ISAB+KGM scaffold. Therefore, a strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and biocompatible nature of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold could be useful for various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs), coated with different materials, are synthesized and utilized as nucleating agents to prepare magnetic multi‐modal porous scaffolds of poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/IONs using the supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) foaming process. The effects of the modification materials, including citric acid, polycaprolactone, and polyvinyl acetate, on the foaming process and properties of the magnetic scaffolds are systematically investigated. The results indicate that the solubility and diffusion ability of CO2 in the foaming materials played a vital role in the foaming process. The use of CO2‐philic materials and high pressure proves beneficial in generating micropores. The scaffolds with multi‐modal porous structures can be obtained at relatively low pressure for the ScCO2 foaming systems evaluated in this study. Furthermore, the prepared scaffolds exhibit high porosity and a good compressive modulus (higher than 0.4 MPa), satisfying the requirements of tissue engineering for soft tissue scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Material and Methods Results Conclusions Uterus bioengineering offers a potential treatment option for women with uterine factor infertility and for mitigating the risk of uterine rupture associated with women with defective uterine tissue. Decellularized uterine tissue scaffolds proved promising in further in vivo experiments in rodent and domestic species animal models. Variations in the extracellular matrix composition among different species and adaptations of the decellularization protocols make it difficult to compare the results between studies. Therefore, we assessed if our earlier developed sodium deoxycholate‐based decellularization protocol for the sheep and the cow uterus could become a standardized cross‐species protocol by assessing it on the non‐human primate (baboon) uterus.The baboon uterus was decellularized using sodium deoxycholate, and the remaining acellular scaffold was quantitatively assessed for DNA, protein, and specific extracellular matrix components. Furthermore, electron microscopy deepened morphology examination, while the chorioallantoic membrane assay examined the scaffolds' cytotoxicity, bioactivity, and angiogenic properties. The in vitro recellularization efficiency of the scaffolds using xenogeneic (rat) bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells was also assessed. Finally, the immune potential of the scaffolds was evaluated by in vitro exposure to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.We obtained a decellularized baboon uterus with preserved extracellular matrix components by adding an 8‐h sodium deoxycholate perfusion to our previously developed protocol for the sheep and cow models. This minor modification resulted in scaffolds with less than 1% of immunogenic host DNA content while preserving important uterine‐specific collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan structures. The chorioallantoic membrane assay and in vitro recellularization experiments confirmed that the scaffolds were bioactive and non‐cytotoxic. As we have observed in other animal models, the enzymatic scaffold preconditioning with matrix metalloproteinases improved the recellularization efficiency further. Additionally, the preconditioning generated more immune‐privileged scaffolds, as shown in a novel in vitro co‐culture assay with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.For the first time, our data demonstrate the efficiency of our protocol for non‐human primate uteri and its translational potential. This standardized protocol will facilitate cross‐study comparisons and expedite clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research on long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) has predominantly focused on identifying their protein partners and genomic binding sites, leaving their RNA partners largely unknown. To address this gap, the study has developed a method called sarID (sgRNA scaffold assisted RNA‐RNA interaction detection), which integrates Cas13‐based RNA targeting, sgRNA engineering, and proximity RNA editing to investigate lncRNA‐RNA interactomes. By applying sarID to the lncRNA NEAT1, over one thousand previously unidentified binding transcripts are discovered. sarID is further expanded to investigate binders of XIST, MALAT1, NBR2, and DANCR, demonstrating its broad applicability in identifying lncRNA‐RNA interactions. The findings suggest that lncRNAs may regulate gene expression by interacting with mRNAs, expanding their roles beyond known functions as protein scaffolds, miRNA sponges, or guides for epigenetic modulators. sarID has the potential to be adapted for studying other specific RNAs, providing a novel immunoprecipitation‐free method for uncovering RNA partners and facilitating the exploration of the RNA‐RNA interactome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable polymers such as polylactic‐co‐glycolic acids (PLGA) are used for various implantable devices such as tissue scaffolds, drug delivery devices, and biosensors in different forms. However, high‐resolution patterning of biodegradable polymers on implantable devices has not been explored much yet. While electrohydrodynamic printing (EHD) can achieve high‐resolution printing compared to other printing methods, EHD printing of PLGA solutions is rarely attempted due to unstable printing. Such printing instability originates from the volatile nature of PLGA inks, and it causes nozzle clogging or change of ink conditions during printing. Here, PLGA ink formulation and a voltage input profile are studied for stable and high‐resolution EHD printing. Addition of glycerol at an optimal ratio as well as the control of voltage pulse shape strongly influenced both the stability and resolution of EHD printing of PLGA patterns. With the optimized inks and voltage inputs, stable printing of PLGA micropatterns down to 5 µm is achieved on both conductive and insulating surfaces for controlled drug release. Furthermore, use of a ring type electrode allows for EHD printing of PLGA micropatterns on 3D surfaces of PLLA tubes and stent struts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim is to investigate the effect of engineering the cell size and porosity of 3D‐printed poly lactic acid (PLA) porous scaffolds from the Kelvin model for bone tissue engineering applications. The Kelvin model is used as a bone tissue scaffold with different cell sizes and porosities. PLA, as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, is used to fabricate these scaffolds using the FDM technique. A compression test is used to evaluate the mechanical properties of scaffolds. The MTT assay has been used to investigate cell viability. For osteogenic differentiation studies, ALP activity and ARS assays are used. Increasing the porosity reduces the mechanical properties of the scaffold. While increasing the cell size at constant porosity increases the Young's modulus and yield stress in the samples, it is also observed that, in high porosities, the increase in cell size weakens the mechanical properties. Also, Kelvin model scaffolds help the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cells and have no toxic effect. It is demonstrated that this approach promotes the effectiveness of the Kelvin architecture for bone tissue engineering. As a result, designing the most suitable model based on cell size and porosity for the treatment process in the targeted area could be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research efforts have been focused on customizing the microstructure, macrostructure, and phase composition of calcium phosphate for enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity in scaffolds for bone substitutes. Despite significant progress, achieving precise phase composition and microstructure remains a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of scaffold sintering. This study addresses the challenges in developing customized patient‐specific bone substitutes by proposing a sequential approach that reduces processing steps while providing control over the phase and morphology of the scaffolds' structure. The methodology utilizes freeze‐casting and sintering for highly porous the scaffolds' preparation, followed by hydrothermal treatment to modify the microstructure. The introduction of CaCO3 induces a phase transformation of tricalcium phosphate, increasing the hydroxyapatite content, while the overall macrostructure retains the characteristics of freeze‐casting. The surface morphology undergoes a transition from equiaxial grains to whiskers‐like structures and hexagonal rods, impacting compressive strength. Following hydrothermal treatment, the formation of whiskers‐like hydroxyapatite grains leads to a notable strength increase from 2.8 to 5.7 MPa. Remarkably, the scaffolds undergo nearly complete phase transformation, shifting from 100% tricalcium phosphate to 99% hydroxyapatite, all while conserving the macrostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing demand for the tissue engineering‐based treatments, emerge the necessity of introducing feasible and facile techniques for providing efficient three‐dimensional scaffolds from the potent natural and synthetic polymers, especially for the regeneration of thick tissues as bone, cartilage, and so forth. In the present study, an innovative method for the fabrication of nanofibrous structure in 3D shape and highly porous state is introduced. This method, which is on the basis of electrospinning technique provides highly porous nanofibrous structure with inspiration from geometric model named Dini's surface. For this aim, instead of applying conventional collector, a novel technique was considered for collecting the PCL/Gelatin nanofibers and consequent forming the 3D structure. Morphological and mechanical properties, porosity, degradation, and water uptake capacity together with cell behavior on the fabricated scaffolds were evaluated. In vitro evaluation revealed the progressive cell proliferation and three dimensional cell growth in the fabricated scaffold. Furthermore, despite the limited cell infiltration into the conventional electrospun nanofibrous mats, in vivo experiment demonstrated that the introduced method resulted in the scaffold, which provides facilitated cell infiltration, early tissue invasion, neo‐tissue formation, and new blood vessels generation within the first few days of subcutaneous implantation. Results indicate that the introduced method is a promising technique for the development of nanofibrous‐based three‐dimensional scaffold which provides enhanced cellular infiltration and neo‐tissue formation, and early blood vessel formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric three‐dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds were prepared through medium internal phase emulsion (MIPE) templating. Their potential applicability as substrates for culturing human breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells and human neuroblastoma (SH‐SY5Y) cells was investigated. The crosslinked starch nanoparticle‐stabilized oil‐in‐water MIPEs containing acrylamide/methylenebisacrylamide/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the continuous phase cured in 1 and 6 h to produce 3D porous scaffolds called, respectively, PolyMIPE‐SP and PolyMIPE‐SP after the removal of the internal oil phase. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) micrographs revealed uniform interconnected porous structures with average pore sizes of 46.74 and 7.13 μm for PolyMIPE‐LP and PolyMIPE‐SP, respectively. Cell viability and cell culture studies exhibited that the biocompatibility, proliferation, and growth of SH‐SY5Y and MCF‐7 cells on PolyMIPE‐LP were better than those on PolyMIPE‐SP due to the proper placement of cells in large pores. Then, deposited conductive polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles on the pore surface of PolyMIPE‐LP induced a rough surface with a nanoprotrusion structure and balanced hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, enhancing cell growth in the scaffold. The cyclic voltammograms revealed that the conductivity of PolyMIPE‐LP/PANI scaffolds depends directly on the swelling degree of the scaffold. Consequently, these findings make PolyMIPE‐LP/PANI a suitable bioactive substrate for electroactive cell studies, chemo‐photothermal therapy of cancer cells, and drug testing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of cellulose, a natural polysaccharide derived from renewable biomass, has seen significant advancements in recent years due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility. This review paper comprehensively covers the latest developments in cellulose and its derivatives as functional biomaterials for various biomedical applications. Emphasis is placed on the intrinsic properties of cellulose, such as its mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical modifiability, which enable its wide‐ranging use in drug delivery systems, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and biosensors. The article further delves into the modification techniques—such as oxidation, esterification, and etherification—that enhance cellulose's performance, allowing it to be fine‐tuned for specialized medical applications, including the creation of scaffolds for tissue regeneration and smart materials for responsive drug release. Additionally, the hybridization of cellulose with inorganic materials offers potential in developing materials with superior antimicrobial properties and improved mechanical characteristics. This review also addresses the challenges in cellulose processing, particularly concerning optimizing its structure for specific applications, while highlighting future opportunities in the field of personalized medicine and intelligent healthcare devices. By examining both the current innovations and future trends, this review highlights the growing importance of cellulose as a sustainable and versatile resource in the biomedical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of electrically conductive materials is a promising approach in tissue regeneration research. The study presented focuses on the creation of electroconductive scaffolds made from polypyrrole‐polycaprolactone (PPy‐PCL) using optimal processing parameters. Utilizing Box–Behnken response surface methodology for in situ chemical polymerization of PPy, the scaffolds exhibited a maximum conductivity of 2.542 mS/cm. Morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated uniform dispersion of PPy particles within PCL fibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) analysis validated the composition of the scaffolds, while mechanical testing revealed that the optimized scaffolds exhibit superior tensile strength and Young's modulus compared to scaffolds comprised only of PCL. The hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was improved considerably, transitioning from initially hydrophobic to fully hydrophilic for the optimum scaffold, making it suitable for tissue engineering applications. Cell viability assays, including MTT with L929 fibroblasts and Alamar Blue with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), reflected no cytotoxicity. They showed an increase in metabolic activity, suggesting the capability of the scaffolds to support cellular functions. In conclusion, the in situ synthesis of PPy in the PCL matrix by optimizing the fabrication parameters resulted in conductive scaffolds with promising structural and functional properties for tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite polymeric scaffold of gelatin/alginate /graphene is fabricated through freeze‐drying technique. Initially, a hydrogel system comprised of gelatin/alginate (1:1) is prepared, and then the effect of different amounts of graphene carboxyl nanosheets (1,1.5, 2, and 2.5 wt.%) on the resultant structural properties are thoroughly evaluated. The swelling ratio, biodegradability, electrical and mechanical properties of bio‐composite hydrogels are controlled by manipulating the concentration of graphene‐COOH. The significant increase in the electrical conductivity is observed with the addition of 2.5% graphene‐COOH, and the electrical conductivity increased from 8.525 × 10−7 ± 0.01 S cm−1 to 7.644 × 10−4 ± 0.04 S cm−1. Also, the biocomposite hydrogels exhibited compressive and tensile strength ranging from 25 to 382 KPa and 11.4 to 148 KPa with an increase in the concentration of graphene‐COOH. The simplicity, low cost, tunable mechanical properties, and optimal electrical conductivity of the hydrogel system presented in this study highlight its potential as nerve tissue replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyesters have garnered significant attention in bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to their tunable degradation rates, biocompatibility, and convenient processing. This review focuses on recent advancements and challenges in the 3D printing of polyester‐based scaffolds for BTE. Various 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), vat photopolymerization (VP), and Wet‐spun additive manufacturing, are explored, emphasizing their ability to construct scaffolds with precise architectural control. The main challenges in 3D printed polyester scaffolds are their limited mechanical properties, lack of inherent bioactivity, and the release of acidic byproducts during biodegradation. Strategies to enhance scaffold performance, such as incorporating bioactive ceramics and growth factors, are discussed, focusing on improving osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and mechanical strength. Recent studies on integrating these components into polyester scaffolds and techniques to optimize scaffold porosity and biodegradability are presented. Finally, the review addresses ongoing issues, such as the difficulty of incorporating some biomolecules and bioceramics during 3D printing and improved clinical translation. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insight into the future directions and potential solutions for overcoming the limitations of 3D‐printed polyester‐based scaffolds in BTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of regenerative medicine, acrylated epoxidized vegetable oils are emerging as a promising avenue of exploration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the degradability of two formulations of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO): pure AESO and AESO diluted with soybean oil (SO) for potential bioprintability applications. The comprehensive investigation of these two polymeric formulations included optimization of polymerization conditions, confirmation of cytocompatibility, and, most importantly, the study of their degradability. The results reveal that AESO, used as a biomaterial for biomedical applications, undergoes a distinctive degradation process, combining both enzymatic and oxidative degradation (AESO/SO samples lose 29.45% of their weight after 60 days). This phenomenon is the result of a complex interplay of factors, including the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the polymer, the unique tissue environment in which it is implanted, and the duration of implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative biomedicine has emerged as a forefront area in medical research, heralding a new era of therapeutic strategies. This review delineates the integration of 2D materials (2DMs) within the area of biomedical engineering, leveraging their superior physicochemical attributes for enhance biomedical outcomes. The synergistic interaction between biomacromolecules and 2DMs is explored, demonstrating their potential to mitigate the limitations inherent to each while simultaneously augmenting their beneficial properties. In particular, incorporating 2DMs into hydrogels highlights their capability to enhance the mechanical strength of hydrogels, providing a biomimetic scaffold for tissue engineering regeneration and cancer diagnosis and therapy. An overview of the synthetic methodologies are provided for 2DMs, elucidating their interaction dynamics with biomacromolecules. The review primarily concentrates on the applications of biomacromolecule‐reinforced 2DM hydrogels across various biomedical fields, including bone tissue engineering, wound healing, neural tissue engineering, cardiac tissue engineering, as well as in the delivery of drugs and genes, cancer therapy, and biosensing technologies. Finally, the review discusses the existing challenges and future outlook for developing and using biomacromolecule‐reinforced 2DM hydrogels, underlining their transformative potential in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing of bio‐hydrogel scaffolds are widely used in tissue regeneration. However, due to the ultra‐soft properties of bio‐hydrogels, it is hard to print them precisely. Here, crystal transduction 3D printing with high fidelity is proposed to address this challenge. A phase‐transition bio‐inks system with beeswax is developed for crystal transduction, which can accelerate energy consumption and induce soft bio‐inks to quickly harden during printing. Interestingly, an interconnected porous hydrogel scaffold can be obtained after washing the crystal beeswax. The porous hydrogel scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and cell proliferation effect in vitro and is free from defense responses and immunogenicity in vivo. Muscle analog porous scaffolds constructed by high‐fidelity 3D printing significantly improve the tissue function recovery of rats with muscle defects, compared with the conventional printed hydrogel with a non‐matched shape. These structure‐performance design rules create exciting opportunities to customize 3D‐printed porous hydrogel scaffolds with high fidelity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review underscores the novelty of silk sericin, often regarded as a byproduct in silk production. Comprising approximately 30% of silk, sericin possesses valuable properties that have been largely overlooked in favor of silk fibroin. This work focuses on innovative extraction methods to convert sericin, typically considered waste, into a valuable resource. By examining these extraction techniques alongside diverse applications, the review aims to enhance the recognition and utilization of silk sericin in research and industry. Various extraction processes where the traditional methods, and some new techniques, are all discussed. In detail, the advantages, limitations, and strategy optimization associated with each extraction method are highlighted. For instance, silk sericin has shown promise as a wound treatment agent, a scaffold for tissue engineering, a carrier for drug delivery, and a biomaterial for regenerative medicine in the field of biomedical science due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Additionally, it also finds application in the cosmetic industry, where it is used in skincare products due to its moisturizing, antioxidant, and antiaging properties. Eventually, the challenges, limitations, and prospects of silk sericin are intensively discussed. This comprehensive review is expected to serve the growing body of knowledge surrounding silk sericin and foster further research and development of silk sericin‐related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many withered leaves or flowers spontaneously curl and transform from flattened structures into tubular constructs upon dehydration. Inspired by this phenomenon, an innovative strategy is developed to design stimuli‐responsive scaffolds that are capable of programmable transformation from flattened 2D constructs into various curled 3D tissue‐mimicking structures. Specifically, Janus‐structured scaffolds consisting of a passive layer of polycaprolactone and an active, triggered‐transforming layer of methacrylate gelatin/alginate hydrogel are 3D‐printed, which replicate the asymmetrical structure of leaves and enabled on‐demand transformation into desired curvatures and shapes through mimicking the regulation mechanism of leaves curling behavior by mesophyll matrix stiffness and vein patterns. Particularly for vascular reconstruction, multi‐step transformation scaffolds capable of primary 2D‐to‐3D transformation into tubular constructs induced by dehydration, and secondary transformation to adapt to the local intravascular geometry in vivo, are successfully developed. In addition, the oriented polycaprolactone layer of the printed scaffold can enable the adhesion, proliferation, and orientation of endothelial cells, thus demonstrating a novel strategy for the design of tissue‐engineered blood vessels. In general, this study provides an innovative design strategy for programmable biomaterials capable of shape morphing and adaptation in physiological conditions, thereby opening up a new avenue for the design of intelligent biomaterials in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral and maxillofacial tissue defects resulting from factors such as trauma or infection, can significantly impact both facial function and aesthetics. Additionally, the complex anatomical structure of the face often increases the difficulty of treatment. With the advantages of controlled release, targeted delivery, and enhanced mechanical properties, injectable hydrogels have been investigated for the treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases. In the field of regeneration, injectable hydrogels have a structure similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are biocompatible, which can be used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Objective: This review aims to summarize the literature on the current status and limitations of injectable hydrogels in the field of oral tissue regeneration. Methods: We searched Pubmed and Web of Science databases to find and summarize the articles on the application of injectable hydrogels in tissue regeneration. Conclusions: This review focuses on the current status and limitations of injectable hydrogels in the field of tissue regeneration (periodontal tissue, dentin‐pulp complex, bone and cartilage, salivary gland regeneration, and mucosal repair). Although fully studied in animal models, there are still challenges in clinical transformation of injectable hydrogels in promoting tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores core‐shell scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, highlighting their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties critical for bone growth and regeneration. Key design factors include material selection, porosity, mechanical strength, biodegradation kinetics, and bioactivity. Electrospun core‐shell nanofibrous scaffolds demonstrate potential in delivering therapeutic agents and enhancing bone regeneration. Critical characterization techniques include structural, surface, chemical composition, mechanical, and degradation analyses. Scaling up production poses challenges, addressed by innovative electrospinning techniques. Future research focuses on regulatory and commercial considerations, while exploring advanced materials and fabrication methods to optimize scaffold performance for improved clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, electroconductive scaffolds have shown promising capabilities in guided regeneration of electroactive tissues including nerve, heart muscle, bone, cartilage, and skin. Herein, the fabrication of a novel electroconductive poly (L‐lactic acid) (PLLA)/polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanofibrous scaffold containing graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets is described. The presence of PAMAM with amine terminal groups successfully aminolyzed PLLA. Interestingly, both PAMAM (5% w/w) and GO (0.5, 1, 2% w/w) not only contributed to reducing the fiber diameter, increasing the hydrophilicity and degradation rate, but also provided a nanocomposite scaffold with enhancement in electrical conductivity. By incorporating 1% w/w of GO, the nanocomposite scaffold exhibited optimized properties, including electrical conductivity (≈3.09 × 10−5 S m−1), crystallinity (≈ 47%), Young's modulus (≈16.95 MPa), as well as strength (≈1.58 MPa). This nanocomposite also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of ≥ 90% against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Cellular assays confirmed acceptable cytocompatibility of the nanocomposite scaffolds containing GO and PAMAM, which can support the viability and proliferation of PC‐12 cells. In conclusion, the presence of GO nanosheets alongside PAMAM dendrimers can synergically promote the properties of the prepared nanofibrous mats which can be used as potential electroconductive scaffolds for guided tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart valve diseases (HVDs) are a major health issue and are significant causes of mortality worldwide. Despite technological developments, current valve substitutes still face major challenges such as thrombogenicity, limited durability, and lack of growth or remodeling capabilities. To handle the limitations of currently used valve prostheses, heart valve tissue engineering (HVTE) has become a viable option for generating biological valve alternatives. However, a major challenge when designing functional HVTE is mimicking the structural and anisotropic mechanical characteristics of the valve leaflets in their natural state. To achieve a biomimetic structure, this study aims to create an anisotropic microenvironment by focusing on the ventricularis layer of the leaflet. Through this approach, we reported the fabrication and characterization of a novel composite nanofibrous radial aligned scaffold consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), and anticoagulant polysulfone (PSf) polymers by combining 3D printing and electrospinning techniques. Radially aligned PCL/PGS/PSf scaffolds enhanced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell viability and induced alignment as shown from fluorescence microscopy analysis. Meeting the anisotropy requirements, the composite heart valves of PCL/PGS/PSf nanofibrous scaffolds would be a tissue engineering construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of bioglass with polymers in tissue engineering scaffolds holds promise for enhancing bone regeneration. This study explores the fabrication and characterization of composite scaffolds comprising polylactic acid (PLA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) fibers incorporated with silicate‐chlorinated bioglasses (45S5 and 58S). Electrospinning was utilized to produce the scaffolds, followed by physical–chemical and in vitro evaluations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniform fiber formation, with bioglass incorporation observed in the composite groups. Bioglass incorporation led to a significant reduction in fiber diameter. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) estimated bioglass content, with 58S exhibiting the highest incorporation. Contact angle measurements indicated enhanced hydrophilicity in bioglass‐containing groups. In vitro, bioactivity assessment in simulated body fluid (SBF) demonstrated apatite formation potential and the pH variance indicates a slightly alkaline to neutral condition. Cell culture studies revealed robust cellular adhesion and metabolic activity across all groups, with no cytotoxic effects observed. Overall, these findings suggest the potential of PLA/PEG bioglass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a promising approach for the regeneration and repair of bone defects caused by trauma, disease, or aging. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in BTE, with a focus on the development and application of biomaterial‐based scaffolds, including natural (e.g., collagen, chitosan), synthetic (e.g., polylactic acid [PLA], polycaprolactone [PCL]), and composite materials (e.g., hydroxyapatite‐based composites). It discusses their properties, benefits, and limitations. Additionally, this review examines innovative fabrication strategies such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and freeze‐drying, which enhance scaffold customization and performance. This review aims to provide insights into future directions of BTE research and its potential applications in regenerative medicine. Functionalization strategies, including surface modifications, coating, and the incorporation of growth factors and cells, are reviewed for their roles in improving scaffold bioactivity. In vivo and in vitro research have demonstrated the therapeutic promise of these scaffolds, while current clinical trials offer insights into their translational use. Challenges facing the translation of these technologies into clinical practice are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of hybrid scaffolds, blending biomaterials with diverse properties, offers promise in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. However, a need for in vitro platforms investigating biological behavior and the interplay of different load‐bearing and colonizable synthetic bone substitute materials remains. Herein, we present a novel, in‐house producible, and scalable clamp culture system designed for facile in vitro analysis of interactions between biomaterials, hydrogels, and cells. The system, constructed here from an exemplary 3D‐printable polymer and photopolymerizable hydrogel using a widely available benchtop 3D printer, ensures mechanical stability and protection for the embedded hydrogel via its double‐clamp structure, facilitating various analytical methods while preserving culture integrity. Hybrid clamp cultures were additively manufactured from polylactic acid, filled with a bone precursor cell‐laden methacrylate gelatin hydrogel, cultured for 14 days, and analyzed for cell viability, mineralization, and osseous differentiation. Results indicate no adverse effects on osteogenic differentiation or mineralization compared to conventional droplet cultures, with enhanced cell viability and simplified handling and downstream analysis. This system demonstrates the potential for robust experimentation in tissue engineering and is adaptable to various plate formats, and thus highly suitable for the investigation of biomaterial‐cell interactions and the development of implants for musculoskeletal tissue defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds have garnered increasing interest for their role in providing mechanical support, promoting tissue regeneration, and eliminating the need for removal. However, the in vivo degradation processes remain challenging to track. Here, a novel biodegradable polymer, N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and Gadolinium(III) diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (Gd‐DTPA) modified biodegradable photoluminescent polymers (BPLPMGd), which combines near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence and magnetic resonance (MR) dual‐modality imaging are introduced to monitor scaffold degradation in vivo. The chemical structure of BPLPMGd is characterized and its dual‐imaging properties in vitro are evaluated. Subsequently, non‐invasive dual‐modality imaging to track the degradation of implanted BPLPMGd scaffolds is performed in a rat model, comparing these results with histological data. This approach reveals that BPLPMGd enables reliable non‐invasive tracking of the degradation, where NIR fluorescence imaging offers a qualitative and quantitative analysis of scaffold mass loss, total volume and solid content changes, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) details structural and morphological changes, allowing for 5D monitoring of implant degradation, including 3D structure, location, mass, volume, and geometry. The combination of these imaging modalities provides a comprehensive view of scaffold degradation, where the synergistic use of both yields results greater than either modality alone, offering unprecedented 5D information of implantable devices. This innovative approach has potential applications in regenerative engineering and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D‐printed biomaterial implants are revolutionizing personalized medicine for tissue repair, especially in orthopedics. In this study, a radiopaque bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) doped polycaprolactone (PCL) composite is developed and implemented to enable the use of diagnostic X‐ray technologies, especially spectral photon counting X‐ray computed tomography (SPCCT), for comprehensive tissue engineering scaffold (TES) monitoring. PCL filament with homogeneous Bi2O3 nanoparticle (NP) dispersion (0.8 to 11.7 wt%) is first fabricated. TES are then 3D printed with the composite filament, optimizing printing parameters for small features and severely overhung geometries. These composite TES are characterized via micro‐computed tomography (µCT), tensile testing, and a cytocompatibility study, with 2 wt% Bi2O3 NPs providing improved tensile properties, equivalent cytocompatibility to neat PCL, and excellent radiographic distinguishability. Radiographic performance is validated in situ by imaging 4 and 7 wt% Bi2O3 doped PCL TES in a mouse model with µCT, showing excellent agreement with in vitro measurements. Subsequently, CT image‐derived swine menisci are 3D printed with composite filament and re‐implanted in corresponding swine legs ex vivo. Re‐imaging the swine legs via clinical CT allows facile identification of device location and alignment. Finally, the emergent technology of SPCCT unambiguously distinguishes the implanted meniscus in situ via color K‐edge imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The mechanical strength of polylactic acid (PLA) can be improved by carbon fiber (CF) compositing to expand its application in tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the mechanical strength of CF‐reinforced polylactic acid (CFRPLA) composites is compromised due to weak interfacial interaction resulting from the chemically inert surface of CF. In the article, carbon nanotube (CNT) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as a coupling agent was covered on CF to improve the chemical activity and roughness of the surface of CF, and then the as‐prepared CF‐PCNT were further incorporated into PLA via melt compounding. The yield strength, modulus, and thermal conductivity of PLA/CF‐PCNT were 14.09%, 7.65%, and 5.24% higher than those of PLA/CF, respectively, and the volume resistivity was 99.74% lower at a 10 wt% loading. The enhancement for the mechanical properties of PLA/CF‐PCNT composites could be ascribed to the mechanical locking, hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds between CF and matrix through the interface modulation of CNT and PDDA. This facile and non‐destructive method offers a novel strategy for the modification of CF fillers. CF was modified by PDDA and CNT through a facile and non‐destructive method. The active functional groups and roughness on the surface of CF were increased. The surfaces of CFs were characterized by FT‐IR, Raman spectra, XPS and SEM. The interface was improved by mechanical locking, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. The mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity of composites were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological and mechanical mismatches between engineered scaffolds and native tissues poses widespread challenges for tissue restoration. Native‐like anisotropy is a critical characteristic for functional tissue replacements, yet it is an often‐overlooked aspect when designing new scaffolds. In this study, fiber‐reinforced tubular scaffolds are developed, mimicking the anisotropic characteristics of natural tissues, using native‐like silk fibroin. To predict the mechanical behavior of these innovative scaffolds, a mathematical model is employed, utilizing the properties of the scaffolds’ constituent materials, and experimentally validated through tensile testing. This approach addresses significant challenges in the design of new scaffold implants by enabling to efficiently predict the performance of several configurations, narrowing down the experimental research space. The proposed platform constitutes an appealing tool for the development of clinically relevant tissue‐equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common technologies in tissue engineering include growth factor therapies; metal implants, such as titanium; 3D bioprinting; nanoimprinting for ceramic/polymer scaffolds; and cell therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cell therapy is a promising alternative to organ grafts and transplants in the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal diseases. MSCs have increasingly been used in generative medicine due to their specialized self‐renewal, immunomodulation, multiplication, and differentiation properties. To further expand the potential of these cells in tissue repair, significant efforts are currently dedicated to the production of biomaterials with desirable short‐ and long‐term biophysical properties that can aid the differentiation and expansion of MSCs. Biomaterials support MSC differentiation by modulating their characteristics, such as composition, mechanical properties, porosity, and topography. This review aimed to describe recent MSC approaches, including those associated with biomaterials, from experimental, clinical, and preclinical studies with sheep models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extrusion‐based 3D printing technology is currently demonstrating considerable potential in the field of tissue engineering scaffolds, enabling the construction of in vitro models with complex structures and functions using a wide range of biomaterials and cells at a low cost. In recent years, researchers have spent considerable effort developing novel bio‐inks and employing a greater variety of cell sources to enhance biological compatibility and functionality. However, the majority of current bio‐ink materials are unprintable due to their low viscosity and long curing time, as well as insufficient shape fidelity before the secondary cross‐linking process. The study aims to bridge this gap by optimizing the material ratios and predicting the printing process before work. This article presents new strategies for the design, fabrication, and analysis of a new composite bio‐ink material. The optimal ink ratios are verified by a design of experiments (DOE) experimental design and evaluation metrics for printing printability (Pr) values. A machine learning model is used to predict the ink printing area and determine the printing process parameters. The influence mechanism of ink materials with different concentrations of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) ratios on printed fibers is investigated. Finally, the optimal results are used as an example to demonstrate the printability of multilayer stents. Thus, the design approach allows for the rapid and cost‐effective exploration of novel ink ratios, while also providing higher fidelity and more accurate process metrics for the fabrication of tissue structures with multidimensional variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrocytes, the resident cells of articular cartilage, play a vital role in tissue maintenance and regeneration. Recent studies have highlighted chondrocyte senescence as a key contributor to cartilage dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the influence of substrate stiffness on chondrocyte senescence using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with varying stiffness ratios (1:5, 1:20, and 1:60). After culturing chondrocytes on these substrates, we found that softer substrates (1:60) significantly reduced chondrocyte senescence, as evidenced by a decrease in senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) activity by 33% compared with stiffer substrates (1:5). Furthermore, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that chondrocytes cultured on softer substrates exhibited lower expression levels of senescence‐related genes (e.g., p16INK4a) and matrix‐degrading enzymes (e.g., MMP13). These findings suggest that substrate stiffness plays a critical role in regulating chondrocyte senescence and could potentially inform the design of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, auxetic metastructures have gained considerable attention in various fields of study due to their unique characteristics. This study aims to design and fabricate bioinspired auxetic structures and comprehensively investigate the static and dynamic mechanical properties of those architectures under tensile and compressive loads. A comparative analysis is carried out with a conventional structure, considering static tensile and compressive tests, as well as dynamic tension–tension and compression–compression assessments. Experimental measurements and finite‐element analysis are utilized to evaluate various parameters of the scaffolds, such as Young's modulus, yield strength, energy absorption, stress distribution, Poisson's ratio, and fatigue properties. The findings reveal that bioinspired auxetic structures can appropriately mimic the physical attributes and stress–strain characteristics of human tissue, such as the Achilles tendon. Furthermore, these bioinspired auxetic structures significantly enhance the cycles to failure compared to conventional structures, accompanied by notable improvements in energy absorption. Among the auxetic structures, the star configuration exhibits remarkable tolerance to tensile fatigue loads, while the sharp sinus structure demonstrates the highest tolerance to cycles to failure under compression–compression loads. The static and fatigue properties of bioinspired auxetic structures indicate their potential for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To histomorphometrically determine the effects of hard‐ and/or soft‐tissue augmentation by applying the early implant placement protocol. Materials and Methods: The distal roots of the maxillary second and third premolars were extracted in 10 mongrel dogs. After 1 month, early implant placement was performed in the distal roots, resulting in buccal dehiscence defects. Four treatments were then randomly applied: (1) guided bone regeneration (GBR), (2) connective tissue grafting (CTG), (3) simultaneous GBR and CTG (GBR + CTG) and (4) no further treatment (control). Healing abutments were connected to all implants to allow non‐submerged healing. At 4 and 16 weeks, tissue sections were harvested and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: Group GBR presented the largest total tissue thickness at 4 weeks, but underwent a greater remodelling compared with the other groups between 4 and 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, the overall tissue thickness was largest in group GBR + CTG. This group was also the most favourable in terms of the level of the margo mucosae and the presence of mineralized tissue at the coronal level. Group CTG demonstrated a stable tissue thickness over time, with a larger thickness at 16 weeks compared with group GBR. Conclusion: Simultaneous CTG and GBR resulted in the most‐favourable tissue thickness when applying the early implant placement protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, a new strategy is presented to make PLGA (poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) and POEGMEMA (poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)) based biodegradable and biocompatible tissue scaffold via a new physical cross‐linking method. The advantage of brushed structure of POEGMEMA polymer and the hydrophobic character of PLGA polymer is taken to make physically entangled network in aqueous media. The hydrophobic nature of PLGA allows to get scaffolds even at low ratio of PLGA (25%, w/w) when using POEGMEMA (yield: 86%). This strategy gives robust polymeric networks in aqueous media without using chemical reactions through high hydrophilic polymer content. Scaffolds with high POEGMEMA ratio (75%, w/w) show two times higher water uptake ratio (≈300%) and two times lower compression strength (19 kPa) compared to the ones with lower POEGMEMA content (50%, w/w). They also show desired degradation profiles in various aqueous solutions. While the scaffolds prepared with 25% and 50% PLGA are almost stable in first 20 days, they completely degrade in 40–50 days. Both scaffold formulations (25% PLGA‐75% POEGMEMA and 50% PLGA‐50% POEGMEMA) have similar proliferative properties for fibroblast cells. The scaffolds also do not show toxicity compared to control group according to live‐dead assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel materials are continually developing in biomedical engineering and recently a lot of effort has gone into their engineered performance in physiological applications. Porosity is an important characteristic for tissue engineering scaffolds to allow enhanced biocompatibility and the pore size needed is dependent on the application and type of tissue for which the hydrogel is being used to regenerate. Regarding biomedical applications, the use of conducting polymers is gaining in popularity due to their promising biocompatibility and potential to stimulate cell growth and proliferation through electrical stimulation. Building on previous hydrogel development by the authors, this study focuses on developing a biocompatible hydrogel scaffold with adjustable porosity and swelling capabilities, robust mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and high thermal stability. The objective of this work is to examine the effect of freezing temperature, cross‐linker and porosity on the final characteristics of the scaffold and to then determine possible applications. The porosity, swelling degree, compression strength, biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and thermal characteristics of the final material were analyzed and were found to be affected by the varied synthesis methods used. Overall, the synthesized scaffolds exhibit good biocompatibility with increased fluorescence over 3 days and over 70% cell viability, thermal stability up to 200°C and a range of swelling of 1725% to 8472%. They also portray robust mechanical properties with a Young's Moduli range of 11 kPa to 4.54 MPa and a porosity range of 0.78–71.98 μm depending on the synthesis methods used. Through variations in synthesis methods, highly porous, absorbent, and stable scaffolds have been synthesized. Notably, this single recipe is highly tailorable for use in a range of biomedical applications from tissue engineering to drug delivery and wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of breast tissue is a problem that plagues many women. Total mastectomy procedures after breast cancer or extensive tissue loss by accident generate permanent aesthetic‐functional lesions that are correlated with the loss of breastfeeding capacity, loss of self‐esteem, anxiety, depression, reduced sexual attraction, hopelessness, and often, suicide. Although current clinical practices try to restore aesthetics, functional improvements are not readily resolved by these maneuvers. Those who undergo such procedures often end up with permanent aesthetic and functional injuries. The difficulty in regenerating breast tissue stems from its high structural complexity. In cases of extensive loss of breast tissue, the use of regeneration strategies becomes necessary for proper healing and tissue reconstruction. In this context, the use of regeneration scaffolds may open new possibilities for the regeneration of various body tissues, especially breast tissue, enabling the adequate healing of large injuries in different tissues. Hydrogels are examples of highly versatile materials for this application, given the range of methodologies for their preparation and composition components. The results of various studies indicate that the application of hydrogel‐based scaffolds for breast regeneration is highly promising. Among the materials and systems most applied for this purpose, biodegradable polymers stand out due to their high biocompatibility and the ability for spontaneous removal from the organism. In this sector, systems obtained through 3D printing also stand out due to the increased predictability of geometry and pore distribution. However, it is noteworthy that the evaluated regeneration systems are primarily focused on regenerating adipose tissue, with no specific systems for the epithelial regeneration of the breasts or the areas of glandular tissue. These areas represent sectors that still need further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose, a naturally abundant biopolymer, holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers. However, the limited understanding and awareness surrounding cellulose utilization, particularly from agricultural origins, have impeded the complete harnessing of this highly biodegradable resource. This study aimed to extract and characterize cellulose from jute and banana fibers. The extracted cellulose exhibits a light yellow to white color, and microscopic analysis of the fibers showed micro‐fibrils. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization indicated that the extracted cellulose from biomass primarily consists of cellulose II structures, except for the treated banana fiber (M:L = 1:8), which contains both cellulose I and II. Moreover, increasing the M:L ratio of alkali treatment enhanced the percentage of cellulose‐II, as observed from the XRD data. The findings of this study carry significant implications for the efficient production of cellulose fibers, with diverse applications spanning from high‐volume products like regenerated fibers, automotive parts, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and precast concrete, drug delivery mediums, electronics, additive manufacturing, bone and tissue scaffolding, and so on. This research opens the door to harnessing the potential of cellulose derived from jute and banana fibers in various industries. Highlights: Extraction cellulose using the kraft process.Isolated cellulose shows a micron‐sized structure.Optimal extraction achieved with M:L ratio of 1:4.Applications of isolated cellulose: regenerated fibers, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaffold‐based tissue engineering provides an efficient approach for repairing uterine tissue defects and restoring fertility. In the current study, a novel trilayer tissue engineering scaffold with high similarity to the uterine tissue in structure was designed and fabricated via 4D printing, electrospinning and 3D bioprinting for uterine regeneration. Highly stretchable poly(l‐lactide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) (PLLA‐co‐TMC, "PTMC" in short)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer blend scaffolds were firstly made via 4D printing. To improve the biocompatibility, porous poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)/gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) fibers incorporated with polydopamine (PDA) particles were produced on PTMC/TPU scaffolds via electrospinning. Importantly, estradiol (E2) was encapsulated in PDA particles. The bilayer scaffolds thus produced could provide controlled and sustained release of E2. Subsequently, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were mixed with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)‐based inks and the formulated bioinks were used to fabricate a cell‐laden hydrogel layer on the bilayer scaffolds via 3D bioprinting, forming ultimately biomimicking trilayer scaffolds for uterine tissue regeneration. The trilayer tissue engineering scaffolds thus formed exhibited a shape morphing ability by transforming from the planar shape to tubular structures when immersed in the culture medium at 37°C. The trilayer tissue engineering scaffolds under development would provide new insights for uterine tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating acellular vascularized constructs from animal and plant tissue is one of the well‐known strategies for scaffold assembly. Decellularization takes an important position among these strategies. The most common method is chemical decellularization. This approach employs high concentrations of detergents, primarily Triton X‐100, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium hypochlorite (SH). In this work, novel techniques for decellularizing spinach were developed using detergents frequently utilized in laboratories. Spinach leaves were decellularized using Tween‐20, SDS, and SH at low concentrations to generate an acellular plant matrix for tissue engineering. We measured the quantities of DNA and protein, as well as the decellularization using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The biocompatibility and capacity of the biostructures to stimulate fibroblast wound healing were assessed using MTT and the Scratch assay. The antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was also tested against a gram‐positive bacterium, Staphilococcus aureus, which is a common pathogen associated with wound healing. The best shape, evident vascularization, and good biocompatibility were seen in the Tween‐20 decellularized samples at 1% concentration at 21°C and 37°C through the enhancement of cell proliferation and wound healing. In terms of antibacterial activity, all scaffold samples had a significant effect on Staphilococcus aureus, where the number of bacterial colonies in all six scaffold groups became zero after 4 h of treatment. The scaffolds also showed a 100% kill rate on Staphilococcus aureus, which could avoid wound infection during the repair process, and that can be suggested as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications and an important constituent for pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]